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Pile Foundation 123456789@%& PDF
Pile Foundation 123456789@%& PDF
Sammy Cheung
Senior Geotechnical Engineer
GEO, CEDD
20 April 2013
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
Vertical Load
Horizontal Load
Pile Group
Negative Skin Friction
Instrumented Pile Test Results
Objectives
Ground conditions in Hong Kong are complex and can pose major
challenge to piling design and construction (e.g. corestone-bearing
weathered profiles, karstic marble, deep and/or steeply inclined
rock head)
Piling design in Hong Kong is always criticized for overly
conservative design
Short pile scandals in Hong Kong (magic tape, etc.)
Simplified Borehole log Borehole B Borehole A Borehole log Simplified geology
geology B A
VI VI
Potential risk of using an
overly simplified
V
geological model
V (e.g. layered-model in
corestone-bearing saprolites)
IV
III
III
II
II
I I
Practice
P i NotesN for f AP/RSE/RGE
Engineer’s
E i ’ discretion
di i on adoptingd i standards
d d ffor private
i
submission
FOUNDATION DESIGN FOR PRIVATE PROJECTS
Buildings (Construction)
Regulations
AP/RSE Notes
Code of Practice for Foundations
( )
(2004)
deemed-to-satisfy rules
more economic designg mayy be
feasible by rational design method
Relevant PNAP for Foundation Submission for Private Projects
Bored piles & socketed H-piles – piles are usually designed as end-bearing
and limited shaft friction on rock.
rock If depth of weathering is significant,
the piles behave as ‘friction piles’ instead.
PILE INSTALLATION
• Displacement piles
–“hammering
“h i steel
t l or concretet iinto
t th
the groundd with
ith
sufficient energy to refusal"
• Replacement piles
–“dig
dig a hole and fill with steel and concrete
concrete"
Sounds simple, but not so! Pile installation can affect pile material
(damage), the ground (disturbance) & surrounding facilities
EFFECTS OF PILE CONSTRUCTION ON GROUND
• Displacement
p ppiles ((driven ppiles)) - akin to ‘cavityy expansion’
p
problems, with the horizontal stresses increased and granular soils
subject
j to densification and compactionp
Deem-to-satisfy rules
Simplified rules
assumption
More economical design can be achieved!
RATIONAL PILE DESIGN APPROACH
Soil type 1
Qs = shaft capacity
S l type 2
Soil
Qs = s x As
As = Surface
f area off pile
l shaft
h f in eachh soill stratum
FACTORS AFFECTING SHAFT FRICTION
FACTOR AFFECTING SHAFT FRICTION
v
r
r
θ
Changes of radial effective stress affects the
skin friction
Displacement piles – increases in radial
stress
Pile Shaft Replacement piles – decrease in radial
stress
Factor Affecting Shaft Friction
Small Displacement
p Piles 0.75 to 1.25
Pile/Soil Interface s/
Steel/sand 0.5 to 0.9
s is interface friction
’ is effective angle of friction
Note - roughness of pile/ground interface is important, but difficult to
quantify in practice
TYPICAL VALUES IN SAPROLITES AND SANDS FOR METHOD 1
QB = q b x A b
((b)) Empirical
p correlation with SPT
q b = f b · Nb
0.6
Pile Length Coarse sand
≥ 15
Ultimate Ennd Bearing CCapacity
Base diameter
0.4
SPT Nb Value
Fine sand
Normally consolidated silt
0.2
Coarse sand
Fine sand
0.0
0 5 10 15 20
Loose sand
0.75
Reductionn Factor, fr
00
0.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Total
Base
Pile Loaad
Shaft
Pile settlement
Ultimate
Ulti t QB typically
t i ll develops
d l att a pile
il settlement
ttl t off @ 10% ((clay)
l ) tto 20%
(sand) pile diameter
Mobilisation Factors for Deriving Allowable Bearing Capacity
Qb Qs
Allowable Load Carrying Capacity, Qa = +
fb fs
10
15 2 hr
Depthh (m)
20
2 hr
25
30 4 hr
4 hr
35
40 Set = 6 hr
Set = 6 hr
45
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Concrete Pressure (kPa) Concrete Pressure (kPa)
Note: Faster concreting process will help to achieve higher wet concrete pressure, which
would help to achieve higher locked-in horizontal stresses in the ground
Swelling of granitic saprolite
due to stress
relaxation
* Important to ensure
sufficient excess slurry head
within pile bore
DILATANCY EFFECTS IN A DENSE SOIL WITH A ROUGH
PILE/SOIL INTERFACE
CHANGES IN EFFECTIVE HORIZONTAL STRESSES DUE TO DILATANCY EFFECTS
DURING SHEARING
r
E
h =
’
r 1+
1 – Crack fresh concrete cover using double packer and 2 – Carry out shaft grouting for each manchette from bottom to
water
t within
ithi 24 hhours off casting
ti concrete.
t t
top.
