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Determine Maximum Drag Force Maximum Ine PDF
Determine Maximum Drag Force Maximum Ine PDF
When member diameter is small incident waves do not get much scattered by the
obstruction and in that case the equation given by Morison et al. (1950) becomes
applicable.
Morison et al. (1950)’s equation:
It states that the total force, FI, in-line with the wave direction can be obtained by addition
of the drag, FD, and the inertia, FI components, i. e.,
FT = FD + FI (8.1)
The force due to drag is proportional to kinetic head, i. e.,
8-1
Fig. 8.2 Area projection on a vertical plane
1
FD ∝ ρ Au 2 (8.2)
2
Where ρ =mass density of fluid
A= area of object projected on a plane held normal to flow direction
u = flow velocity
Introducing the constant of proportionality, CD, and assuming a steady, uniform flow in a
viscous fluid, we have
1
FD = CD ρ Au 2 (8.3)
2
where CD is coefficient of drag. Its value depends on body shape, roughness, flow
viscosity and several other parameters.
8-2
Because the direction of wave induced water particle velocity reverses after every half
cycle, we write,
1
FD = CD ρ Au u (8.4)
2
The force of inertia is proportional to mass times the fluid acceleration:
.
FIαρ v u
FI .α .ρVu&
where V = volume of fluid displaces by the object.
.
u = acceleration of fluid
Hence,
.
FI = Cm ρ v u (8.5)
where, FT = in-line (horizontal) force per meter length at member axis at given time
at given location.
1
CD ρ Du u = in-line (horizontal) water particle velocity at the same time at the
2
same location.
8-3
πd2 .
Cm ρ u is in-line (horizontal) water particle acceleration at the same time at
4
the same location.
. .
Note that u = f ( cos θ ) and 0
u = f ( sin θ ) . Hence u and u are out of phase by 90 and
Basically C and C are functions of size and shape of the object. If that is fixed
D m
then they depend on Keulegan-Carpenter number, Reynold’s number as well as
roughness factor.
Keulegan-Carpenter number: KC
It is basically a ratio of maximum drag to maximum inertia. We have,
1
( FD ) max 2 D
2
= C ρ Dumax
2 π 2 H 2 cosh 2 k ( d + z )
where, u max = 2 2
cos 2 θ
T sinh kd
πd2 .
( FI ) max
=C ρ
m 4
umax
. 2π 2 H cosh k ( d + z )
where umax = sin θ
T 2 sinh kd
At z=0,
( FD ) max
C H 1 cosh kd C 1 u T
= D = D 2 max (8.7)
( FI ) max
C D π sinh kd C π
m m
D
The ratio of maximum drag to maximum inertia can thus be taken as proportional to
umaxT
= Where umax =Maximum velocity in the wave cycle
D
T= wave period
D= Diameter
The above ratio also stands for (Total horizontal motion of the particle / Diameter).
8-4
If KC < 5 then inertia is dominant,
If KC >15 then drag is dominant and regular eddies are shed at downstream section.
8-5
1
CD
0
10 100
Kc
1
Cm
0
1 Re X 105
8-6
1
CD
0 2 5 Re X 105
Structural members are in course of time covered by sea weeds, barnacles, shell fish etc.
Due to this, effective diameter changes, effective mass increases, flow pattern, eddy
structure changes . Finally the wave force also changes. Lab studies have shown that
Cm does not change much. CD changes appreciably and can become 2 to 3 times more
than the initial value.
8-7
1 Rough
Smooth
CD
0
2 5 Re X 105
Cm Smooth
Rough
0
1 Re X 105
Scatter in CD , Cm values: Many laboratory and field studies have been made to
assess the effects of all unaccounted factors like eddy shedding , past flow history, initial
turbulence , wave irregularity directionality, local conditions , data reduction techniques.
But experiments are inconclusive.
