SSB 1

Programming Language
‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv
‡cÖvMÖvg: Kw¤úDUvi‡K wewfbœ Av‡`k-wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡Yi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvg ‰Zwi Kiv nq| wewfbœ
Av‡`k-wb‡`©k‡K GK‡Î †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq|
Kw¤úDUvi eyS‡Z cv‡i Ggb wKQz ms‡KZ I wewfbœ wbqg-Kvbyb e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg ‰Zwi Kiv nq| †cÖvMÖvg ‰Zwii Rb¨
e¨eüZ GB mKj wbqg-Kvbyb I ms‡KZ¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv ejv nq|
‡cÖvMÖvg ‰Zwi Kivi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv e¨envi Kiv hvq|
mdUIq¨vit GK ev GKvwaK †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgš^‡q mdUIq¨vi ‰Zwi Kiv nq|
‡cÖvMÖvg Ges mdUIq¨vi wewfbœ ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv ( Programming Language ) e¨envi K‡i ‰Zwi Kiv nq|
eûj e¨eüZ Programming Language : -
C , C+ +, Visual Basic.NET, Java, C# ,Python, SQL, asp.NET, PHP

Important Topics from ICT textbooks:

wewfbœ cÖR‡b¥i †cÖvMvwgs fvlv, ‡gwkb fvlv, †gwkb fvlvi wb‡`©k mg~n, ‡gwkb fvlvi myweav I Amyweav, A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv wK?
‡b‡gvwbK †KvW wK? A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi wb‡`©k mg~n, A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi myweav I Amyweav, nvB †j‡ej ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv,
‡gwkb fvlv t Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ fvlv n‡”Q †gwkb fvlv| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii ‡gŠwjK fvlv | GB fvlvq ïay gvÎ 0 I 1 GB
`ywU evBbvwi A¼ e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg ‰Zwi Kiv nq| GB fvlvq †jLv wewfbœ wb‡`©k Kw¤úDUvi mivmwi eyS‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
†gwkb fvlvq †cÖvMÖvwgs Kiv AZ¨šÍ RwUj I mgqmv‡cÿ| †gwkb fvlv cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv|
‡gwkb fvlvq †hme wb‡`©k †`Iqv nq Zv‡`i Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgbt
1. MvwYwZK (Arithmetic) †hgbt †hvM (Add), we‡qvM (Subtraction), ¸Y (Multiplication), fvM (Division)
2. wbqš¿Y (Control) †hgbt †jvW (Load), †÷vi (Store), Rv¤ú (Jump)
3. BbcyU-AvDUcyU (Input output) †hgbt cov (Read), †jLv (Write)
4. cÖZ¨ÿ e¨envi (Direct Use) ‡hgbt ïiæ Kiv (Start), _vgv (Halt), †kl Kiv (End)
A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv t Assembly programming Language, wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv| G fvlv‡K mvs‡KwZK fvlvI
e‡j| Assembly programming Language G wewfbœ mvs‡KwZK ‡KvW e¨envi K‡i ‡cÖvMÖvg †jLv nq| Gme
mvs‡KwZK ‡KvW‡K †b‡gvwbK (Nemonic) ‡KvW ejv nq| †b‡gvwbK †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g wewfbœ wb‡`©k †`Iqv nq|
A¨v‡mw¤^wj fvlvi wb‡`©‡k mvaviYZ PviwU Ask _v‡K, h_vt-
(1) †j‡ej. (2) Ac-‡KvW. (3) Acv‡iÛ. (4) gšÍe¨.
4GL t 4GL A_©vr 4th Generation Language ev PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i fvlv| Gi mvnv‡h¨ D”PZi fvlvi PvB‡Z mn‡R †cÖvMÖvg
‰Zwi Kiv hvq| Gi mvnv‡h¨ mn‡RB wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg ev A¨vwcø‡Kkb ‰Zwi Kiv hvq e‡j G‡K RAD A_©vr Rapid
Application Development Tool ejv nq| ‡hgbt MySQL, SQL, Focus, Intellect BZ¨vw`|
Abyev`K mdUIq¨vi (Translator Software)t Kw¤úDUvi Gi wbR¯^ fvlv n‡jv †gwkb fvlv (machine language)|
Kw¤úDUvi GKgvÎ †gwkb fvlvB eyS‡Z cv‡i,Ab¨ fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg ‰Zwi Kivi †ÿ‡Î Dchy³ Abyev`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †cÖvMÖv‡gi
fvlv‡K †gwkb fvlvq iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z nq| GB iæcvšÍi Gi KvR Abyev`K mdUIq¨vi Gi gva¨‡g Ki‡Z nq|
Abyev`K mdUIq¨vi wZb ai‡bi:
 K¤úvBjvi ( compiler )
 B›Uvi‡cÖUvi ( interpreter )
 A¨v‡m¤^jvi ( assembler )
 SSB 2

