Ps Bio 2011 Paper2 Sec B Teacher1

PERFECT SCORE BIOLOGY 2011
BAHAGIAN SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH DAN

SEKOLAH KECEMERLANGAN
KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA
PERFECT
SCORE
BIOLOGY 2011
Teacher’s Module
Paper 2
Section B
1
Paper 2 – Section B:
1. Diagram 1.1 show the human digestive system and Diagram 1.2 show the structure
inside organ P.
Organ R
Organ P
Diagram 1.2
Diagram 1.1
No Essay Questions Marks Student notes

Explain the process of absorption of glucose and amino acids in
organ P.
[4 marks]
Sample answer
1(a)(i) F1: involve process diffusion and active transport

1
P1: from the lumen into epithelial cell by facilitated
1
diffusion
P2: across the epithelial lining by active transport
1
P3: both are absorb into blood capillaries
1 4
Explain three structural adaptation of organ P for effective
absorption of food
1(a)(ii)
[6 marks]
2
Sample answer
1
F1: the largest section of alimentary canal 1
P1: increases the surface area of absorption
1
F2: Inner surface has numerous number of villi
1
P2: Form brush border to increase the surface area of
absorption
1
1
F3: Epithelial lining is only one cell thick
6
P3: Increases the rate of diffusion process
1(b) Describe the process of assimilation in organ R.

[10 marks]
Sample answer
P1: organ R is a liver 1
P2: act as a checkpoint // control the amount of
1
nutrients released into blood circulatory
P3: involve in assimilation of amino acids and glucose
1
P4: (organ R) synthesizes plasma protein from amino
1
acids
P5: converted amino acids into glucose when a short
supply of glucose/glycogen 1
P6: broken down/ convert excess amino acids through
deamination 1
P7: to form urea as waste products 1
P8: glucose is used for respiration 1
P9: excess glucose is converted into glycogen and 1
stored
P10: if full, excess glucose is converted into lipids
1
P11: glycogen is converted back into glucose if needed
1
Any 10 10
3
2. Diagram shows various processed food on a supermarket shelf.
Salted plum Potato chips Prawn crackers

2(a) Based on your biology knowledge,
Explain the good and the bad of food processing on human being.
[10 marks]
Sample answer
Good(G) Explanation(P)
G1 ; to preserve food P1: Avoid wastage of
food/prevent food
spoilage/can be stored(for
1,
future use) 1
G2: to increase its P2: improve the
commercial value/uses of taste/appearance/texture of
1,
food additives food/to preserve the 1
freshness
G3:to diversify the uses of P3: to increase the variety of 1,
food substances product//any example 1
5
Max ; 5 marks
4
Sample answer
Bad(B) Explanation(P)
1,
B1 ; uses food additive P4:give long term side 1
effect/examples//reduce the
nutrient/vitamin in the food.
1,
B2: too much sugar P5: increases the risk of 1
diabetes
1,
B3: foof colouring/yellow P6: causes allergy reaction 1
dye/tetrazine
1,
B4: too much salt P7:increase the risk of high
1
blood pressure
B5: Sodium nitrate P8:causes nausea/athma(to 1,
1
certain people)
Any 3B with respective P

Max 5 marks 5
Explain the food processing methods which are related to the
factors that cause food spoilage.
(b)
[ 10 marks]
Sample answer:
Concept : Food can be preserved by destroying the 1

microorganism present in the food //
by stopping the activities of the microorganism
F1: Cooking-.high temperature kill the microorganisms 1

P1: denature the enzyme that cause the breakdown of food 1
F2: Treating food with sugar/salt 1

P2: causes the microorganism to lose water due to osmosis 1
F3: Adding vinegar will reduced the pH 1

P3 that prevent microorganism from growing 1
F4: Fermentation of fruit juices and other food by adding

yeast
1
P4: high concentration of alcohol prevent the
microorganism from growing 1
5
F5: Dry under hot sun (meat/fish/fruits) 1