8-8
Measure Forces
Almost all experiments suffer from widely scattered values. Major reasons of the scatter
are: (1) use of either steady/ oscillatory / wavy flow, (2) difficulty in achieving high Re
( 107 ), (3) wave theories over predict velocity, (4) definition of Re is arbitrary, (5) waves
∂u du
are irregular, hence CD , Cm are large, (6) use of (not ) overestimate forces, (7) no
∂t dt
accounting for directionality, current, 3-D flow.
Recommendations:
1) For Indian conditions CD =0.7 ; Cm=2 are generally used.
=2 if Re<2.5 x 105
Re
= 2.5 − , otherwise
5 x105
EXAMPLE:
A one m diameter jacket leg is subjected to an attack of waves which are 5m high,
80 m long and 10 seconds in period.
Determine maximum Drag Force , maximum Inertia Force ,Total Force @
8-9
π
θ= , at a location 10m below SWL . The water depth is 60m.
4
Take CD =1; Cm=2; Use linear theory.
kg
ρ =1030
m3
Solution :
1
FD max = CD ρ D umax umax
2
π H cosh k ( d + z )
u= cos θ
T sinh kd
2π
π (5) cosh ( 50 )
= 80 .1
2π
(10) sinh (60)
80
=0.717 m/s
1
FD max = (1)1030(1) 0.717 0.717
2
=264.76 N/m.
πd2 .
( )
F
I max
=C ρ
m 4
umax
. 2π 2 H cosh k ( d + z )
umax = sin θ
T 2 sinh kd
2π
2π 2 (5) cosh ( 50 )
= 80 .1
2 2π
(10 ) sinh (60)
80
m
=0.45
s2
8-10
π (12 )
FI max = 2(1030) (0.45)
4
=728 N/m.
π H cosh k ( d + z )
u= cos θ
T sinh kd
π (5)(25.3869) π
= .cos
(10)(55.1544) 4
=0.5067 m/s
. 2π 2 H cosh k ( d + z )
umax = sin θ
T 2 sinh kd
2π 2 (5)(25.3869) π
= 2
.sin
(10 )(55.1544) 4
m
=0.318
s2
1 πd2 .
F = CD ρ Du u + Cm ρ u
2 4
2
1 2 π (1)
= (1)1030 (1)( 0.5067 ) + 2 (1030 ) ( 0.318)
2 4
=646.72 N/m
8-11
8.2 Total Wave Force on the Entire Member Length
SWL X
0
Drag
Z =-z
Inertia
Z=-d
∂u . 2π H cosh k ( d + z ) 2π t
2
≈u = sin −
∂t T 2 sinh kd T
1 1 π 2 H 2 cosh 2 k (d + z )
FD = C D ρDu u = C D ρD 2 2
cos 2Tπ t cos 2Tπ t
2 2 T sinh hd
When t=0, FD → (FD )max
8-12
πd 2 . πd 2 2π 2 H cosh k (d + z )
FI = Cm ρ u = Cm ρ sin (− 2Tπ t )
4 4 T2 sinh hd
When t=0, FI → (FI )max
But
π
(FI )max When sin (− 2Tπ t ) =1 or when − 2Tπ t =
2
T
Or when t= −
4
π
At this time cos 2Tπ t = cos − =0 Hence FD =0
2
T
(FD )max occurs after time when (FI )max occurs.