‡gwkb fvlvq †jLv †cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg ( object program ) ejv nq|
Ab¨ †h †Kvb ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq †jLv †cÖvMÖvg‡K Drm †cÖvMÖvg ( source program ) ejv nq|
‡h‡nZz Kw¤úDUvi †gwkb fvlv Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv †ev‡S bv, AZGe Abyev`K mdUIq¨vi Gi gva¨‡g Drm
†cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg G iæcvšÍi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi Gi †evaMg¨ Kiv nq|
AZGe, ejv hvq- †h †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq Zv‡K Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq|
K¤úvBjvi t nvB †j‡ej †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq †jLv Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖv‡g Abyev` Kivi Rb¨ K¤úvBjvi e¨envi Kiv
nq| wfbœ wfbœ nvB †j‡ej †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ K¤úvBjvi Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| K¤úvBjvi mgMÖ †cÖvMÖvg‡K GK mv‡_
Abyev` K‡i †gwkb fvlvq cwiYZ K‡i|
‡hgbt C Ges C++ ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi Compiler wn‡m‡e turbo c++, CodeBlocks mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Kiv hvq|
B›Uvi‡cÖUvit B›Uvi‡cÖUvi K¤úvBjv‡ii gZB nvB †j‡ej †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv‡K †gwkb fvlvq Abyev` K‡i| Z‡e B›Uvi‡cÖUvi
†cÖvMÖv‡gi wb‡`©k¸‡jv‡K GKwUi ci GKwU Abyev` K‡i ‡gwkb fvlvq cwiYZ K‡i|
A¨v‡m¤^jvi t A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq wjwLZ Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K †gwkb fvlvq Abyev` Kivi Rb¨ A¨v‡m¤^jvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
A¨v‡m¤^jvi A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi †b‡gvwbK †KvW‡K †gwkb fvlvq Abyev` K‡i|
Important Topics from ICT textbooks:
wm †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv, wm++ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv, Rvfv †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv, K¤úvBjvi Kx ? K¤úvBjv‡ii cÖavb KvR Kx Kx? B›Uvi‡cÖUvi
Kx? B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii Amyweav| K¤úvBjvi I B›Uvi‡cÖUvi Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨| A¨v‡m¤^jvi Kx? ‡cÖvMÖvg Gi msMVb| ‡cªvMÖvg
‰Zwii avcmg~n, †cÖvMÖvg †Uw÷s, †cÖvMÖv‡gi fzj, wmbU¨v· fzj, jwRK¨vj fzj, ivb UvBg I Gw·wKDkb UvBg fzj, ÷ªvKPvW©
†cÖvMÖvwgs I Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs Kx, cwjgiwdRg (Polymorphism), Bb‡nwi‡UÝ ( Inheritance ),
GbK¨vcmy‡jkb (Encapsulation).
‡cÖvMªvg wWRvBb Kivi †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ wb¤œwjwLZ ‡KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq |
 A¨vjMwi`g (Algorithm )
 ‡d¬vPvU© ( Flow-chart )
 m~‡Wv‡KvW ( Pseudo code )
A¨vjMwi`g t A¨vjMwi`g A_© av‡c av‡c mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv| ‡cªvMªvg ‰Zwi Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKwU mgm¨v‡K K‡qKwU av‡c
†f‡½ G‡Ki ci GK mgvavb K‡i mgMÖ mgm¨v‡K mgvavb Kiv nq |
‡d¬vPvU© t †d¬vPvU© A_© cÖevnwPÎ| †Kv‡bv GKwU †cÖvMÖvg wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv Qwe Gu‡K †d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nq| †d¬vPvU©
†_‡K †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖevn wKfv‡e n‡”Q Zv †evSv hvq| ‡d¬vPvU© cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_vt-
(1) wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU© ( System Flowchart )
(2) ‡cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU© ( Program Flowchart )
‡cÖvMªvg †d¬vPvU©t †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPv‡U© †cÖvMÖv‡gi wewfbœ av‡ci we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`qv nq|
‡cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPv‡U©i Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖZxKmg~n t-