P5: removes water from food – dehydrated 1
F6: Ultravoilets rays

P6: kills microorganism 1
1
F7: Pasteurisation – destroy bacteria which cause

tuberculosis and typhoid 1
P7: (technique) -Food is heated to 630C for 30 minutes /
720C for 15 seconds followed by rapid cooling 1
to 10 0C
P7.1: (Pasteurisation) retains the natural flavour and
nutrients 1
F8: Canning – uses heat sterilization to kill microorganisms

and their spores 1
P8 (technique) -.Food is packed in cans, steamed at high
temperature and pressure to drive out air 1
P8.1: the vaccum created within the cans prevent growth of
microorganism 1
F9: Refrigeration 1
P9: food stored at temperature below 00C prevent
growth/germination of microorganism
1
P9.1: food remain fresh for a long period of time
1
Any ten : F + P correctly
10
20
TOTAL MARKS
6
No Essay Questions Marks Student

notes
3 Diagram 3 shows roots of plants found in mangrove swamp.
Pneumatophore
Discuss how these roots are adapted for stability, salt tolerance and
less oxygen of water logged mangrove swamp soil.
[10 marks]
Sample Answer:
F1: Root adaptations increase stability of mangrove trees in the

soft sediments along shorelines. 1
P1: Prop roots descending from the trunk and branches,

providing a stable support system.
1
P2: Shallow wide spreading roots, surrounds the trunks of
Avicennia adding to the structural stability of the tree.
1
P3: Other species of mangrove trees grow at higher elevations, in

drier soils, do not require specialized root structures. 1
7
F2: The ability to exclude salts occurs through filtration at the
surface of the root. 1
P1: The cell sap is hypertonic to sea water, the water able to 1
diffuse into the root cell by osmosis
P2: Salt is removed through hidatodes located on each leaf. 1
F3: Mangrove trees are adapted for survival in oxygen-poor

sediments through specialized root structures / 1
pneumatophore.
P1: these spaces in soil fill with water, containing lower oxygen 1
levels than air.
P2: having well-developed aerial roots or pneumotophores 1

gases exchange
P3 : example Avicennia 1
P4 : Red mangroves / Rhizophora have prop/stilt roots extending 1

from the trunk and adventitious roots from the branches able
to absorb more water and mineral.
1
P5 knee root and buttress root has lenticels that allow air into the
roots.
Any 10 points. 1
8
notes
4. Diagram 4 shows part of a nitrogen cycle .
Nitrogen in the
atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation by
microorganisms in plant
Substance K
Nitrites Nitrogen
compounds in
plants
Ammonium Nitrogen
compounds compounds in
animals
Diagram 4
(a)(i) The atmospheric nitrogen cannot be absorbed directly by plants.

Based on Diagram 4, state two form of nitrogenous compounds that
can be absorbed directly by plants and explain how a deficiency of
substances K in the soil affect the growth of the plants.
[ 4 marks]
Sample answer:
P1 : (Two form of nitrogenous compound that can be absorbed

directly by plants) are nitrate ions and ammonium ions. 1
P2 : substances K is nitrate 1
P3 : Substance K is used in synthesis of protein in plant or

animal 1
9
P4 : (deficiency of substance K), less synthesis of protein 1
P5 : plant growth is retarded/slow/ stunted 1
[ 4 marks] 4
(ii) Based on Diagram 4, explain role of the microorganism in nitrogen

cycle.
[6 marks]
Sample answer:
P1 : Rhizobium sp. (in root nodule of legume plant)// Nostoc

sp.//Azotobacter sp. 1
P2 : fix the Nitrogen from atmosphere into nitrate/ substance K. 1
P3 : (Nitrate/K substance) is absorp by roots of plants and

converted into protein. 1
P4 : (when the plant /animal die), protein in plant/ animal is

decomposed by decomposer/fungi 1
P5 : into ammonium compound 1
P6 : Nitrosomonas sp. converts ammonium compound into

nitrite 1
P7 : Nitrobacter sp. Convert nitrite into nitrate/substance K 1
P8: Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate back into Nitrogen 1
[Max : 6 marks]
10
5. Diagram 5 shows the eutrophication process that occurs to a lake
due to the human activities.
Based on the Diagram 5, explain what is meant by

