Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Experimental Studies On Bricks by Replacement of Scba and Rice Husk Ash
Experimental Studies On Bricks by Replacement of Scba and Rice Husk Ash
Submitted by
D.JEYABASKARAN (912313103010)
M.RAJKARAN (912313103033)
P.SRIRAMAMOORTHY (912313103041)
S.DINESHWARAN (912313103304)
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
APRIL 2017
1
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2
We would like to praise and thank our lord almighty without whose
blessings this work would not have been done.
ABSTRACT
3
It is an innovation technique in manufacturing the bricks. In this project
an attempt has been made to study the characteristic strength of the bricks
prepared by using sugarcane waste ash and rice husk ash. Sugarcane waste ash
is a fibrous waste material from sugar industry and is obtained after the
sugarcane waste is used for the generation of electricity by turbine. Rice husk
ash is a material from the burning of rice husk at some factories. In this study,
rice husk ash and sugarcane waste has been utilized for the preparation of bricks
in partial of clay. In this we are preparing bricks using both rice husk ash and
sugarcane waste ash both are same ratio in five different types of bricks such as
5%, 10% and 15% of replacement in sand. Based on this study it is found that
the maximum utilization of rice husk ash and sugarcane waste ash in bricks. The
best among these bricks is found and the same is used thereby. The substantial
usage will fall over the land protection and tend to make the utilization
meaningful. Moreover, clay which is the natural resource could be recouped for
the future, by the usage of rice husk ash and sugarcane waste ash. The
compressive strength and the water content is comparatively less than the
normal clay bricks as be the code the percentage of water absorbed by the bricks
should not exceed 20% of dry weight of the bricks.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 Need 2
1.3 Scope 2
1.4 Objective 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 General 3
3 STUDY OF MATERIALS 9
3.1 Clay 9
3.5 Lime 11
4 METHODOLOGY 18
4.1 General 18
5
4.2 Mix proportion 18
4.4.2 Structure 20
4.4.3 Soundness 20
4.4.4 Hardness 20
4.4.5 Porosity 21
4.4.6 Strength 21
4.4.8 Efflorescence 21
4.4.9 Durability 21
4.6 Mixing 23
4.7 Casting 24
4.7.2 Moulding 25
4.7.3 Drying 28
4.7.4 Burning 29
6
5 TESTING ON BRICKS 34
5.1 Compressive Strength Test 34
5.2 Procedure 34
5.2.1 Formula 35
7
LIST OF TABLES
4.3 Physical Properties of SWA 30
4.4 Chemical Properties of SWA 31
4.5 Chemical Properties of RHA 32
5.1 Compressive Strength of Various Mix 35
Proportions
5.2 Water Absorption of Mix Proportions 37
8
LIST OF FIGURES
9
LIST OF SYMBOLS
SIO2 - SILICA
C - CARBON
UM - MICRO METER
IS - INDIAN STANDARD
10
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Since the large demand has been placed on building material owing to
increasing population which causes a shortage of building materials, the civil
engineers have been challenged to convert the industrial wastes to useful
building materials. Brick is the simplest and most ancient of all building
materials. More than 80 billion bricks required per year in India. SCBA is a
fibrous waste product of the sugar waste product of the sugar refining industry
and Rice husk is a waste material from the burning of rice husk at some
factories huge quantity of ash which is a waste product available at very
negligible rate. Uses of SCBA and rice husk ash waste in brick can save the
sugarcane and rice husk ash industry disposal costs and produce a greener
bricks for construction. The utilization of industrial and agricultural
waste produced by industrial processes has been the focus of waste
reduction research for economical, environmental, and technical reasons.
Sugar-cane bagasse is a fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining industry,
along with ethanol vapor. This waste product (Sugar-cane Bagasse ash) is
already causing serious environmental pollution, which calls for urgent ways of
handling the waste. Bagasse ash mainly contains aluminum ion and silica.
Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, and partially
replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5% and15% by weight of cement in fly ash bricks a
Rick is a block made of clay burnt in a kiln. It is one of the primary building
materials known to mankind. Bricks are composed of inorganic non-metallic
material and are widely used as building components all over the world. Over
time, bricks have appeared, gained prominence, lost importance and then come
to the forefront again with various styles of Architecture. Burnt bricks were
used in ancient Indian, Babylon, Egypt and Roman civilizations. Bricks find
mention in the Bible; the tower of Babel was built with burnt bricks the need
for a locally manufactured building material has been emphasized in many
11
countries of the world because of their easy availability and low cost. Bricks
also have been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building
materials, made from locally available sources, used throughout history.
1.4 Objective
The main objective of the present investigation is to be provide an
improved process for the production of bricks using rice husk ash and
sugarcane waste ash.
To study the characteristics of the rice husk ash and sugarcane
waste ash.
To produce economical bricks instead of ordinary brick production.
To find the compressive strength, water absorption test.
12
CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
13
ash and rice husk ash had similar appearance when compared to the
conventional clay bricks. The clay bricks having fly ash as an admixture showed
the best performance, having a compressive strength of about 23% greater than
that of conventional bricks. The percentage of water absorption for these bricks
was found to be more than that of conventional bricks but still within the
prescribed maximum limit as per Indian Standards.(Maximum allowable water
absorption as per Indian Standards is 20%)Hence fly ash can be used as an
admixture with clay bricks.
In this study, rice husk ash has been utilized for the preparation of bricks
in partial and full replacement of clay. Engineering properties like compressive
strength, water absorption and size and shape have been studied. From the
studies, it is observed that optimum proportion for (RHA + Clay) bricks
observed as 30% RHA and 70% Clay (Maximum of 30% RHA) as the bricks
exhibited high compressive strength and low brick weight. In full replacement
of clay with 40% RHA, 40% Lime and 20% gypsum and 50% RHA, 30% lime
and 20% gypsum gives more strength (41 kg/ cm2) when compared to all other
possible proportions after 28 days curing period. By the addition of RHA up to
40% to clay, the strength gradually decreased and beyond the addition of 40%
RHA the compressive strengths decreased rapidly. Optimum proportion for
(RHA+ Clay) bricks was observed as 30% RHAand70% Clay (Maximum of
30% RHA) as the bricks exhibited high compressive strength and low brick
weight. As the percentage of RHA increased, water absorption of RHA-Clay
bricks also increased. In full replacement of clay with 0% RHA, 40%Lime and
20%gypsum and 50% RHA, 30% lime and 20%gypsumgivesmore strength
(41kg/ cm2)when compared to all other possible proportionsafter28 days curing
period.50% RHA,30% lime and 20% gypsum is optimum proportion due to its
light weight at that proportion. As the percentage of lime and gypsum increased,
Water absorption of RHA + Lime + Gypsum bricks decreased.
14
3. Apurva Kulkarni, SamruddhaRaje, and MamtaRajgor Bagasse Ash As
An Effective Replacement In Fly Ash Bricks.
This paper carried out partial replacement of cement by rice husk ash in
order to reduce industrial waste and to save cement and by saving cement
reduced greenhouse gases emission and makes environmental green. Rice husk
ash partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%by weight of
cement in four different experiment to find out maximum compressive strength.
Compare it with the strength of normal concrete by using grade M-30 at 7days
and 28 days. It is found that the cement could be advantageous replaced with
bagasse up to maximum limit of 10%.Replacement of cement by rice husk ash
reduce industrial waste and to save cement. By saving cement reduced
greenhouse gases emission and makes environmental green.OPC replacement
by rice husk ash results in reduction of cost of production of concrete in the
range of 5 to 10%.Using rice husk as replacement of OPC in concrete, the
emission of greenhouse gases can be reduced up to a greater extent.
15
Rice husk ash, is utilized to developed light weight bricks-that serve a
purpose of solid waste management and energy efficient alternative low cost
construction material. To replacing the clay bricks, with that in mind a research
was conducted by utilizing with cement and sand. The research involved the
preparation of five mix proportion, which are (15% rha+65% sand+20%
cement, 20% rha+60% sand+20% cement,25% rha,+55%sand+20%cement,
30% rha+50% sand+20% cement,35%rha+45% sand+20% cement) and bricks
are casted. After casting the series of test carried out in accordance with
recommended Indian standards to determine water absorption capacity (I.S
3495(part-2)(BIS-1992-b)) , compressive strength as per (I.S 3495(part-1) BIS-
1992-a)and efflorescence (I.S3495(part-3) (BIS1992-c)).