4
H 2πt
If η is small, η =0 , if η is not small , η = cos
2 T
η η
FT = ∫ FD dz + ∫ FI dz
−d −d
η η
M = ∫ FD (d + z )dz + ∫ FI (d + z )dz
−d −d
Hence total horizontal force on entire member length at any time ‘t’ : FT = FTD + FTI
η η
1 π 2 H 2 cosh 2 k ( d + z ) 2π t 2π t
FTD = ∫ FD dz = ∫ CD ρ D 2 2
cos cos dz
−d −d
2 T sinh kd T T
1 π 2 H 2 cos ω t cos (ω t ) η
= CD ρ D
2 2
T sinh kd2 ∫
−d
cosh 2 k ( d + z ) dz
8-13
η
1 π 2 H 2 cos ω t cos (ω t ) k ( d + z ) sinh 2k ( d + z )
= CD ρ D +
2 T 2 sinh 2 kd 2k 4k −d
x sinh 2 x
∫ cosh
2
[Using x= + ]
2 4
η
1 π 2 H 2 cos ω t cos (ω t ) 1
= CD ρ D 2 2 {2k ( d + z ) + sinh 2k ( d + z )}
2 T sinh kd 4k −d
η
1 ω 2 H 2 1 {2k ( d + z ) + sinh 2k ( d + z )}
= CD ρ D cos ω t cos (ω t )
2 4 4k sinh 2 kd − d
CD ρ D 2 {2 k ( d + z ) + sinh 2k ( d + z )}
FTD = (ω H ) cos ω t cos (ω t )
32k sinh 2 kd z =η
(8.9)
π d 2 2π H cosh k ( d + z )
η η 2
FTI = ∫ F dz = ∫ C
I m ρ
4 2
T sinh kd
sin ( −ω t ) dz
−d −d
η
π d 2 2π 2 H sin (ω t ) sinh k ( d + z )
= −C m ρ
4 4 sinh kd k −d
πd2 2 1 sinh k ( d + z )
Hence FTI = −Cm ρ (ω H ) sin (ω t )
4 2 k sinh kd z =η
(8.10)
Similarly, M T = M DT + M IT
2
CD ρ D (ω H )
M DT =
64k 2 sinh 2 kd
{ 2
}
2k ( d + z ) sinh 2k ( d + z ) − cosh 2k ( d + z ) + 2 k ( d + z ) + 1 cos ω t cos (ω t )
2
−Cm ρ π d 2 (ω H ) k ( d + z ) sinh k ( d + z ) − cosh k ( d + z ) + 1
M IT = sin (ω t )
2k 2 4 sinh kd sinh kd
(8.11)
8-14
EXAMLPE:
Obtain variation of total horizontal force and moment at the sea bed with time for a
circular vertical pile of diameter 1.22 m extending into a water depth of 22.9 m. The
wave height is 10.67m and the wavelength is 114.3m. Take CD =1 and Cm =2 .
KN
γ =10.06 .
m3
What are the maximum force and moment values?
Use Linear Theory.
Consider two cases (a) Integration up to SWL.
(b) Integration up to Free surface.
SOLUTION:
2π 2π
K= = =0.05497cycles/m
L 114.3
1 1
ω = { gk tanh kd } = {9.81(0.05497) tanh 0.05497 ( 22.9 ) } =0.6773 rad/s
2 2
CD ρ D 2 {2 k ( d + z ) + sinh 2k ( d + z )}
FTD = (ω H ) cos ω t cos (ω t )
32k sinh 2 kd z =η
CD ρ D 2 {2k ( d ) + sinh 2k ( d )}
= (ω H ) 2 cos ω t cos (ω t )
32k sinh kd
πd2 2 1 sinh k ( d + z )
FTI = −Cm ρ (ω H ) sin (ω t )
4 2k sinh kd z =η
πd2 2 1 sinh k ( d )
= −C m ρ (ω H ) sin (ω t )
4 2k sinh kd
8-15
2
10.06 π (1.33) 2 1
= −2 (10.67 ( 0.6773) ) sin (ω t )
9.81 4 2 ( 0.05497 )
=-106.74 sin (ω t ) KN
Hence
FT =123.022 cos ω t cos (ω t ) -106.74 sin (ω t )
Vary t=0, T
2π t 2π
=0, .T
T T
ω t=0, 2π
=0, 6.284
=0, 1,2, …,7
0 123.02 0 123.02
1 35.01 -89.82 -53.91
2 -21.31 -97.06 -118.37
3 -120.57 -15.06 -135.64
4 -52.56 80.78 28.22
5 9.9 102.86 112.26
6 113.42 29.83 143.24
7 69.92 -70.13 -0.21
8-16
200
150
100
50
Ft
0 Series1
0 2 4 6 8
-50
-100
-150
-200
wt
We can express: F = C cos θ cos θ + K sin θ . For maximum conditions this equation
∂F K
can be worked out using θ as: = 0 ⇒ θ = sin −1 .