(a) `eutrophication`
[10 marks]
Sample answer
1
P1 : Farmers use fertilizers that usually contains
nitrates/phosphate
1
P2: Fertilizer/animal waste/silage which contain
nitrate/phosphate may washed out in water when it rains/
leaching/run into the lake.
P3: Algae/green plant in the lake grow faster (when they are 1
supplied with extra nitrate/(phosphate)
P4: (they may grow so much) that they completely cover the
water.
1
11
P5: block out the light for plants growing beneath them. 1
P6: Photosynthesis rate reduced 1
P7: Dissolve oxygen also reduced 1
P8: Plant on the top of water and beneath water eventually
die.
1
P9: Their remains are good source of food bacteria //bacteria
decomposed the dead plant rapidly//bacteria breed
1
rapidly
P10: The large population of bacteria respires using up more

1
oxygen
P11: so there is very little oxygen left for other living

1
organism
P12: BOD increased

1
P13: Those fish which need oxygen have to move other areas
1
or die
Any 10
(b) Explain how each of the following can reduce water pollution:
(i) Treating sewage

(ii) Using organic fertilizers rather than inorganic ones.
[6 marks]
Sample answer:
(i) Treating sewage

P1: The sewage contains harmful bacteria /substance which
1
provide Nitrate/nutrient for microbe.
P2: Remove harmful bacteria/most of the nutrient which

could course eutrophication before it is released into the
1
rivers.
P3: When sewage has been treated, the water in it can be

used again//sewage treatment enables water to be
1
recycled.
P4: Microorganisms used in sewage treatment.

1
Any 3
12
(ii) Using organic fertilizers rather than inorganic
Sample answer
1
1. Example of organic fertilizers : Manure
2. Example of inorganic fertilizer : Ammonium nitrate 1
3. Organic fertilizers do not contain many nitrates(which can
easily be leached out of the soil. 1
4. They release their nutrients gradually (over a long period

of time) giving crops time to absorb them efficiently. 1
Any 3
(c) Explain how deforestation of rainforest can cause flash flood.
[4 marks]
Sample answer
F: deforestation can cause soil erosion 1

P1 : The leafy canopy trees protect the soil from the impact
1
of falling rain.
P2: The roots of the trees hold soil and water

1
P3: (With the trees removed) the soil is exposed directly to
the rain//water runoff becomes intense. 1
P4: Topsoil/fertile layer, get washed away during heavy rain. 1

P5: (heavy rainwater flows down hillside to river with) eroded
1
soil deposited blocking the flow of water.
P6: The water levels in rivers rise rapidly causing flood to

1
occur.
Any 4
20
13
6(a) Diagram 6.1 shows the mankind activities.
Based on your knowledge in biology, explain the effects of the

activities to the mankind and their surroundings. Suggest the
ways to overcome this problem.
[12 marks]
Sample Answer
1
P1: the problem is green house effect
P2: the activities produce green house gases such as 1
carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen dioxide.
P3: The gases accumulate and forms a layer at the

atmospheric surface 1
P4: Solar radiation penetrate earth atmosphere and warm the

earth surface. 1
P5: Part of the heat energy is reflected back by earth surface

to the atmosphere in the form of infrared radiation. 1
P6: Heat energy that is reflected back is trapped by

greenhouse gases.
1
P7: Higher concentration of greenhouse gases on the

atmosphere cause more reflected energy being trapped.
1
14
P8: This will increase the earth temperature and can cause
global warming. 1
Any 5
The Effect:
P1: Increase of carbon dioxide and temperature of earth will

