Journal of Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN0976-7916

Research Article
COMPUTATIONAL TOOL FOR WIND PRESSURE AND
FORCES ON A MULTISTORY COMMERCIAL COMPLEX
1
N G Shilu, 2Dr. H S Patel

Address for Correspondence

1
PG student, L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad
2
Associate Professor, L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad
ABSTRACT
Indian standard was first published in 1957 for the guidance of civil engineers, designers and architects associated with the
planning and design of buildings. It included the provisions for the basic design loads (dead loads, live loads, wind loads and
seismic loads) to be assumed in the design of the buildings. In its first revision in 1964, the wind pressure provisions were
modified on the basis of studies of wind phenomenon and its effect on structures. The latest rivision of code pertaining to
wind loads was published in 1987. To eleminate some limitation of prevailing code, GSDMA has proposed draft code for
IS:875(part-III). Here in this paper a typical example of multistoreyed building is presented for application of GSDMA
proposed draft code. The computational tool is developed for the purpose using MS Excel. The outcome obtained from tool
are validated with solved problem from explanatory of GSDMA draft code.
NOTATIONS β = Effective solidity ratio; Damping ratio
The following notations shall be followed unless otherwise ε = Average height of surface roughness
φ = Solidity ratio
specified in relevant clauses. Notions have been defined in
η=Shielding factor or eddy shedding frequency
the text at their first appearance. A few of the notations θ = Wind direction in plan from a given axis; upwind ground / hill
have more than one definition, having been used for Procedural steps
denoting different variables:
The general procedure for the calculation of wind
A = Surface area of a structure or part of a structure
A = Effective frontal area load on any structure may be as given here.
e
A = Frontal contributory area at height z 1.0 Problem Statement:
z
b = Breadth of a structure or structural member normal to the wind
This is the description of the problem which includes
stream in the horizontal plane basic design data and the requirement of the solution.
C =Force coefficient Based on the data given in the problem we may find
f
C = Pressure coefficient
p
basic wind characteristics which may be taken under
C = External pressure coefficient
pe
consideration while solving the problem. This
C = Internal pressure coefficient includes dimensions of the structure, situation i.e.
pi
d = Depth of a structure or structural member parallel to wind location of the structure, materials used,
stream in the horizontal plane 2.0 Steps
D = Diameter of cylinder or sphere; Depth of structure
Depending upon the description of the problem, we
F = Force on a surface
h = Height of structure above mean ground level may find Wind Zone, Terrain category etc. With the
h = Height of development of a speed profile at distance x
x
help of the wind zone we may find basic wind
downwind from a change in terrain category velocity from the table given in appendix A of the
h Height of parapet draft. This table is based on figure No 1 given in the
p=
H =Height factor for resonant response draft. As per the tool developed we may select the
s
k = Mode shape power exponent city directly from drop down menu. Depending upon
k k k k --
Wind speed multiplication factors
1 2 3 4 the selection the basic wind velocity is displayed in
K = Force coefficient multiplication factor for members of finite the cell.
length
K = Area averaging factor The design wind speed is,
a
K = Combination factor
V =V k k k k,
z b 1 2 3 4
c
K = Wind directionality factor Where
d
V = design wind speed at any height z in
K = Mode shape correction factor z
m
l = Length of a member or greater horizontal dimension of a m/s ,
building k = probability factor (risk coefficient) (see 5.3.1),
1
p = Wind pressure at height z k = terrain roughness and height factor (See 5.3.2),
z 2
V = Regional basic wind speed k = topography factor (see 5.3.3), and
b 3
V = Design wind speed at height h k = importance factor for the cyclonic region
h 4
V = Design wind speed at height z
z The factors k k k , are found with the help of the
1, 3, 4
V =Hourly mean wind speed at height z
z tables generated in spreadsheet and are not depending
W =Lesser horizontal dimension of a building in plan, or in the
cross-section a structural member; on height, whereas k depends on terrain category as
2
W′ =Bay width in a multi-bay building; well as height under consideration.
W Equivalent cross-wind static force
e= This is calculated in each case separately in the sheet
X = Distance downwind from a change in terrain category; fetch
length
with the help of the formula developed using excel
Z = Height above average ground level formula.
α = Inclination of roof to the horizontal plane