∂θ 2c
8-17
4’
35’
SWL
375’
75’
Force
For circular vertical piles, based on Dean’s theory and Morison’s equation, it is possible
to express approximately the total maximum force within the wave cycle as:
Fm = Φ m ρ gCD H 2 D (8.12)
Cm D
W= (8.13)
CD H
Similarly the total maximum moment at the base is:
M m = α m ρ gCD H 2 Dd (8.14)
8-18
LIFT FORCES:
For high drag ( K c > 15 ) there is regular and alternate eddy shedding on the
downstream side on both sides of cylinder at a frequency.
sv
f eddyshedding = (8.15)
D
where s = Strouhal No. ≈ 0.2, ν = kinematic viscosity of sea water, D = diameter.
This gives rise to lift force given by:
1
FL = CL ρ Du u (8.16)
2
Where CL is Lift coefficient = f ( K c )
≈ CD If K c >20
≈ If K c <3
If the frequency of eddy shedding goes close to the natural frequency of the structural
member then resonance occurs and high structural vibrations result.
Fn
8-19
Fn = C Vn Vn + Kan (8.17)
D
Where C = CD ρ
2
πd2
K = Cm ρ
4
Where Vn and an are normal components of total velocity (V’) and acceleration (a’)
z y
V’
c
0 Vn
Plane containing
cylinder axis and total
velocity vector V’
( )
Vn = cx V 'xc
an = cx ( a 'xc )
If c is unit vector along axis and cx , c y , cz are its direction cosines and if,
8-20
an = anx i + any j + anz k
c = c x i + c y j + cz k
2
Vny = −cx c y 1 − c y −c y cz Vy
V −c c 2
nz x z −c y cz 1 − cz Vz
1
2 2
{
and Vn = Vnx + Vny + Vnz = Vx + Vy + Vz − cx cx + c y c y + cz cz
2 2 2 2
}
2 2
Thus we get,
Fx Vnx anx
Fy = c Vn Vny + K any (8.18)
F V a
z nz nz
2
Where any = −cx c y 1 − c y −c y cz a y
a −c c 2
nz x z −c y cz 1 − cz az
z
y
8-21
Note on calculation of direction cosines,
z
c c =1
y
cz = cos φ
φ
0 Vn
c y = sin φ sin θ
x
c = sin φ cos θ
x
c = c i + c j + c k ; where,
x y z
cx = sin φ cos θ
c y = sin φ cos θ
cz = cos φ
8-22
Fig. 8.16 Added mass effect
.
FI = (CF + Ca ) ρV u (8.19)
8-23
8.6 Wave Slam:
When wave surface rises, it slams underneath horizontal members near the SWL and then
passes by them. The resulting slamming force (nearly vertical) due to sudden buoyancy
application is given as follows
1
Fz = Cs ρ Duz2 (8.20)
2
Where Cs ≈ π (theoretically for circular cylinder)
The American Petroleum Institute (API) suggests that it should be taken into
consideration to calculate total individual member loads and not to get the global
horizontal base shear and overturning moments. Impulsive nature of this force however
can excite natural frequency of the members creating resonant condition and large
dynamic stresses.
8-24
2) The drag force formula and the inertia force formula involve opposite
assumptions. The former assume that the flow is steady while the latter implies
that the flow is unsteady
3) Real sea effects like ‘transverse forces’, ‘energy spreading (directionality)’ are
unaccounted for.
4) There is a high amount of scattering in values of CD and Cm .
5) Inaccuracies in the wave theory based values of water particle kinematics get
reflected in the resulting force estimates.
8-25