kyiy / †kl BbcyU / AvDUcyU wm×všÍ cÖwµqvKiY ms‡hvM

m~‡Wv‡KvWt ( Pseudo) m~‡Wv GKwU MªxK kã| m~‡Wv k‡ãi A_© QÙ ev mZ¨ bq| †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi cÖ¯ÍwZg~jK c~e©-avc wn‡m‡e
m~‡Wv‡KvW cÖYqb Kiv nq| m~‡Wv‡KvW A¨vjMwi`g Gi weKí wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi Kvh©cÖYvjx msewjZ wb‡`©k
mg~‡ni mgvnvi‡K m~‡Wv‡KvW ejv nq|
 SSB 3

C Programming Language
wm ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv
wm †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi RbK n‡jv Dennis Ritchie. “C” is a programming language.
C is a structured Programming Language.
wm fvlvi update version A_©vr ewa©Z iƒc n‡jv Ô wm ++ Õ. C++ is a Object Oriented Programming
Language.
wm++ fvlvq Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UW ‡cÖvMÖvwgs (OOP) ‰ewkó¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wm ÷¨vÛvW© jvB‡eªwi t wm †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq mvaviY MvwYwZK KvR m¤úv`‡b e¨eüZ dvskbmg~‡ni GK wekvj m¤¢vi n‡jv wm
÷¨vÛvW© jvB‡eªwi (C Standard Library )|
dvsk‡bi †nWvi dvBj t †h mKj dvBj mg~n wm ÷¨vÛvW© jvB‡eªwii mKj dvskb mg~‡ni †cÖv‡UvUvBc aviY K‡i Zv‡`i‡K
‡nWvi dvBj e‡j| †hgbt
#include<stdio.h>
stdio.h ( standard input output header file )
#include<conio.h> conio.h ( console input output header file )
math.h ( mathematical header file)

#include<math.h>

Important topics from textbooks

‡WUv UvBc, aªƒeK, PjK ev †fwi‡qej, PjK ev †fwi‡qej Gi bvgKi‡Yi wbqgvejx, PjK I aªƒeK Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨,
†jvKvj ev ¯’vbxq †fwi‡qej, †Møvevj ev mve©Rbxb †fwi‡qej, †jvKvj I †Møvevj Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨, BDbvwi Acv‡iUi,
wcÖwd· I †cv÷wd· †bv‡Ukb, A¨vwi_‡gwUK Acv‡iUi, wi‡jkbvj Acv‡iUi, jwRK¨vj Acv‡iUi, KxIqvW©, AvB‡Ww›Udvqvi,
A¨v‡i, GKgvwÎK A¨v‡i , wØgvwÎK A¨v‡i, wÎgvwÎK ev eûgvwÎK A¨v‡i|

÷ªvKPvW© †cÖvMÖvwgs t ÷ªvKPvW© ‡cÖvMÖvwgs G GKwU ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi †÷U‡g›U¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ †kÖYx‡Z (Class) wef³ K‡i †jLv nq |
cÖ‡Z¨KwU ‡kÖbx c„_Kfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ KvR K‡i _v‡K| ÷ªvKPvW© †cÖvMÖvwgs G Top Down approach Gi gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖvg‡K
KZ¸‡jv Ask ev gwWD‡j fvM Kiv nh | G gwWDj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Main module Ges wKQz mve †cÖvMÖvg ev dvskb _vK‡i
cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î †cÖvMÖv‡gi wbqš¿Y Top Down approach A_©vr Dci †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K cwiPvwjZ nq| wm GKwU ÷ªvKPvW©
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv| ( Structured Programming Language ). †ewmK, c¨vm‡Kj, wKD‡ewmK BZ¨vw` ÷ªvKPvW© †cÖvMÖvwgs
fvlv|
Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW ‡cÖvMÖvwgs t Object Oriented Programming Gi mswÿß iƒc n‡jv OOP. G c×wZ‡Z ‡WUv
Ges wewfbœ Av‡`k-wb‡`©k Gi mgš^‡q wewfbœ Object ‰Zwi Kiv nq| cÖwZwU Object Gi wbR¯^ wfbœ wfbœ attribute ev
‰ewkó¨ Ges Behavior Av‡Q| cÖwZwU Object Øviv †cÖvMÖv‡gi wfbœ wfbœ KvR Kiv nq| wewfbœ Object ‡K †K›`ªª K‡i †cÖvMÖvg
‰Zwi Kiv nq e‡j G c×wZ‡K Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW ‡cÖvMÖvwgs ejv nq| Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvwgs G Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs
LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq ( Fundamental Principles of OOP ) t GKwU †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR‡K
Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW n‡Z n‡j K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Concept mv‡cvU© Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb t cwjgiwdRg, Bb‡nwi‡UÝ,
GbK¨vcmy‡jkb, A¨ve÷ªvKkb|
 SSB 4