increase the rate of photosynthesis or agriculture yield. 1
P2: Increase in earth temperature / global warming will

accelerate evaporation of water and reduce soil 1
humidity.
P3: Climate change / changes in wind direction / change the 1

distribution of rainfall / drought /flood
P4: Melting of ice in north and south poles increase the sea
level and cause flooding of low level areas. 1
P5: Yield of crop / domestic animal reduced 1
P6: Mass destruction of animal habitat and cause the animal 1

emigration/ reduces of animal population.
Any 5
Ways to overcome:
Use of technology such as :
P1: less the emission of CO2 by the motor vehicles by using

the unleaded petroleum. 1
P2: using the filter on the chimney to prevent harmful gases
P3: car pool/ use public transporti 1

1
P4: less open burning
1
P5: less the using of CFC and change to HCFC
1
P6: Using catalytic converter in the car exhaust
1
P7: educate the public on the importance of protecting and
caring the environment through mass media and 1
environmental campaigns.
P8: planting more tree 1

Any 2
15
7(a) . Diagram 7.1 shows the ozone layer in atmosphere that protects earth from ultraviolet rays
from the sun.
Solar radiation
Sinaran suria
Stratosphere
Stratosfera
Ozone layer
Lapisan ozon
Harmful
ultraviolet radiation
Sinaran ultra ungu
berbahaya
Troposphere
Trofosfera
Earth
Bumi
Diagram 7.1
Describe how the ozone layer becomes thinner. Discuss its effects on humans and the
environment and suggest the ways to solve these problems.
[10 marks ]
notes
Sample Answer
7 (a)
 Thinning of the ozone layer is due to the 1
widespread use of CFC
 It is used in aerosol, industrial solvents, 1

electronics and Freon in air conditioners
 Ultraviolet radiation strikes a CFC molecule 1
16
notes
cause the chlorine atom to break away
1
 Then the chlorine atom collides with an ozone
molecule and combines with an oxygen atom
to form chlorine monoxide and oxygen
 Then the free atom of oxygen collides with the

chlorine monoxide, the two oxygen atoms 1
form a molecule of oxygen
 The chlorine atom is released and free to 1

destroy more ozone molecules
 The chlorine produced re-enters the cycle 1
 When the ozone layer becomes thinner, more 1

ultraviolet radiation reaches the Earth
Max 5
The effect of excessive ultraviolet radiation on

human
 reduction of the body’s immune system 1
 skin cancer 1
 cataract of the eye 1
Effect on plants
 reduction of the rate of growth therefore 1
reducing crop yields
Effect on aquatic organism

1
 death of plankton, reduce food supply to
aquatic organism, fisherman’s catch is Max 3
reduced.
Steps to overcome this problem

 Reduce or stop using CFC or chlorine-based 1
products 1
 Replace CFC with HCFC
 Use wrapping papers instead of polystyrene
boxes 1
 Patch up the holes in the ozone layer by firing Max 2
1
frozen ozone balls into the atmosphere
TOTAL
10marks
17
Diagram 7.2
7 (b) Diagram 7.2 shows a phenomenon X that occurs from air pollution. Describe the
formation and the effects of the phenomenon on agriculture and aquatic ecosystem.
[10 marks]

notes
9(b)
Able to name the phenomenom X
Sample Answer
F1 : X is acid rain
1
P1 : combustion of fossil fuels in power
station/factories/domestic boilers 1
P2 : produce sulphur dioxide
1
P3 : and oxide of nitrogen 1
P4 : both gases combine with water vapour 1
P5 : form sulphuric acid and nitric acid 1
P6 : fall to the Earth with pH less than 5.0 1 Max 6
18
Effects:
On agriculture
P1 : soil become acidic// leaching of minerals

