Trigonometric Formulas

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
1 + tan 2 = sec 2
1 + cot 2 = csc 2
sin( ) = sin
cos( ) = cos
tan( ) = tan
sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + sin B cos A
sin( A B) = sin A cos B sin B cos A
cos( A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

10. cos( A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

sin
1
=
cos cot
cos
1
14. cot =
=
sin tan
1
15. sec =
cos
1
16. csc =
sin

13. tan =

17. cos(
18. sin(

11. sin 2 = 2 sin cos

12. cos 2 = cos

sin 2 = 2 cos 2 1 = 1 2 sin 2

) = sin
) = cos

Integration Formulas
Definition of a Improper Integral

b
f ( x) dx is an improper integral if
a
1.
2.
3.

f becomes infinite at one or more points of the interval of integration, or

one or both of the limits of integration is infinite, or
both (1) and (2) hold.

1.

a dx = ax + C

2.

x n dx =

3.
4.

x n +1
+ C , n 1
n +1

1
dx = ln x + C
x
e x dx = e x + C
x

6.

a
+C
ln a
ln x dx = x ln x x + C

7.

sin x dx = cos x + C

8.

cos x dx = sin x + C

9.

tan x dx = ln sec x + C or ln cos x + C

5.

a x dx =

10.

cot x dx = ln sin x + C

11.

sec x dx = ln sec x + tan x + C

12.

csc x dx = ln csc x cot x + C

13.

sec 2 x d x = tan x + C

14.

sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

15.

csc 2 x dx = cot x + C

16.

csc x cot x dx = csc x + C

17.

tan 2 x dx = tan x x + C

18.
19.

20.

dx
1
& x#
= Arc tan$ ! + C
2
a
a +x
%a"
dx
& x#
= Arc sin $ ! + C
%a"
a2 x2
2

dx
x x2 a2

x
1
1
a
Arc sec + C = Arc cos + C
a
a
a
x