wZbwU msL¨vi †hvMdj I Mo wbY©‡qi Rb¨ A¨vjMwi`g, ‡cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU©, m~‡Wv‡KvW, wm

fvlvq †KvW wjL|

A¨vjMwi`gt ïiæ

avc-1: ïiæ Kwi

avc-2: wZbwU msL¨v a,b,c BbcyU wbB
avc-3 †hvMdj sum=a+b+c wbY©q Kwi BbcyU a,b,c
avc-3 Mo average= sum/3 wbY©q Kwi
avc-3 †hvMdj I Mo QvcvB
avc-3 †kl Kwi sum=a+b+c
average= sum/3
Pseudo code:
start sum, average
QvcvB
input a,b,c
sum=a+b+c
average=sum/3 ‡kl
print sum, average
stop ‡cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU©

Source code in c language:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a, b, c, sum ;
float avg;
printf(“ Enter three integer numbers” );
scanf(“ %d %d %d ”,&a, &b, &c );
sum=a+b+c;
avg=sum/3;
printf(“sum of the three numbers is %d”, sum);
printf(“average of the three numbers is %f”, avg);
getch();

}
 SSB 5

wm †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi

wm fvlvq mvaviY ‡cÖvMÖvg:
‡cÖvMÖvgwUi AvDUcyU

Dc‡ii †jLv †cÖvMÖv‡gi e¨vL¨v t

 #include<stdio.h> GwU GKwU †nWvi dvBj, †hLv‡b stdio.h ‡nWvi dvBjwUi bvg|
 main() GUv †gBb dvskb| †gBb dvskb Gi {} eø‡Ki gv‡S †cÖvMÖv‡gi wewfbœ †÷U‡g›U wjLv nq|
 printf(" "); GLv‡b printf GKwU dvsk‡bi bvg| Gi cy‡iv bvg print function. Gi `ywU
Bbfv‡U©W Kgvi †fZ‡i hvB †jLv n‡e, †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvDUcy‡U ZvB cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
printf(" GLv‡b hvB †jLv n‡e, †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvDUcy‡U ZvB cÖ`wk©Z n‡e ");
printf Gi †fZ‡i /n e¨envi Kiv nq bZzb jvBb ‰Zwi Kivi Rb¨ | ‡jLvi ïiæ‡Z ev gv‡S /n
e¨envi Ki‡j Zv bZzb jvB‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gi e¨envi cieZ©x †cÖvMÖv‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
 getch(); Gi cy‡iv bvg get character. Gi Øviv †Kv‡bv character ev Aÿi BbcyU wn‡m‡e
†bIqv nq| Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g Gi e¨envi n‡q‡Q hv‡Z ‡cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjv‡j Gi AvDUcyU ¯Œx‡Y Hello
World ‡jLvwU ZZÿY †`Lv‡e hZÿY bv †Kv‡bv character BbcyU bv †`qv nq|
 ‡gBb dvskb Gi wfZ‡i mKj †÷U‡g‡›Ui jvB‡bi †k‡l ‡mwg‡Kvjb ( ; ) w`‡Z n‡e|
`yB jvB‡b †jLv cÖ`k©‡Yi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvg
output
 SSB 6

PjK ev †fwi‡qej †NvlYv K‡i †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi :

Output
the value of a is 10 the value of b is 20

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡gi e¨vL¨v:

 Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g `ywU †nWvi dvBj e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 ‡gBb dvsk‡bi †fZ‡i `ywU PjK a, b wW‡K¬qvi ev †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 PjK `ywU integer number A_©vr c~Y© msL¨v | `kwgK fMœvs‡ki †ÿ‡Î float a,b; e¨envi Ki‡Z
nq| float Gi cy‡iv bvg floating number.
 a=10 b=20 gvb wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 printf Gi wfZ‡i the value of a is Gi c‡i %d Øviv a Gi gvb‡K call Kiv n‡q‡Q| GRb¨
AvDUcyU ¯¿x‡Y the value of a is Gi c‡i %d Gi cwie‡Z© a Gi gvb cÖ`wk©Z n‡q‡Q|
 printf Gi wfZ‡i the value of b is Gi c‡i %d Øviv b Gi gvb‡K call Kiv n‡q‡Q| GRb¨
AvDUcyU ¯¿x‡Y the value of b is Gi c‡i %d Gi cwie‡Z© b Gi gvb cÖ`wk©Z n‡q‡Q|
 AvDUcyU ¯Œx‡Y `ywU jvBb cvkvcvwk †`Lv‡”Q| †h‡nZz †jLvi ïiæ‡Z ev †k‡l /n A_©vr wbD jvBb Gi
†KvW e¨envi Kiv nqwb|
 floating number e¨envi Kivi †ÿ‡Î %d Gi cwie‡Z© %f e¨envi Kiv nq|
 SSB 7

PjK ev †fwi‡qej †NvlYv K‡i gvb BbcyU †bIq

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡gi e¨vL¨v:

 ‡gBb dvsk‡bi †fZ‡i `ywU PjK a, b wW‡K¬qvi ev †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 PjK `ywU integer number A_©vr c~Y© msL¨v |
 cÖ_‡g printf Øviv enter the value of a ‡jLvwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡q‡Q|
 scanf GKwU dvsk‡bi bvg| Gi cy‡iv bvg scan function | Gi Øvi †Kv‡bv msL¨v ev Aÿi BbcyU
†bqv nq Ges Zv †Kv‡bv †fwi‡qe‡j return ev save K‡i ivLv nq|
 scanf Gi wfZ‡i %d Øviv †Kv‡bv integer number BbcyU PvIqv nq| & Øviv address of
‡evSvq| &a Øviv ‡evSvq BbcyU Kiv gvb a ‡fwi‡qe‡j return ev save Kiv|
 wØZxq printf Øviv enter the value of b ‡jLvwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡q‡Q| Zvici scanf Gi wfZi %d
Øviv ‡Kv‡bv c~Y© msL¨v PvIqv n‡q‡Q| Ges BbcyUK…Z msL¨v b ‡fwi‡qe‡j return ev save Kiv n‡e
 scanf Gi wfZ‡i %f Øviv †Kv‡bv floating value BbcyU PvIqv nq| printf() Gi wfZ‡i %.2f
w`‡j AvDUcy‡U `yB `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ gvb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 SSB 8

`ywU msL¨v †hvM Kivi wm †cÖvMÖvg t

 SSB 9

wm fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg:

wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU evû †`Iqv _vK‡j, †ÿÎdj wbY©‡qi wm †cÖvMÖvg t

 SSB 10

wm fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg:
SSB 11
 SSB 12

‡mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv‡K dv‡ibnvBU ZvcgvÎvq iæcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ wm †cÖvMÖvg wjLt

𝐂
𝟓
= 𝑭−𝟑𝟐
𝟗

C= 𝟓𝟗×(F-32)
𝟗𝐂
F= 𝟓
+32

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g a bv‡g GKwU integer variable ‡NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g printf Øviv Enter a
number ‡jLvwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Ges scanf Gi wfZ‡i %d Øviv integer type value PvIqv n‡e hv a †Z
msiÿY Kiv n‡e| if Gi wfZ‡i GKwU kZ© †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| kZ© mZ¨ n‡j A_v©r a Gi gvb 0 ‡_‡K eo A_ev
mgvb n‡j wØZxq printf Øviv Given number is Positive ‡jLvwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| kZ© mZ¨ bv n‡j else
A_©vr Ab¨_vq Z…Zxq printf Øviv Given number is Negative ‡jLvwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 SSB 13

‡Rvo A_ev †e‡Rvo wba©vi‡Yi wm †cÖvMÖvg:

Awael© wbav©i‡Yi wm †cÖvMÖvg:

 SSB 14

wZbwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ eo msL¨v wbav©i‡Yi wm ‡cÖvMÖvg t

 SSB 15

For Loop:
সি প্রোগ্রোমে প্ োম ো প্েটমেন্ট দুই বো তমতোসি বোর িম্পোদম র জ য for প্েটমেন্ট বযবহোর রো
হয়। িোিোরণ প্ োম ো প্েসরময়বল বযবহোর মর for লুমের আবতত িংখ্যো গণ ো রো হয়। এরূে
প্েসরময়বলম োউন্টোর প্েসরময়বল বমল। for প্েটমেন্ট-এর ফরেযোট প্দখ্োম ো হমলো:

GKwU jvইb 5 evi cÖ`k©‡Yi Rb¨ wm †cÖvMÖvg t

Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡gi e¨vL¨vt

 integer variable ‘ i ’ ‡NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 for Gi wfZ‡i i Gi cÖv_wgK gvb 1 aiv n‡q‡Q| kZ© aiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z, i Gi gvb 5 †_‡K †QvU A_ev mgvb nq
Ges i++ gv‡b i Gi gvb 1 K‡i evo‡e|
 for Gi wfZ‡ii mKj kZ© cyiY Ki‡j, ‡cÖvMÖvg loop Gi wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡e A_©vr { } Gi wfZ‡i
cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|
 hLb cÖv_wgK gvb i=1 ZLb Zv for Gi wfZ‡ii mKj kZ© cyiY K‡i Ges loop Gi wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡i printf Øviv Computer Science & Engineering ‡jLvwU cÖ`wk©Z Ki‡e|
 i Gi gvb 1 †e‡o hLb 2 n‡e ZLbI kZ© cyiY Kivq loop Gi wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i printf Øviv Computer
Science & Engineering †jLvwU AviI GKevi †jLvwU cÖ`wk©Z Ki‡e|
 i Gi gvb 1 †e‡o hLb 3 n‡e ZLbI GKB iKg NU‡e| wKšÍy hLb i Gi gvb 6 n‡e ZLb kZ© cyiY bv Kivq Zv
loop Gi wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡e bv| Zv cieZx© †÷U‡g‡›U hv‡e|
 SSB 16

1+2+3+4+-----------------------------+N ch©šÍ †hvMdj †ei Kivi Rb¨ A¨vjMwi`g, †d¬vPvU©, GKwU

wm †cÖvMÖvg ‰Zwi Ki t
A¨vjMwi`gt ïiæ

msL¨v N BbcyU
†bIqv
s=0
i=1

s=s+i
i=i+1

yes i<=N no
?

avc-1t †cÖvMÖvg ïiæ

avc-2t msL¨v N BbcyU †bIqv
avc-3t †hvMdj Gi Rb¨ s PjK Gi gvb 0 Ges s Gi gvb QvcvB
KvD›Uvi wn‡m‡e i PjK Gi gvb 1 †mU Kiv n‡jv|
avc-4t s=s+i Ges i=i+1 wbY©q Kwi| ‡kl
avc-5t i<=N kZ©wU mZ¨ n‡j 4 bs av‡c hvB Ab¨_vq cieZx© av‡c hvB|
avc-6t †hvMdj s Gi gvb QvcvB|
avc-7t †kl|
wm †cÖvMv‡g for loop , do while loop , while(); loop Gi e¨envi t

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int i,s,n;
s=0;
printf(“ enter the value of n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(i=1;i<=n; i=i+1)
{
s=s+i;
}
printf("Sum=%d ",s);
getch();
}
 SSB 17

C program to calculate factorial:

 SSB 18

M.mv.¸ wbY©‡qi wm †cÖvMÖvgt

A¨vjMwi`gt †d¬vPvU t ïiæ

BbcyU l, s ‡hLv‡b l>s

BbcyU †bIqv
r= l % s

l=s
s=r
no yes
r==0
?

avc-1t †cÖvMÖvg ïiæ

avc-2t `ywU msL¨v l, s BbcyU †bIqv; ‡hLv‡b l>s GCD, s Gi gvb QvcvB
avc-3t r=l%s wbY©q Kwi
avc-4t r=0 mZ¨ n‡j 6 bs av‡c hvB Ab¨_vq cieZx© av‡c hvB| ‡kl
avc-5t l=s Ges s=r ‡mU Kwi &Ges 3 bs av‡c hvB|
avc-6t M.mv.¸ s Gi gvb QvcvB|
avc-7t †kl|
 SSB 19