JERS/Vol. II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/84-87

 Journal of Engineering Research and Studies
While the wind pressure at any height above mean
ground level shall be obtained by the following
relationship between wind pressure and wind speed:
p =0.6 Vz2
z
where ,
2 12mx18mx51m tall situated in Mumbai.
p = wind pressure in N/m at height z, and
z It is proposed to be constructed about 200m inside
V = design wind speed in m/s at height z.
z the sea front. Take average story height as 3.0m and
The design wind pressure p can be obtained as,
d
p =K.K.K.p
d d a c z
where
K = Wind directionality factor
d
K = Area averaging factor
a
K = Combination factor (See 6.2.3.13)
c
While K , K , K , are calculated with the help of the tables created
d a, c
in the excel sheets.
The following are the general notation for data entry
and interpretation.
1.0 In the excel sheets the yellow cells with blue font
are input cells.
2.0 The cells with green fonts (or some time with
black fonts) in saffron cells are the cells which
contains formula ,so no data entry is allowed in these
cells. If data is entered in these cells it may lead to
failure as the formula may be erased by entering into
these cells.
3.0 The tables completely filled with blue colour are
tables created based on Draft code. Hence they are
database for the calculations.
4.0 Some cells have comments guiding data entry.
5.0 Though the calculations of the quantities may be
calculated for each table separately, the same is
utilized in calculations of different examples in
slightly different way. Because in particular table the
input value may be unique for the purpose of
calculation, but it may be variable while performing
the whole example calculations. For example if we
want to calculate k2 in table 2 for a particular value h,
where as the same can be calculated in say MS
building by considering h variable.
6.0 An attempt is made to develop curve fitting
equation in many tables. However the values based
on interpolation is used in the calculations. Hence
when any difference in values found by two methods
the values base on interpolation is used as
recommended by code.
7.0 For the interpolation I have used two techniques.
One is based on inbuilt excel functions and the other
is based on VBA code user defined functions. Both
the techniques give same results ,hence any of them
may be used as per convenience. However I preferred
VBA code. And used mostly in calculations.
8.0 Here values as calculated in the Ref. No. 5 kept
as they were ,so the reader may compare the results
with those calculated by using MS excel.
9.0 Caution: Please don’t enter any values manually
in saffron cells. As the formula inside may deleted.
JERS/Vol. II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/84-87
E-ISSN0976-7916
Application
Wind Pressure and Forces on a Multistory
Commercial Complex by Force Coefficient Method:
Calculate design equivalent static wind forces on a
RCC Multistory commercial complex
frames spaced 6m c/c in both directions. The building
is oriented with its smaller dimension facing the sea,
i.e. in long-after body orientation.
Figure 1: Shematic diagram of MS building
Wind and structure Data:
1. Wind Zone: Zone IV (Vb= 47m/s) (IS:875-pt.3,
Sec 5.2, Fig. 1) by selecting city Jaipur.
2. Terrain category: (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.1) This
building shares special location characteristics.
On one face, i.e. sea face, it is exposed to terrain
category 1 transiting into terrain category 3 from
200m distance. On the other hand, other faces
are exposed to terrain category 4, being located
in a commercially developed area with tall
structures of height exceeding 35m. Therefore ,
we have to calculate a combined wind profile as
per Appendix—B (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2.4),
transition from terrain category 1 to terrain
category 3, for one wind direction and consider
terrain category 4 directions.Calculating
combined wind profile for TC 1 to TC3 This
may be determined using IS:875-pt.3, Sec.
5.3.2.4(b). There are two options but option (ii)
will give more rational values and therefore,
should be used.Fetch Length x3 = 200m,
developed height inTC 3, h3 = 35m (IS:875-pt.3,
Table 3)Therefore, up-to 35m height, k2 factor
shall be as per TC 3 and above 35m it will be as
per TC 1.
3. Life span 50 years by selection
4. Main Building Height = 51 m, Width =12
m, Length =18 m
5. Importance All other Structures (selection from
respective table)
6. Type of Building as buildings (selection from
respective table)
7. Column Spacing =3 m
8. Floor Height = 3 m
 Journal of Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN0976-7916

