Good Morning!

CODOMINANCE
Two equally dominant alleles are expressed at
the same time In separate cells!

Heterozygous phenotype will have both

dominant phenotypes visible
 Shorthorn Cattle

 Co-dominance
 Homozygous red (RR)
 Homozygous white (WW)

The offspring of will have both red and white

hairs (RW)
The offspring are heterozygous and called “roan”
 #Roan
• Having the base color (as red,
black or brown)
• Horse and Cow also an animals
with a roan coat
 #Homozygous&
Heterozygous
• Having the identical alleles
• Having the different alleles
• Located at locus of homologous
chromosomes
 #ALLELE
• a different form of a gene that
controls a certain traits
• ALTERNATIVE VERSIONS OF A
GENE
 Roan Horse

http://search.vadlo.com/b/q?rel=2&keys=Dominance+Incomplete+Dominance+Codominance+PPT
 Human MN blood types and
their genotypes.

Blood Types Genotype

M LL
M M

MN LL
M N

N LL
N N
 #GENOTYPE
• the genetic constitution of an
individual organism.
• GENETIC MAKEUP
 #PHENOTYPE
• the set of observable characteristics
of an individual resulting from the
interaction of its genotype with the
environment.
• PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
 BLOOD (Normal & Sickle)
 Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disease
 Affects the hemoglobin of the red blood cells

 Hemoglobin is normally a ball-shaped

molecule
 The sickle cell allele makes it form a long
strands
 The red blood cell carrying these molecules
distorts into characteristic long shape.
 #BLOOD
• A red liquid that flows through
the bodies of people and animals
• Red/white blood cells, platelets,
and plasma
 Problem: Codominance
 Show the cross between an individual with
sickle-cell anemia (recessive) and another
who is a carrier but not sick

GENOTYPES: N S
- NS (2) SS (2) S
- ratio 1:1 NS SS

PHENOTYPES:
- carrier (2); sick (2) S NS SS
- ratio 1:1
 Blood cells

Sickle cell anemia

www.netwellness.org/.../images/en/1223.jpg

Blood smear (normal)

137.222.110.150/calnet/cellbio/image/blood%20...
 The genetics of sickle cell
anemia

The shape of the hemoglobin molecule is controlled

by two alleles

 Normal Hemoglobin allele

 Sickle Cell Hemoglobin allele
 #HEMOGLOBIN
• A part of blood that contains iron,
carries oxygen through the body,
and give blood its red color
 The genetics of sickle cell
anemia
There are three phenotypes
Normal (NN)
Normal individuals have two normal hemoglobin alleles

Sickle cell anemia (SS)

A severe form where all the red blood cells are affected.
Sickle cell anemia patients have two sickle cell alleles in their
genotype

Sickle cell trait (NS)

a mild condition where 50% of the red blood cells are affected.
Sickle cell trait individuals are heterozygotes, having one of each
allele.
 Symbols for codominant
alleles
 Both alleles are expressed in the
heterozygote both take a CAPITAL CASE
letter
 An index letter identifies the allele

Therefore:
 Normal hemoglobin allele is HbN

 Sickle cell allele is HbS .

Codominant genotypes
(HEMOGLOBIN)

Genotypes Phenotypes
HbNHbN Normal hemoglobin
HbNHbS Sickle cell trait
HbSHbS Sickle cell anemia
 Unusual proportions
 In codominance, heterozygotes have their
own phenotype
 This gives rise to different proportions
amongst offspring of some genetic crosses
Phenotypes Sickle cell trait x Sickle cell
trait
Genotypes HbNHbS HbNHbS

Gametes HbN HbS HbN HbS

 Unusual proportions
 In codominance, heterozygotes have their
own phenotype
 This gives rise to different proportions
amongst offspring of some genetic crosses
Phenotypes Sickle cell trait x Sickle cell
trait
Genotypes HbNHbS HbNHbS

Gametes HbN HbS HbN HbS

HbN HbS
HbN HbNHbN HbNHbS
HbS HbNHbS HbSHbS

Offspring Normal Sickle cell trait Sickle cell anemia

Proportions
 Unusual proportions
 In codominance, heterozygotes have their
own phenotype
 This gives rise to different proportions
amongst offspring of some genetic crosses
Phenotypes Sickle cell trait x Sickle cell
trait
Genotypes HbNHbS HbNHbS

Gametes HbN HbS HbN HbS

HbN HbS
HbN HbNHbN HbNHbS
HbS HbNHbS HbSHbS

Offspring Normal Sickle cell trait Sickle cell anemia

Proportions 25% 50% 25%
Thank You!