Array (A¨v‡i)t GKwUgvÎ †fwi‡qej wW‡K¬qv‡ii gva¨‡g GKB UvB‡ci KZ¸‡jv †WUv msiÿY Kivi
c×wZ‡K A¨v‡i ejv nq| A¨v‡i e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g GKwU †fwi‡qej Gi g‡a¨ GKB UvB‡ci GKvwaK †WUv
msiÿY Kiv hvq|
A¨v‡i ‡fwi‡qej wW‡K¬qvi Gi mvaviY dig¨vU:
Datatype ArrayName[size]={value1, value2, value3,--------valueN};
example:
int a[4]={1,2,3,4,5};
1 2 3 4 5
a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4]

another example of array declaration:

int a[3];
a[0]=1;
a[1]=2;
a[2]=3;
a[3]=4;
`kwU ev Av‡iv †ewk msL¨vi †hvMdj wbY©‡qi wm †cÖvMÖvgt
 SSB 20

MyiæZ¡c~Y© wm †cÖvMÖvg

Md. Mosharraf Hossain.

B.Sc in CSE
(Computer Science & Engineering)

contact: 01557304196 or mosharrafweb@gmail.com

Programming is fun. Computer is a tool, not a toy for entertainment.
 SSB 21

Database Management System

 Database Concept. * DBMS, RDBMS Definition. Primary Key. *Foreign
Key, Data Type.
 One to many, many to many relationship. Entity relation Diagram.
 Indexing and sorting * Data mining * cryptography.
 Data security. *Data encryption. * Caesar Code, Cypher text, plain text.
 SQL query, Classification.
 Corporate Database.
 Corporate Database * Government Database
SQL Query

Select Name, Emp_no, Skill, Pay_rate

FROM Employee
WHERE Name=’Nabil’; Name Emp_no Skill Pay_rate
Sofik 001 Web developer 50,000
Nabil 002 Software developer 80,000

Select Loan_no
FROM Customer Name Loan_no branch_name amount
WHERE Faruk 123456 Gulshan 50,000
branch_name=”Uttora” AND amount >=20000; Bashir 123569 Uttora 30,000
Sihab 123570 Uttora 15,000

CREATE TABLE Student

Roll Name Result
(
01 Mosharraf 5.00
Roll Number (5)
Name CHAR(20)
Result Number(5)
);

INSERT INTO Student /Append Student

VALUES(01, ’Mosharraf’, 5.00);
UPDATE Student
SET Result=4.50
WHERE Name=’Mosharraf’;
DELETE from Student ( to delete record from a table )
WHERE Name=’Mosharraf’;
 SSB 22

ALTER TABLE Student ( to add a new key field in a table )

ADD Class CHAR(10);
DROP TABLE Student; ( to delete entire table including all records )

(to arrange records in ascending or descending order) we can use the folllowing codes.
SELECT Name FROM Students
ORDER BY Roll ASC

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country ASC, CustomerName DESC;

Sql query using two or more conditions.

SELECT * FROM Students

WHERE Name=’Mosharraf’ AND Result >= 4.00;

SELECT * FROM Students

WHERE Name=’Mosharraf’ AND Result <= 4.00;
SELECT * FROM Students
WHERE Name=’Mosharraf’ AND Result <= 4.00
AND Roll=01;

Indexing and sorting are two approaches for establishing the order of data in a table. You use
them to answer different needs in an application. In general, you index a table to establish a
specific order of the rows, to help you locate and process information quickly. Indexing makes
applications run more efficiently. Use sorting only when you want to create another table with
a different natural order of rows.