Calculation of Design Factors:

As per solved example As per calculation tool
Risk Coefficient Factor k1= 1.00 :1
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.1, Table-1)
Terrain & Height Factor k2 Varies with height and terrain category, as given in Table 1 :1.1714
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.2, Table-2)
Topography Factor k3 = 1.00 :1
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.3.1)
Importance Factor for Cyclonic Region k4 = 1.00 :1
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3.4)
Wind Directionality Factor Kd= 0.90 :0.09
Area Averaging Factor Ka = 1.00*, for glazing/cladding :1
= 0.8**, for 12m face :0.08
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.1.2, Table-4)
= 0.8**, for 18m face :0.8
* Tributary area for glazing/cladding shall be less than 1 0m2, depends on the supporting system. (IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.1.1)
Design Wind Pressure:
Design Wind Speed = VZ= Vb×k1×k2×k3×k4 = :47 xk2
= 47x 1.0x k2x 1.0x 1.0 = (47x k2) m/s
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.3)
pz= 0.6 (Vz)2& pd=pz *Kd*Ka
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 5.4 & Sec 6.1)
Table 1 : Calculations of Variation in Design Wind Speed with Height
As per solved example Using Computational tool
Height k2* VZ(m/s) Height TC1 TC4 VZ(m/s)
from from k2*
ground, ground
m For sea For other For sea For other m For sea For other For sea For other
face• faces • face faces face• faces • face faces
Up to 0.91 0.8 42.77 37.6 9 0.9100 0.8000 42.770 37.600
9m
12m 0.934 0.8 43.9 37.6 12 0.9340 0.8000 43.898 37.600
15m 0.97 0.8 45.59 37.6 15 0.9700 0.8000 45.590 37.600
18m 0.994 0.8 46.72 37.6 18 0.9940 0.8000 46.718 37.600
21m 1.015 0.817 47.7 38.4 21 1.0150 0.8170 47.705 38.399
24m 1.03 0.87 48.41 40.8 24 1.0300 0.8680 48.410 40.796
27m 1.045 0.92 49.115 43.24 27 1.0450 0.9190 49.115 43.193
30m 1.06 0.97 49.82 45.59 30 1.0600 0.9700 49.820 45.590
33m 1.07 0.99 50.29 46.53 33 1.0690 0.9895 50.243 46.507
36m 1.165+ 1.009 54.755 47.423 36 1.1650 1.0090 54.755 47.423
39m 1.1725 1.0285 55.107 48.34 39 1.1725 1.0285 55.108 48.340
42m 1.18 1.048 55.46 49.256 42 1.1800 1.0480 55.460 49.256
45m 1.1875 1.0675 55.81 50.17 45 1.1875 1.0675 55.813 50.173
48m 1.195 1.087 56.165 51.09 48 1.1950 1.0870 56.165 51.089
51m 1.2012 1.102 56.456 51.8 51 1.2012 1.1020 56.456 51.794
* : k2 values are linearly interpolated. Fetch Length =0.2km
+ : Effect of terrain category change from TC3 to TC1 above this height
More Distant Category =TC1
6 : For terrain category 1 transiting to category 3 Near Category =TC3
Development Height = 35
Table 2: Calculations of Variation in Design Pressure with Height
Height from ground, m pZ (kN/m2) pd, for building pd, for cladding All faces*
Sea face Other face Sea face Other faces
Up to 9m 1.097 0.848 0.79 0.61 0.987
12m 1.156 0.848 0.832 0.61 1.04
15m 1.247 0.848 0.9 0.61 1.122
18m 1.31 0.848 0.943 0.61 1.178
21m 1.365 0.885 0.983 0.637 1.228
24m 1.406 1 1.012 0.72 1.265
27m 1.447 1.122 1.042 0.808 1.302
30m 1.489 1.247 1.072 0.898 1.34
33m 1.517 1.3 1.092 0.936 1.365
36m 1.799 1.349 1.295 0.971 1.619
39m 1.822 1.402 1.312 1.01 1.64
42m 1.845 1.456 1.328 1.048 1.66
45m 1.87 1.51 1.346 1.087 1.683
48m 1.893 1.566 1.363 1.127 1.704
51m 1.912 1.61 1.377 1.159 1.721