This paper presents the use of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as apozzolanic
material for producing high- strength concrete. In this research physical
characteristics, chemical combination (XRF test), TG-DTA were investigated
and compared with cement. The concrete mixtures, in part, are replaced with
0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of BA respectively. In addition the
compressive strength, the flexural strength, the split tensile tests were
determined. The bagasse ash was sieved through No. 600sieve. The mix design
used for making the concrete specimens was based on previous research work
from literature. The water – cement ratios variedfrom0.44to 0.63.Thetestswere
performedat7, 28,56and90 days of again order to evaluate the effects of the
addition SCBA on the concrete. The test result indicate that the strength of
concrete increase up to15% SCBA replacement with cement.
16
Initially, bagasse ash samples were collected and its properties were
investigated. Normal consistency and setting time of the pastes containing
Portland pozzolanic cement and sugarcane bagasse ash at 5%,10%,15%&20%
replacement were investigated. The compressive strength of mortars containing
Portland pozzolana cement with bagasse ash at 5%, 10%, 15% & 20%
replacements were also investigated. Compressive strength, flexural strength,
split tensile strength and density of M25concretecontaining Portland pozzolana
cement with sugarcane bagasse ash at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% replacements
were also investigated at water cement ratio 0.44, 0.45, 0.46. The result shows
that consistency, initial setting time, final setting time increases with increase
in percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash whereas soundness sand compressive
strength of mortar decreases with increase in percentage of sugarcane bagasse
ash. Compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength and density
of concrete containing Portland pozzolana cement with sugarcane bagasse ash
decreases with increase in percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash.
18
CHAPTER 03
STUDY OF MATERIAL
3.1 Clay
The sugarcane waste ash was burnt for generating steam and electricity.
After burning process the remaining residue is called as the sugarcane
Waste Ash.
19
Fig 3.1 Sugarcane Waste Ash
20
Fig 3.2 SCBA
Alumina ( Al2O3 )
2 Ferric Oxide ( Fe2 O3 ) 29.18
7 Chloride -
3.4 LIME
21
Pure calcium oxide is fused with coke in order to render the highest yield
in the manufacture of acetylene. The quality of the resultant carbide lime is a
direct result of the excellent quality raw materials. Carbide lime is finer in
particle size, and physically, having a very finely divided particle size makes
carbide lime better. A finer particle size means faster and more reactivity.
3.5 Water
22
In addition to fired bricks, some chemically set bricks also existed that do
not undergo the process of firing. Some of the chemically set bricks are calcium
silicate bricks and concrete bricks.
Calcium Silicate bricks are also called sand lime or flint lime bricks
depending on their ingredients. Rather than being made with clay they are made
with lime binding the silicate materials. The raw materials for calcium – silicate
bricks include lime mixed in a proportion of about 1 to 1 with sand, quartz,
crushed flint or crushed siliceous rock together with mineral colorants. The
materials are mixed and left until the lime is completely hydrated; the mixture is
then passed into moulds and cured in an autoclave for three to fourteen hours to
speed the chemical hardening. The finished bricks are very accurate and
uniform, although the sharp arise need careful handling to avoid damage to
brick and bricklayer. The bricks can be made in a variety of colors; white, black,
buff and grey – blues are common and pastel shades can be achieved. This type
of bricks is known as fly ash bricks, manufactured using the FaL-G (fly ash,
lime and gypsum) process. Calcium-silicate bricks are also manufactured in
Canada and The United States, and the meet criteria set forth in ASTM C73 –
10 Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand – Lime Brick). It
has lower embodied energy then cement based man – made stone and clay
brick.
Concrete Bricks
23
out on a plywood sheet. A small elevator then stacks these palettes, after which
a forklift operator moves them to the brickyard for drying.
Clay Bricks
The majority of used are made from clay and shale; they are used in the
preliminary in the construction of walls by bleeding and joining of bricks into
established bonding arrangement. Clay is an abundant raw material with a
variety of uses and properties. It is a complex of group of material that consists
of minerals commodities, geological occurrence, technology and applications.