SSB UNIQUE SERVICE CENTER

Bordeshi, Aminbazar, Savar, Dhaka-1348.
01557304196
 SSB 23

Web Design using HTML

Basic Structure of HTML Page:

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> </TITLE>
</HEAD>

<BODY>

</BODY>

</HTML>

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Page Title</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>

<H1> this is a Heading </H1>

<P> this is a paragraph. </P>

</BODY>
</HTML>

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>SSB ACADEMY</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<a href="http://www.ssbacademy.com"> SSB UNIQUE SERVICE CENTER</a>
<a href="mailto:saddam@ssb.com">Click to send email to SSB </a>
<img src="ssb.jpg" alt="SSB ACADEMY" width="100" height="100">
</BODY>
</HTML>
 SSB 24

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>SSB</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>

<font face="Times New Roman" size=9 color="green">

SSB UNIQUE SERVICE CENTER
</font>

</BODY>
</HTML>

Creating Table using HTML

<html>
<head>
<title> </title>
</head>
<body>
<table border=10>
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sajjad</td>
<td>Hossain</td>
<td>18</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mohammad</td>
<td>Amin</td>
<td>18</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
 SSB 25

<html>
<head>
<title> </title>
</head>
<body>
<table bgcolor=’aqua’ cellspacing=8 border=8 >

<Caption> Monthly Savings Accounting</Caption>

<tr>
<th>Month</th>
<th>Savings</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>February</td>
<td>4000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Sum: $180</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

<body>
<table border=20 >
<tr>
<th>Month</th>
<th>Savings</th>
<th>Savings for holiday!</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January</td>
<td>5000</td>
<td rowspan="2">1500</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>February</td>
<td>6000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

SSB UNIQUE SERVICE CENTER

Md. Mosharraf Hossain
B.Sc in Computer Science Engineering
Contact no: 01557304196
Email: 4grecharge@gmail.com
 SSB 26

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>SSB</TITLE>
</HEAD>

<BODY>
<hr>
</hr>
<h1> This is first Head Line </h1>
<h2> This is second Head Line </h2>
<b> This line is bold </b>
<i> This line is italic </i>
<u> This line is underlined </u>
<p> This is paragraph </p>

</BODY>
</HTML>

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Bangla</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>

<font face="SutonnyMJ" size=9 color="green" > Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb I cÖ‡KŠkj </font>

</BODY>
</HTML>

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>SSB</TITLE>
</HEAD>

<BODY>
<p> (a+b)²=a²+2ab+b² </p>
<p> 2H₂+O₂=2H₂O </p>
</BODY>
</HTML>
 SSB 27

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>SSB</TITLE>
</HEAD>

<BODY>
<p> <b> Menu </b> </p>

<ul>
<li>Apple Juice</li>
<li>Orange Juice</li>
<li>Mango Juice</li>
<li>Honey</li>
</ul>
</BODY>
</HTML>

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>SSB</TITLE>
</HEAD>

<BODY>
<p> <b> Menu </b> </p>
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple Juice</li>
<li>Orange Juice</li>
<li>Mango Juice</li>
<li>Honey</li>
</ol>
</BODY>
</HTML>

<HTML>
<BODY>
<p> <b> Menu </b> </p>
<ol type="i">
<li>Apple Juice</li>
<li>Orange Juice</li>
<li>Mango Juice</li>
<li>Honey</li>
</ol>
</BODY>
</HTML>
 SSB 28

<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>

<body >

<h1> First page </h1>

<p align="center">
<font face="Algerian" size="30" color="blue">
Information and communication technology
</font>
</p>

<a href="secondpage.html"> <h1> click to go to second page </h1> </a>

</body>

</html>

<html>
<head>
<title> </title>
</head>

<body bgcolor="aqua">
<h1> Second webpage </h1>
<br>
<a href="webpage1.html">
click to go first webpage
</a>

</body>
</html>
 SSB 29

Web page Design using HTML and CSS Language.

<html>

<head>
<title> SSB </title>
</head>

<body>
<div id="container" style="background-color:pink;width:800px; height:300px; text-
align:center;font-size:25">
<h1>SSB UNIQUE SERVICE CENTER</h1>

<div id="name" style="background-color:white;margin-

left:150px;width:500px;height:60px;font-family:Blackadder ITC;font-size:50;">
<b> Md. Mosharraf Hossain </b>
</div>

<div id="subject" style="background-color:aqua;margin-left:150px;margin-

top:10px;width:500px">
B.Sc in CSE ( Computer Science & Engineering )
</div>
<div id="contact" style="background-color:white;margin-left:150px;margin-
top:70px;width:500px">
contact: 01557304196 or 4grecharge@gmail.com
</div>

</div>
</body>
</html>