JERS/Vol. II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/84-87
 Journal of Engineering Research and Studies
Notes: 1. For building faces Ka = 0.8 is used vary it from face to face.
Below is the result calculated using computational tool.
WIND LOAD CALCULATIONS
Wind Induced Lateral Force on Structure: This will
be calculated at every story level and separately for
each wind direction, three cases in this problem.
F=CfxAexPd
(IS:875-pt.3, Sec 6.3)
FORCE COEFFICIENT CALCULATIONS
Long-afterbody orientation
a/b = 18/12 = 1.5, h/b = 51/12 = 4.25
Cf= 1.222375
Cf 1.2 (IS.•875 -pt.3, Fig. 6)
a/b =1.5
h/b =4.25
Short-afterbody orientation
a/b = 12/18 = 0.667, h/b = 51/18 = 2.833
Cf= 1.35 ( IS.•875 -pt.3, Fig. 6)
Cf=1.3421527
a/b =0.66666
h/b =2.83333
Effective area (Ae) calculations:
6.0 x3.0 = 18m2, for intermediate frames
3.0 x 3.0 = 9m2, for end frames
For Cladding: depending on the spacing of
supporting structure, but the effect of enhanced force
at the corners and edges should be considered for
fasteners by taking local coefficients from IS:875-
pt.3, Table 5.
Tributary area for calculating wind forces on building
frames = 51 x 6 = 306m2 in either direction, being the
product of height of building & frame spacing in
either direction. As brought out in the commentary
also, the area averaging factor has been introduced in
this proposed draft, in order to account for loss of
correlation between peaks of wind generated force
over an area. Since all peaks do not occur
simultaneously, the net effect of wind force exerted
on the exposed surface is less than the case when
whole face is considered to be acted upon by design
wind force at a time. Net wind force goes on reducing
with increase in the net effective area for the element
being analyzed.
JERS/Vol. II/ Issue IV/October-December, 2011/84-87
E-ISSN0976-7916
CONCLUSION:
As per above mentioned example the calculated
values using the tool is matching with corresponding
values of solved example. Hence the tool may be
considered as validated. So it can be used for similar
structure data and wind data. The developed tool is
very user friendly and one can use the tool without
help of relevant code.
REFERENCES
1. Indian standard 875 (part 3) -1987 “code of
practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures part 3 wind loads(
second revision)”
2. DR.PREM KRISHNA ,DR. KRISHEN KUMAR ,DR. N.M.
BHANDARI ” is:875(part3):wind loads on
buildings and structures -proposed draft &
commentary”
3. DR.PREM KRISHNA ,DR. KRISHAN KUMAR,DR.
N.M.BHANDARI “is: 875 (part 3) – 1987 a
commentary on indian standard code of practice
for design loads (other than earthquake) for
buildings and structures part 3 wind loads
(second revision)”
4. DR. N.M. BHANDARI DR. PREM KRISHNA
DR.KRISHEN KUMAR, DR. ABHAY GUPTA “an
explanatory handbook on is 875 (part3):1987
wind loads on buildings and structure”
5. DR. N.M. BHANDARI , DR. PREM KRISHNA ,
DR.KRISHEN KUMAR, DR. ABHAY GUPTA “an
explanatory handbook on proposed is 875 (part3)
wind loads on buildings and structures”
6. Explanatory handbook on indian standard code of
practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures part 3 wind loads [is
875 (part 3): 1987] bureau of indian standards
7. Prof. H.s. Patel ,prof. G.n. PATEL “a
compuational tool for wind loads”journal of
structures and bridges,1997