CAPACITY OF VESSELS AND MINIMUN SURFACE

Volume= 6 m3 R optimum 0.98474425

Cylindrical Shells. L optimum=1.96948851
a) Ellipsoidal Heads. Volume= 6

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚�=𝜋𝑅^2 𝐿+(𝜋𝑑_𝑖^3)/12

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟�𝑎=2𝜋𝑅𝐿+

b) Torispherical Heads.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚�=𝜋𝑅^2 L+1.8[((2π𝑅_𝑐^2)/3)𝑧]

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟�𝑎=2𝜋𝑅𝐿+

c) Hemispherical Heads.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚�=𝜋𝑅^2 𝐿+(4𝜋𝑅^3)/3

R optimum 1.12725077
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟�𝑎=2𝜋𝑅𝐿+4�R^2 L optimum= 0
p
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ASME SECTION VIII, DIV. 1

PART UG

GENERAL REQUERIMENTS FOR ALL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND ALL MATERIALS

THICKNESS OF SHELL UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE

Cylindrical Shells. The minimum thickness or maximum allowable working pressure of

cylindrical shells shall be the greater thickness or lesser pressure as given by (1) or (2) below.

(1) Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints). When the thickness does not exceed one-half
of the inside radius, or P does not exceed 0.385SE, the following formulas shall apply:

𝑡=𝑃𝑅/(𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃) 𝑃=𝑆𝐸𝑡/(𝑅+0.6𝑡)
or

P= 130 psi t= 0.375 in

R= 21 in R= 21 in
S= 15700 psi S= 15700 psi
E= 0.7 dimensionless E= 0.7 dimensionless
t= 0.25018328 in P= 194.169611 psi

(2) Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints). When the thickness does not exceed one-half of the
inside radius, or P does not exceed 1.25SE, the following formulas shall apply:

�=𝑷�/(𝟐𝑺𝑬+𝟎.𝟒𝑷) 𝑷=𝟐𝑺𝑬�/(�−𝟎.𝟒�)
or

P= 95.55 psi t= 1 in
R= 30 in R= 30 in
S= 14000 psi S= 14000 psi
E= 0.6 dimensionless E= 0.6 dimensionless
t= 0.17023771 in P= 567.567568 psi

Spherical Shells. When the thickness of the shell of a wholly spherical vessel does not exceed
0.356R, or P does not exceed 0.665SE, the following formulas shall apply:

�=𝑷�/(𝟐𝑺𝑬−𝟎.𝟐𝑷) 𝑷=𝟐𝑺𝑬�/(�+𝟎.𝟐�)
or

P= 95.55 psi t= 1 in
R= 30 in R= 30 in
S= 14000 psi S= 14000 psi
E= 0.6 dimensionless E= 0.6 dimensionless
 t= 0.17081931 in P= 556.291391 psi

UG-32
FORMED HEADS, AND SECTIONS, PRESSURE ON CONCAVE SIDE

Ellipsoidal Heads. The required thickness of a dished head of semiellipsoidal form, in which half the
minor axis (inside depth of the head minus the skirt) equals one-fourth of the inside diameter of the hea
skirt, shall be determined by

�=𝑷�/(𝟐𝑺𝑬−𝟎.𝟐𝑷) 𝑷=𝟐𝑺𝑬�/(�+𝟎.𝟐�)
or

P= 130 psi t= 0.2487 in

D= 42 in D= 42 in
S= 15700 psi S= 15700 psi
E= 0.7 dimensionless E= 0.7 dimensionless
t= 0.24870183 in P= 129.999044 psi

An acceptable approximation of a 2:1 ellipsoidal head is one with a knuckle radius of 0.17D and a spherica
radius of 0.90D.

Torispherical Heads. The required thickness of a torispherical head for the case in which the knuckle rad
is 6% of the inside crown radius and the inside crown radius equals the outside diameter of the skirt,
[see (j)], shall be determined by

�=(𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟓𝑷�)/(𝑺𝑬−𝟎.𝟏𝑷) 𝑷=𝑺𝑬�/(𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟓�+𝟎.𝟏�)
�=(𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟓𝑷�)/(𝑺𝑬−𝟎.𝟏𝑷) 𝑷=𝑺𝑬�/(𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟓�+𝟎.𝟏�)
or

P= 95.55 psi t= 1 in
L= 30 in L= 30 in
S= 14000 psi S= 14000 psi
E= 0.6 dimensionless E= 0.6 dimensionless
t= 0.30235017 in P= 315.196998 psi

Torispherical heads made of materials having aspecified minimum tensile strength exceeding 80,000 psi
shall be designed using a value of S equal to 20,000 psi at room temperature and reduced in proportion to
the reduction in maximum allowable stress values at temperature for the material (see UG-23).

Hemispherical Heads. When the thickness of a hemispherical head does not exceed 0.356L, or P does
not exceed 0.665SE, the following formulas shall apply:

�=𝑷�/(𝟐𝑺𝑬−𝟎.𝟐𝑷) 𝑷=𝟐𝑺𝑬�/(�+𝟎.𝟐�)
or

P= 95.55 psi t= 1 in
L= 30 in L= 30 in
S= 14000 psi S= 14000 psi
E= 0.6 dimensionless E= 0.6 dimensionless
t= 0.17081931 in P= 556.291391 psi
 The symbols defined below are used in the formulas.

t= minimum required thickness of shell, in.

L MATERIALS P= internal design pressure (see UG-21), psi.
R= inside radius of the shell course under consideration, in.
S= maximum allowable stress value, psi (see UG-23
and the stress limitations specified in UG-24)
E= joint efficiency for, or the efficiency of, appropriate
r (2) below. joint in cylindrical or spherical shells, or
the efficiency of ligaments between openings,
whichever is less.
For welded vessels, use the efficiency specified in UW-12
For ligaments between openings, use the efficiency
calculated by the rules given in UG-53.

d one-half of the

es not exceed
E
The symbols defined below are used in the formulas.

t= minimum required thickness of head after forming, in.

P= internal design pressure (see UG-21), psi.
D= inside diameter of the head skirt; or inside length of the major
axis of an ellipsoidal head; or inside diameter or a conical head
at the point under consideration, measured perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis, in.
Di = inside diameter of the conical portion of a toriconical head at its point
of tangency to the knuckle, measured perpendicular to the axis of the cone , in.
.= D − 2r (1 − cosa)
r= inside knuckle radius, in.
S= maximum allowable stress value in tension as given in the tables referenced
m, in which half the in UG-23, psi, except as limited in UG-24 and (e) below.
e diameter of the hea E= lowest efficiency of any joint in the head; for hemispherical heads this includes head-to-s
joint; for welded vessels, use the efficiency specified in UW-12
L= inside spherical or crown radius, in.
a= apone-half of the included (apex) angle of the cone
at the center line of the head (see Fig. 1-4)

of 0.17D and a spherical

n which the knuckle radius

meter of the skirt,
 exceeding 80,000 psi
reduced in proportion to
(see UG-23).

eed 0.356L, or P does

at its point
axis of the cone , in.

tables referenced

heads this includes head-to-shell