1
P2 : not suitable for culativation/grow of crops 1
On aquatic ecosystem
P1 : accumulation of insoluble aluminium ion in

water sources// increase acidity in the
1
ecosystem
P2 : kill aquatic organisms 1 4
Total
10 marks
19
8. Diagram 8 shows three types of neurone in individual A.
Neurone P
Neurone Q
Neurone R
Diagram 8
a) Describe the process X in Diagram 8

[4 marks]
After an accident , individual A doesn’t experience

any response to hot object.
b) Explain the above situation.
[6 marks]
20
Sample Answer
• When an impulses arrives in the axon terminal 1

• Stimulates (synaptic) vesicles to move towards and 1
bind with the presynaptic membrane
• The vesicles fuse / release the neurotransmitter into

8 (a) the synapse 1
• The neurotransmitter molecules across the synapse

to the dendrite of another neurone 1
• Stimulated to trigger a new impulses which travels 1

along the neurone
Max 4
SampleAnswer
F1 - P is afferent neurone which transmits nerve 1

impulse from the receptors to the
interneurone.
P1 - If P damaged, impulse from receptor cannot 1

be transfered to the interneurone.
(b) P2 - (As a result), individual A cannot feel any pain 1

P2 - R is efferent neurone which transmits nerve
impulse from interneurone to the effector
1
P1 - If R damaged, impulse from interneurone
cannot be transfered to the effector
1
P2 - (As a result), individual A cannot withdraw the
finger // pull the hand away from the pointed
needle 1
Max 6
21
Mr. Q is married to Mrs. Q for more than 10 years but did
not have any child due to low sperm count in Mr. Q.
Mr. and Mrs. V have 6 children in 12 years of marriage.
Mrs. V has high blood pressure and heart problem, so they
decided not to have any more kids.
Explain how reproduction technologies able to help these

two families.
[10 marks]
Sample Answer
F1: Mr Q have problem with infertility, that is low 1

sperm count
P1: not enough sperm/ less sperm produce by Mr Q/

1
less chance for the sperm to reach fallopian tube
F2: technology applied : in vitro fertilization 1
P3: sperm and egg are taken from Mr. and Mrs. Q 1
P5: fertilize in petri dish/test tube 1

9
P6: embryo is inserted into Mrs Q uterus for further
development. 1
or
F2: artificial insemination

1
P3: sperms are collected until the number of sperms
are enough 1
P4: sperms are injected into the fallopian tube of Mrs

Q 1
P5: during ovulation 1
Any 5 points – 5 marks
22
Sample Answer
1
F3: For Mr V family the problem is to control the birth
rate/ stop pregnancy
1
P1: Mrs. V have high risk if pregnant due to high
blood pressure and heart problem
1
P2: use contraceptive pills, to stop ovum development
P3: use condom during copulation, prevent sperm 1

from reaching uterus
P4: Tubal ligation or tubectomy – the fallopian tube is 1

tied/cut
P5 : blocking the ovum from entering the uterus/ 1

Prevent sperm from reaching the ovum
Any 5 points – 5 marks
23
No Essay Questions Mark Student

notes
10. The variation of ABO blood group determined by three different
alleles, but an individual carry only two of the three allele.
With schematic diagram , explain the possibilities of the blood group

and genotypes of the offspring if the father’s blood group is A and the
mother’s blood group is AB.
[10 marks]
Sample Answer
Schematic diagram:
Parent : Father X Mother
Parent
Parent
genotype ::
genotype IA IA 1
X IA IB
Meiosis
1
Gamete : IA
IA IB
1
Fertilisation
1
Genotype F1: IA IA IA IB
Phenotype F1: 1
Blood group A Blood group B
Phenotypic Ratio: 1 blood group A : 1 blood group B
Parent
Parent
genotype ::
genotype IA Io 1
X IA IB
Meiosis
1
A o
Gamete : I I 1
IA IB
1
Fertilisation
Genotype F1: IA IA IA Io IA IB 1
IB Io
Phenotypic Ratio: 2 blood group A : 1 blood group A : 1 blood

group AB
24
Explain :
P1 : Allele IA and IB are codominant.
P2: Father has 2 possibilities of genotype
P3 : (either) IA IA //homozygous dominant or IA Io //

heterozygous
P4 : (if genotype of father is IA IA ), possibility of blood group of

offspring is 50% blood group A and 50% is blood group
B//refer to schematic diagram
P5 : (if genotype of father is IA Io ), possibility of blood group of

offspring is 50% blood group A , 25% is blood group B and
25% blood group B //refer to schematic diagram
[Total : 10 marks] 10
25