Water cracking must be carried out for all grouting pipes in Target Grout Intake used so far in Hong Kong is 35 l/m2 Area
the barrette (even the spare ones). covered by each manchette or refusal pressure (around 50 bars),
whichever occurs first.
first The overall minimum average intake of 25
l/m2 over the whole frictional area.
If intake cannot achieved on some manchettes, the target intake
Typical Grout Mix for 1 m3 for the manchette immediately above, below or on its side is
increased if necessary.
Cement: 1000kg Bentocryl 86: 1.5 litres
Grouting for all pipes to be used in one barrette can be carried out
Water: 666 litres Daracem 100: 4 litres simultaneously.
Bentonite: 15 kg
Local Instrumented Test Data for Bored Piles
=0.6 =0.5 =0.4
250
C3
Maximum Mobilised AAverage Shafft
=0
0.3
3
200
Resistance, maxx (kPa)
B2 P14
150 = 0.2
P1 B3 P21-2
B11
B7T
B10
B4
100 P23
B7C
B9
P20
P19
P9 P7 B5
P15
P2 = 0.1
P22 P4 P6
B6C C2 B1
50 P13
B8C P21-1
P11 P18
C1 P5
P17 B8T
P10 P8 P12
B6T
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Mean Vertical Effective Stress,, 'v ((kPa))
C3
/N =
1.0
Mobilised Aveerage Shaft
200
Resisttance,max (kkPa)
P14 B11
B2
150
P21-2 B3
P1
B7T B10 /N =
B4 B7C
100 0.5
0 5
Maximum M
B5 P7
P20 P19
P23 B9 P9 P2
P15
P22 P6
C2 B1
P16 B6C
50 P4
P21-1
M
B8C P5
P11 P13
B8T P18
P17
C1 P12
P8 P10
B6T
0
0 50 100 150 200
values
l fromf l d tests
load t t tend
t d tot be
b towards
t d the
th lower
l b d off that
bound th t
expected for bored piles in granular materials (possibly due to low
horizontal stresses in weathered rocks,
rocks i.e.
i e low Ko value)
SOME OBSERVATIONS
The method and the SPT method for pile design are not necessarily
consistent in that they may give different predictions
As a pragmatic approach, it is probably best to use both methods to assist in
decision-making regarding pile design capacity
It is important to make reference to the results of previous instrumented pile
load tests in similar ground conditions for the respective pile construction
methods [role of precedents + design by load tests]
Deem-to-satisfied
Deem to satisfied Rules
PRESUMED ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE
Presumed
Category Description of Rock
Pressure (kPa)
Rockk (granitic
( andd volcanic)
l ):
2 Highly decomposed, moderately weak to weak rock of 1,000
material weathering grade IV or V or better,
better with SPT N
value of 200
PRESUMED ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE
Presumed
Category Description of Rock
Pressure (kPa)
RRockk (granitic
( iti andd volcanic)
l i ):
1(a) Fresh strong to very strong rock of material weathering 10,000
grade I, with 100% total core recovery and no weathered
joints, and minimum uniaxial compressive strength of rock
material (σc) not less than 75 MPa (equivalent point load
index strength PLI50 not less than 3 MPa).
1(b) Fresh to slightly decomposed strong rock of material 7,500
weathering
th i grade d II or better,
b tt withith a total
t t l core recovery off
more than 95% of the grade and minimum uniaxial
compressive strength of rock material (σc) not less than 50
MPa (equivalent point load index strength PLI50 not less
than 2 MPa).
PRESUMED ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE
Presumed
Category Description of Rock
Pressure (kPa)
1( )
1(c) Sli htl to
Slightly t moderately
d t l decomposed
d d moderately
d t l strong
t 5 000
5,000
rock of material weathering grade III or better, with a
total core recovery of more than 85% of the grade and
minimum uniaxial compressive strength of rock material
(σc) not less than 25 MPa (equivalent point load index
strength PLI50 not less than 1 MPa).