They are natural earth fine grained materials of secondary origin and composed
of an aluminates and silicates structures with an additional iron, alkalis and
alkaline earth element. Common clays are sufficiently plastic to permit ready
moulding and when firing, they make 1000C. The clay bricks has been
traditionally manufactured by mixing the ground clay wit water forming into the
desired shape, size, drying and firing.
24
4.1.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Flying fine particles of ash poses problems for living near power stations,
corrode structural surfaces and affect horticulture.
Long inhalation of fly ash causes fibrosis of lungs, silicosis, bronchitis
etc.,
It is very difficult to handle the material in dry state because it is very fine
and readily air borne even in mild wind.
It disturbs the ecology of that region, as source of soil, air and water
pollution.
4.1.1.3 APPLICATIONS
Application of Clay, Rice Husk, and Sugarcane waste ash in Civil Engineering
Works are as follows:
25
APPLICATIONS OF RICE HUSK ASH
26
Fig 3.5 Application of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
CHAPTER 04
METHODOLOGY
27
4.1 General
The process of manufacturing bricks using rice husk ash and
sugarcane waste ash is done in this project. The process initiates with the
collection of resource (rice husk ash and sugarcane ash produced from the sugar
industry) collection. Secondly, the material properties are determined. Then, the
bricks are cast in the casting yard with appropriate ratios comprising of the
constituents respectively. This process needs the sole attention because; it
decides the strength of the bricks. Finally, the process ends up with the testing
of the bricks.
It must have proper proportions of rice husk ash and sugarcane waste ash.
It should have perfect edges, free cracks with proper rectangular shape.
28
It should give clear ringing sound when struck with each other.
The percentage of water absorption of water should not be greater than
20% for first class brick.
The average weight of bricks should be 3-3.5 kg.
It should have low thermal conductivity.
It should be sound proof.
The minimum crushing strength of bricks must be 3.5 N/mm^2.
It must be homogenous and free voids.
Smooth
Velour
Rug
4.4.2 Structure
Structural brick homes in the settle, area were found to have
performed extremely well recent in the Nisqually earthquake. The elimination
of costly wood framing and the need to deal with fluctuating lumber prices is
yet another benefit of using structural brick.
4.4.3Soundness
A good brick should give a clear metallic ringing sound when struck
with another brick. Under the soundness test two bricks are retained with both
hands and hit with the one. If there is apparent metallic ringing sound and the
bricks don’t break then the quality of bricks is good.
4.4.4 Hardness
A good brick should be so hard that finger nails should not be able to
make any impression on its surface when scratched. Under the hardness test the
brick surface is scratched with a solid thing and the bricks is unaffected, then
the quality of the bricks is good.
4.4.5 Porosity
A good brick should not absorb more than 20 percent of its dry weight of water
when kept immersed for 24hours.
30
4.4.6 Strength
A good brick should have minimum crushing strength of
10.5N /mm^2. Ordinarily it should not break when dropped flat on hard ground
from a height of about 1m.
4.4.8 Efflorescence
A good brick not contain much alkaline salts, which may cause
efflorescence on surface and decay the brick. If the bricks contain alkalies, it is
injurious as they develop a gray or white coating on brick surface through
moisture absorption. This type of test is useful to detect the availability of
alakalis in bricks. Under this test a brick is submerged in fresh water for 24
hours and then it withdrawn from water and kept to be dried in shade.
If the whitish coat is detectable about 10% of brick surface then the
existence of alkalis in tolerable range. If it is about 50% of then it is may be
reasonable. If the alkalis are available more than 50% then the brick is
rigorously influenced with alkalies.
4.4.9 Durability
A good brick should be able to resist the effects of weathering agencies like
temperature variations, rain, frost action, etc.
Breadth : 90mm
Depth : 90mm
COLLECTION OF MATERIALS
31
PROPERTY STUDY ON
MATERIALS
MIXING
CASTING OF BRICKS
BURNING OF BRICKS
TESTING OF BRICKS
4.6 MIXING
Fly ash Bricks can be manufactured using different mixing ratios of
different materials.
