New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)

Book 1A

Ch 3 Movement of substances across cell membrane

Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 3-26)
1 C 2 B 3 C 4 D
5 A 6 B 7 B 8 A
9 C 10 D 11 C

Short questions (p. 3-28)

12 HKDSE Biology Practice Paper 2012 IB Q11

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)
Book 1A

13 HKDSE Combined Science Practice Paper 2012 B Q2

(a)
The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. 1m
Being non-polar, the fatty acids can dissolve in the phospholipid layer and diffuse through
the cell membrane. 1m

(b)
- Being polar, the amino acids are repelled by the phospholipid bilayer /
cannot dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer (1) and thus cannot diffuse
across the cell membrane. (1)
- Some proteins spanning across the phospholipid bilayer (1)
provide (hydrophilic) channels for the passage of the amino acids / act as carriers for
transporting the amino acids across the membrane. (1)
Transport of amino acids by these protein channels / carriers is unidirectional. (1)

14 HKALE Biology 2006 I Q9

15 HKDSE Biology Sample Paper IB Q1

C (1)
B (1)

16 a i Glucose and galactose 1

ii The rates of absorption of these two sugars were reduced in the presence of
cyanide. ((101
This is because active transport needs energy. 1
Less / no energy is released if cyanide is present. 1
b All the sugars named in the table can be absorbed when the gut is poisoned by
cyanide. 1
Diffusion does not need an energy supply. 1

Structured questions (p. 3-30)

17 a i Phospholipid 1

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)
Book 1A

It is made up of a phosphate head 1

and two fatty acid tails. 1
ii The phosphate head is hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. 1
The hydrophobic tails point inwards while the hydrophilic head points
outwards, 1
facing the aqueous environment inside and outside the cell. 1
b i Both types of proteins are present in the fused cell. 1
The proteins are mixed together. 1
ii The phospholipid molecules give fluidity to the cell membrane. /
This allows the membrane to fuse. /
Proteins can move in the membrane and thus they can mix together. (any 2)
1x2

18 HKALE Biology 2010 I Q7

(a) ‧ cell membrane consists of two layers of phospholipid (1)

(b) ‧ correct drawing showing integral proteins and asymmetrical

arrangement of peripheral protein (1)
‧ correct title (1), e.g. drawing of fluid mosaic model
‧ labels with correct spelling (½,½)
e.g.: phospholipid / phospholipid bilayer, integral protein,
transmembrane protein, peripheral protein, glycoprotein,
cholesterol (3)

(c) ‧ some proteins serve as ion channel / carrier protein for transport of
materials across membrane (1)
‧ some proteins serve as antigen for cell recognition / receptor site for
receiving chemical messenger (1)
‧ fluid nature of the lipid bilayer allows phagocytosis / pinocytosis (1)
(3)
(7)
19 HKCEE Biology 2003 I Q1b
(i) (1) The water potential of the red blood cells was higher than that
of the surrounding solution 1
Water moved out of the cells 1
As a result, the cells shrank and became wrinkled 1
(2) There is variation in the water potential of the red blood cells 1

(ii) Observe the red blood cells again after some time 1
The proportion of the two forms should remain the same if they had
reached equilibrium in the previous observation 1

(iii) The water potential of the red blood cells was lower than that of
the surrounding solution 1
Water entered the cells 1
The red blood cells expanded and burst 1
releasing the haemoglobin to the solution, thus making it red 1
20 HKCEE Biology 2009 I Q4

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)
Book 1A

(a) (i) When the ratio is 1.0, there is no change in the mass of the potato strip before and
after the treatment 1
This shows that there is no net gain or loss of water throughout the investigation 1
by osmosis 1
(ii) 7% 1

(b) The potato strip became flaccid 1

due to a net loss of water by osmosis 1
because the water potential of potato tissue is higher than that of the 10% sucrose solution 1

(c) After storing the potato for a long time, the water potential of the potato will become lower 1
because of evaporation of water during storage 1

21 a N K L 1@
b Water moves out of the cell by osmosis. 1
The cell has a higher water potential than the surrounding solution. 1
Water moves down the water potential gradient, leaving the cell. 1
c Small, non-polar substances diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer. 1
Polar substances enter a cell through channel proteins 1
or carrier proteins 1
using energy. 1
Large substances enter a cell by phagocytosis. 1

22 a Molecules have kinetic energy. /

They are moving randomly. /
The net movement of the molecules is down the concentration gradient. (any 2)
1x2
b At the beginning there is a concentration gradient. /
As concentration of substance A outside the membrane decreases, its concentration
inside the membrane increases. /
Substance A moves from the outside to the inside of the membrane. /
As concentration gradient becomes smaller, the rate of change decreases. /
When the concentrations of substance A are the same on both sides, there is no
change in the concentrations of substance A on both sides. (any 3) 1x3
c i Active transport requires energy while diffusion does not. /
Molecules can move against a concentration gradient in active transport, while
molecules can only move down the concentration gradient in diffusion. /
Active transport involves membrane proteins while diffusion may not. (any 2)
1x2

ii The rate of change would be almost constant. /

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)
Book 1A

The rate of change would be higher. /

The movement of molecules would not stop after the concentrations on the two
sides become the same. (any 2) 1x2

Essay (p. 3-32)

23 Structure of cell surface membrane:
The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. 1
Polar / hydrophilic phosphate heads point outwards. 1
Non-polar / hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails point inwards. 1
Proteins are interspersed in the phospholipid bilayer. 1
Glycoproteins are also present in the phospholipid bilayer. 1
Movement of the phospholipids with a mix of proteins has given rise to the term ‘fluid
mosaic’ model. 1
Movement of molecules across the membrane:
Lipid-soluble / non-polar molecules can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer. /
Polar molecules (ions, etc) cannot move through the phospholipid bilayer. /
They are transported by channel proteins or carrier proteins. /
Carrier proteins are specific for a particular type of molecule (or ion) / have specific
regions to which the transported molecule / ion attaches. /
Active transport involves movement against a concentration gradient. /
Active transport involves the use of energy. /
The carrier proteins change their three-dimensional shape, transporting the molecules
across the membrane in the process. (any 6) 1×6
Communication 3

Reading to learn (p. 3-33)

1 Water is hypotonic to the spring onion cells. 1
Water enters the spring onion cells by osmosis and the cells increase in size. 1
As the waxy layer covering the outer side of the spring onion prevents the cells in the
outer layer from stretching, the cells in the inner layer expand more than those in the
outer layer.
1
2 The cells are turgid. 1
3 The cut tips will curl inwards. 1
Concentrated sucrose solution is hypertonic to the spring onion cells. 1
Water will leave the spring onion cells by osmosis. The cells will lose turgidity and the
cut tips will curl inwards. 1

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)
Book 1A

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