11. Diagram 11.1 shows a group of boys with different height and
(a). Diagram 11.2 shows the various types of fingerprints.
Diagram 11.1 Diagram 11.2
Based on the biology knowledge, identify the variation and

explain the similarities and differences in Diagram 11.1 and
Diagram 11.2.
[10 marks]
Able to:
(i) Identify the continuous variation and discontinuous variation.
(ii) Explain the similarity and the contrast of continuous variation
and discontinuous variation.
Sample answer:
P1: Diagram 11.1 (height) is continuous variation 1

P2: Diagram 11.2 (fingerprints) is discontinuous variation 1
Similarities:
P3: Both create varieties in the population of species

P4: Both type of variation are caused by genetic factor 1
1
Differences:
P5: Height is continuous variation while fingerprints is

discontinuous variation 1
P6: Graf distribution of continuous variation shows a

normal distribution while Graf distribution of
discontinuous variation shows a discrete distribution. 1
P7: The characters of continuous variation are quantitative

/ can be measured and graded from one extreme to the
other while the characters of discontinuous variation
are qualitative / cannot be measured and graded from 1
one extreme to the other.
26
P8: Continuous variation exhibits a spectrum of

phenotypes with intermediate character while
discontinuous variation exhibits a few distinctive 1
phenotypes with no intermediate character.
P9: Continuous variation influenced by environmental

factors while Discontinuous variation is not influenced 1
by environmental factors.
P10: In continuous variation two or more genes control the

same character while In discontinuous variation single
genes determines the differences in the traits of the 1
character.
P11: In continuous variation the phenotype is usually

controlled by many pairs of alleles while in 1
discontinuous variation the phenotype is usually
controlled by a pair of alleles.
Any 10
(b). Diagram 11.3 shows the variants P, Q and R of a species of

fish.
Describe how the variation occurs in the species of fish.
[10 marks]
Sample Answer
F1: Variation occurs because of genetic factors 1
P1: By crossing over 1
P2: during prophase I of meiosis 1
P3: when two homologous chromosomes are intertwine
27
between the non-sister chromatid. 1
P4: the exchange of materials between the chromatids

results in new combination of genes 1
P5: By independent assortment

1
P6: during metaphase I of meiosis, homologous
chromosomes arrange themselves randomly at the
equator 1
P7: the random arrangement and separation of each

homologous pair is independent of one another 1
P8: and result various genetic combination in the gametes.

1
P9: By random fertilisation
1
P10: the fertilisation of sperm and ovum occurs randomly
1
P11: each gamete has unique combination of genes that
can fertilise any of the ova which also has unique
combination of genes. 1
P12: the fertilisation of gametes produced zygote/offspring

which has various of variation. 1
F2: by environmental factors.

1
P13: environmental factors that cause variation included
abiotic factors 1
P14: such as light intensity / temperature / water / humidity

/ nutrients / soil fertility 1
P15: these factor affect the growth rate of the organism.

1
Any 10
20
28

12 Diagram 12.1 shows a mangrove swamp forest and
Diagram 12.2 shows the same area 50 years later.
Diagram 12.1 Diagram 12.2
Discuss the impact of the exploitation on the ecosystem.