32
We can select the best suitable mixing ratio according to the availability
of raw materials and market requirement.
Profitable mixing ratio to manufacture fly ash brick at very low cost is
our project aim. At the same we should maintain the quality too; here we
come with different types of mixing ratios for manufacturing fly ash
bricks
33
For casting the test specimens, split-type Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
moulds specially made for this purpose were used. The mixtures were poured
into the mould (180mm diameter and 25mm thickness) and then cast manually.
Immediately then, the disc was taken out from the mould and kept in open air.
After the air drying, i.e. on hearing the metallic sound when striking out the disk
surface, the specimen was coated externally with water proofing admixture
(Prime seal 604 + Rain coat) and it was dried 24 hours. At this stage, the disk
was for testing
PREPARATION OF BRICKS
Unsoiling of clay
We need pure clay for the preparation of bricks. The top layer of soil may
contain impurities, so the clay in top layer of soil about 200mm depth is thrown
away.
Digging
After the removal of top layer, the clay is dug out from the ground and
spread on the plain ground.
Cleaning
In this stage, the clay is cleaned of stones, vegetable matter etc. if large
quantity of particulate matter is present, then the clay is washed and screened.
The lumps of clay are converted into powder with earth crushing rollers.
Weathering
34
The cleaned clay is exposed to atmosphere for softening. The period of
weathering may be 3t o 4 weeks or a full rainy season. Generally, the clay is dug
out just before the rainy season for larger projects.
Blending
Tempering
In this stage water is added to clay and pressed or mixed. The
pressing will be done by cattle or with feet of men or small scale
project, pug mill is used as grinder for large scale projects. So, the
clay obtains the plastic nature and now it is suitable for moulding.
4.7.2 MOULDING
The moulding process prepared into brick shape. This process can be
done in two methods.
Hand Moulding
Machine Moulding
Hand Moulding
The molds are in rectangular shape made of wood or steel which
are opened at the top and bottom. The longer sides it as handles. If we
take durability in consideration steel molds are better than wooden
molds.
Generally hand molding is two types
Ground molded bricks
Table molded bricks
Ground Molded bricks
35
In this process of ground molding, first level the ground and
sand or ash is sprinkled over it.
Now place the wet mold in the ground and filled it with I,
tempered clay and press hard to fill all corners of the mold.
Extra clay is removed with metal.
The mould is then lifted up and we have raw brick in the
ground. And again wet the mould by dipping in water and repeat
the same process.
Sometimes, the inside surface of mould is sprinkled with sand or
ash instead of dipping in water this is called sand moulding.
Frog marks of bricks are made by using a pair of pallet boards.
Fog mark means the mark of depth which is placed on raw brick
while moulding. The depth may be 10mm to 20mm.
Frog mark stats the trademark of manufacturing company and
also it is useful to store mortar in it when the brick is placed
over it.
Table Moulded bricks
36
This machine contains an opening in rectangular shape and
when we place the tempered clay in to this machine it will come out
through this opening. Now, the rectangular strips coming out the
opening are cut by wires to get required thickness of bricks. So, these
are also called wire cut bricks.
Dry Clay Machines
Dry clay machines are more time saving machines. We can put
the blended clay into these machines directly without tampering.
Means tempering is also done in the machine by adding some water.
When the required stiffness is obtained the clay is placed in mould
and pressed hard and well shaped bricks are delivered.
4.7.3 DRYING
37
After molding process the bricks contain some amount of
moisture in it. So, drying is to be done otherwise they may
cracked while burning. The drying of raw bricks is done by
natural process.
The bricks are laid in stacks. A stack consist 8 to 10 stairs. The
bricks in this stacks should be arranged in such a way that
circulation of air in between the brick is free.
The period of drying may be 3 to 10 days. It also depends upon
the weather conditions.
The drying yards are also prepared on higher level than the
normal ground for the prevention of bricks from rain water.
In some situations artificial drying is adopted under special
dryers or hot gases.
4.7.4 BURNING
38
In this process of burning, the dried bricks are burned either in
clamps (small scale) or kilns (large scale) up to certain degree
temperature. In this stage, the bricks will gain hardness and
strength so it is important stage in manufacturing of bricks.
