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Math Formulas: Trigonometry Identities

Right-Triangle Definitions
Opposite
1. sin α =
Hypotenuse
Adjacent
2. cos α =
Hypotenuse
Opposite
3. tan α =
Adjacent
1 Hypotenuse
4. csc α = =
sin α Opposite
1 Hypotenuse
5. sec α = =
cos α Adjacent
1 Adjacent
6. cot α = =
tan α Opposite

Reduction Formulas

7. sin(−x) = − sin(x)

8. cos(−x) = cos(x)
π 
9. sin − x = cos(x)
2
π 
10. cos − x = sin(x)
2
π 
11. sin + x = cos(x)
2
π 
12. cos + x = − sin(x)
2

13. sin(π − x) = sin(x)

14. cos(π − x) = − cos(x)

15. sin(π + x) = − sin(x)

16. cos(π + x) = − cos(x)

Basic Identities

17. sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

1
18. tan2 x + 1 =
cos2 x
1
19. cot2 x + 1 =
sin2 x

Sum and Difference Formulas

1
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20. sin(α + β) = sin α · cos β + sin β · cos α

21. sin(α − β) = sin α · cos β − sin β · cos α

22. cos(α + β) = cos α · cos β − sin α · cos β

23. cos(α − β) = cos α · cos β + sin α · cos β

tan α + tan β
24. tan(α + β) =
1 − tan α · tan β
tan α − tan β
25. tan(α − β) =
1 + tan α · tan β

Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas

26. sin(2 α) = 2 · sin α · cos α

27. cos(2 α) = cos2 α − sin2 α

2 tan α
28. tan(2 α) =
1 − tan2 α
r
α 1 − cos α
29. sin =±
2 2
r
α 1 + cos α
30. cos =±
2 2
α 1 − cos α sin α
31. tan = =
2 sin α 1 − cos α
r
α 1 + cos α
32. tan = ±
2 1 − cos α

Other Useful Trig Formulas

Law of sines
sin α sin β sin γ
33. = =
α β γ

Law of cosines
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2 · b · c · cos α
34. b2 = a2 + c2 − 2 · a · c · cos β
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2 · a · b · cos γ

Area of triangle
1
35. A= a b sin γ
2