[10 marks]
Sample answer:
P1: swampy area is change to densely populated / town /
commercial area 1
P2: the change requires activities such as deforestation and

land reclaimation 1
P3: more and more buildings/ glass buildings built in the are 1
P4: could be the factors for air / thermal / noise pollution 1
P5: and greenhouse effect as well as heat island 1
P6: lost of vast quantity of flora and fauna / biodiversity in 1

the area
P7: less water catchment area / less of reproductive area 1
P8: landslide and soil erosion 1
P9: which frequent flash flood and muddy flood 1
P10: water pollution in the nearby river 1
P11: which kill most of the aquatic organisms 1
Any 10
29
30

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PERFECT SCORE BIOLOGY 2011

BAHAGIAN SEKOLAH BERASRAMA PENUH DAN

No Essay Questions Marks Student notes

1(a)(i) F1: involve process diffusion and active transport

1(b) Describe the process of assimilation in organ R.

2. Diagram shows various processed food on a supermarket shelf.

Salted plum Potato chips Prawn crackers

No Essay Questions Marks Student notes

Any 3B with respective P

Concept : Food can be preserved by destroying the 1

F1: Cooking-.high temperature kill the microorganisms 1

F2: Treating food with sugar/salt 1

F3: Adding vinegar will reduced the pH 1

F4: Fermentation of fruit juices and other food by adding

F5: Dry under hot sun (meat/fish/fruits) 1

F6: Ultravoilets rays

F7: Pasteurisation – destroy bacteria which cause

F8: Canning – uses heat sterilization to kill microorganisms

Any ten : F + P correctly

No Essay Questions Marks Student

3 Diagram 3 shows roots of plants found in mangrove swamp.

F1: Root adaptations increase stability of mangrove trees in the

P1: Prop roots descending from the trunk and branches,

P3: Other species of mangrove trees grow at higher elevations, in

P2: Salt is removed through hidatodes located on each leaf. 1

F3: Mangrove trees are adapted for survival in oxygen-poor

P2: having well-developed aerial roots or pneumotophores 1

P4 : Red mangroves / Rhizophora have prop/stilt roots extending 1

(a)(i) The atmospheric nitrogen cannot be absorbed directly by plants.

P1 : (Two form of nitrogenous compound that can be absorbed

P3 : Substance K is used in synthesis of protein in plant or

P4 : (deficiency of substance K), less synthesis of protein 1

P5 : plant growth is retarded/slow/ stunted 1

(ii) Based on Diagram 4, explain role of the microorganism in nitrogen

P1 : Rhizobium sp. (in root nodule of legume plant)// Nostoc

P2 : fix the Nitrogen from atmosphere into nitrate/ substance K. 1

P3 : (Nitrate/K substance) is absorp by roots of plants and

P4 : (when the plant /animal die), protein in plant/ animal is

P5 : into ammonium compound 1

P6 : Nitrosomonas sp. converts ammonium compound into

P7 : Nitrobacter sp. Convert nitrite into nitrate/substance K 1

P8: Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate back into Nitrogen 1

Based on the Diagram 5, explain what is meant by

P10: The large population of bacteria respires using up more

P11: so there is very little oxygen left for other living

P12: BOD increased

(i) Treating sewage

(i) Treating sewage

P2: Remove harmful bacteria/most of the nutrient which

P3: When sewage has been treated, the water in it can be

P4: Microorganisms used in sewage treatment.

4. They release their nutrients gradually (over a long period

F: deforestation can cause soil erosion 1

P2: The roots of the trees hold soil and water

P4: Topsoil/fertile layer, get washed away during heavy rain. 1

P6: The water levels in rivers rise rapidly causing flood to

6(a) Diagram 6.1 shows the mankind activities.

Based on your knowledge in biology, explain the effects of the

P3: The gases accumulate and forms a layer at the

P4: Solar radiation penetrate earth atmosphere and warm the

P5: Part of the heat energy is reflected back by earth surface

P6: Heat energy that is reflected back is trapped by

P7: Higher concentration of greenhouse gases on the