The temperature required for burning is about 1100·C. If they
burnt beyond this limit they will be brittle and easy to break. If
they burnt under this limit, they will not gain full strength and
there is a change to absorb moisture.
Hence burning should be done properly to meet the
requirements of good bricks.
The physical properties of the sugarcane waste ash were found by the
standards test procedure (IS 2720-1963). There details were shown in the table.
The purpose of finding the physical properties was to check the properties to
use the sugarcane waste ash for the replacement of cement in the concrete.
40
S.NO COMPOSITION % OF PRESENCE
4 K2O 01.41
5 Cao 02.57
6 Loss of ignition 49.38
7 Titanium oxide 0.0023
8 Phosphorous 01.40
% OF PRESENCE
Si o2+al 2o3+
Fe2o3
0; 0.00% 1.4; 1.40%
MgO
Na2O
42.52; 42.57%K2O
49.38; 49.43% Cao
Loss of i gni tion
Ti tani um oxi de
Phos phorous
1.41; 1.41% 0.69; 0.69% 1.92; 1.92%
2.57; 2.57%
FIG 4.6
41
RHA resulting from the burning of rice husks at control temperatures have
physical and chemical properties that meet ASTM (American society for testing
and materials) standard C 618-94a. At burning temperatures of 550 0c – 8000c
amorphous silica is formed, but at higher temperatures crystalline silica is
produced. The silica content is between 90 and 96%. Grinding for producing
high quality RHA was studied by (Loot al. 1984). Studies have shown that to
obtain the required particle size, the RHA needs to be grown to size 45um -
10um
1 Silica 91.56
2 Carbon 4.8
3 Calcium oxide 1.58
4 Magnesium oxide 0.53
42
percentage (%)
4.8
Si l i ca
1.580.530.39 0.21
Ca rbon
Ca l ci um Oxide
Ma gnes i um
Oxi de
Potas s i um Oxi de
Ha ematite, Fe2O3
91.56
FIG 4.7
43
CHAPTER 05
TESTS ON BRICKS
4. Crushing Strength of bricks not less than 140 kg/sq.cm are graded AA class.
The strength of bricks is decrease by about 25 per cent when soaked in water.
5.2 Procedure
Place the specimen with the flats faces horizontal and mortar filled face being
upwards between two-three ply wood sheet each of 3mm thickness and
carefully centered between plates of the testing machine. Load is applied at a
uniform rate of 14 N/mm2 per minute till failure occurs and notes the maximum
load at failure. The load failure shall be the maximum load at which the
specimen fails to produce any further increase in the indicator reading on the
testing machine. The maximum load at failure divided by the average are of bed
face gives compressive strength.
44
5.2.1 Formula
5%SWA
10%RHA 190 195 200 195 11.4
10%SWA
15%RHA 160 165 165 163.33 9.55
15%SWA
45
The Graphical Representation Of Compressive Strength Of Brick
11.5
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
11
10.5
10
9.5
8.5
0 10 20 30
Mix ratio
FIG 5.1
46
5.3 WATER ABSORPTION TEST
The specimen brick is first weighted dry W1
It is then immersed in water for a period of 24 hours.
It is weighted again w2
The difference in weight indicates the amount of water absorbed by the
brick
It should not in any case, exceed 20% of weight of dry brick.
5.3.1 Formula
Water absorption = (w2-w1)/w1*100
47
3.251 3.257 0.46
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 10 20 30
Mix ratio
FIG 5.2
48
CHAPTER 06
CONCLUSION
Thus, we conclude by saying that the effective utilization of Rice Husk Ash
and Sugarcane waste ash bricks of size 190*90*90mm and was casted by
using handling mould at 0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50% of ashes utilized in
bricks and tested with normal clay bricks . Load was applied on the
specimens using 500KN hydraulic jack, and it is efficient than the normal
cement bricks and clay bricks. Hence this is one of the best ways to dispose the
Rice Husk ash and Sugarcane Waste ash .Since the weight of the brick (30%
ashes replaced 3kg) is lesser than the conventional bricks (3.5 kg).
49
REFERENCES
50