1(d) Moderately decomposed, moderately strong to 3,000
moderately
d t l weakk rockk off material
t i l weathering
th i grade d
better than IV, with a total core recovery of more than
50% of the grade.
PRESUMED ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE
Use of Total Core Recoveryy ((TCR)) as sole means of determiningg foundingg level
+ presumptive bearing value in rock is experience-based and tends to be
conservative
TCR can be affected by effectiveness of drilling technique in retrieving the
rock cores
No account taken directly of discontinuity spacing, aperture, persistence and
infill,, strength
g pproperties
p etc.
PRESUMED ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE
30
P10-2O (13.6)
(12.6) settlement at P7-2O
25 P15O
P14 (3) pile base (mm) (7.5)
Provenn bearing presssure (MPa)
P11-2O (2)
P13-2O P2C
20 P11-1 (?) (11.3)
(15 5)
(15.5)
15 P9-3O (86)
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
10000
Mobiliseed Shaft Ressistance in RRock, (kPa))
P10-2O
P7-2O
P10-1 P1T
P7-1 P1C
P16 P3C P8
P3T
P2T
1000
C1 P9-1
s = 0.2 c 0.5
100
1 10 100 1000
• For piles socketed in rock of categories 1(a) to 1(d), the total capacity may
be taken as the sum of the bond resistance of the socket length
corresponding
di to not more than
h 2 x pile
il di
diameters or 6 m ((whichever
hi h iis
shorter) plus the presumptive bearing value
• General equation :
R = Acontact fs L
• Check which scenario is more critical : (a) failure between rock and
cement grout and (b) failure between steel and cement grout. Take the
longer of the calculated socket length.
DESIGN OF ROCK SOCKETS
Note : Loadd transfer
f in a rockk socket
k is a ffunction off the
h slenderness
l d ratio off the
h
rock socket & the relative pile/rock stiffness (based on numerical analysis)
Rocks upon which driven piles are founded will be are subject to high
confining pressure and hence can develop very high bearing capacity (also
possible soil plug formation and local yielding leading to a larger base area) -
see paper by Li & Lam (2001) - Proc. 5th International Conf. on Deep
Foundation Practice,
Practice Singapore
Driven Piles Founded on Rock
A suitable pile point (stiffener) may be used at the pile toe to prevent sliding
on an iinclined
li d rockk surface
f
Typical hard driving criterion for final set, e.g.
− <10 mm per 10 blows with 16-tonne drop hammer
W
WH
R= 1 X h
S + 2 (C1 + C2 + C3)
(W + e2p)
where h = = efficiency of hammer blow
(W + P)
Hiley Pile Driving Formula -
(commonly used in Hong Kong)
Rates effects and set-up effects not accounted for (assumed static capacity =
dynamic capacity)
Hammers do not always operate at their rated efficiency and can be highly
variable
i bl
Energy absorption property of cushions can vary with time
Past experience generally
ll based
b d on use off drop
d or diesel
d l hammers;
h hd l
hydraulic
hammers presents a problem with the empirical factors, therefore a drop
hammer is used to check final set
Pile Hammers
EMX
R =
[s + ½ (cp + cq)]
where EMX is the actual energy transfer to pile head
Pile driving system not taken as part of pile-soil system, therefore Cc is not
considered and subsumed in EMX, which is determined by CAPWAP
Final set table to be prepared based on average EMX (done during trial piling
& use simple statistical methods to determine average EMX
cp = elastic compression of pile & cq = quake (elastic compression of
ground)
Pre-bored Steel H-piles
Rock/grout bond limited 700 kPa in compression (or 350 kPa for permanent
tension) for Category 1(c) or better rock in CoP for Foundations
Under Compression : allowable grout/steel bond <600 kPa (x reduction factor
of 0.8 when grouting under water). Under Tension : same assumptions if
nominal shear studs are provided
If rock socket is subject to lateral load, need to check for additional stresses
Design of Mini-piles
93
Negative Skin Friction (Downdrag)
94
Negative Skin Friction (Downdrag)
P Pile
shortening
Soil type 1 NNegative
ti skin
ki ffriction
i ti
(Soil drags down pile) Neutral pplane
No relative
movement
S l type 2
Soil Positive skin friction
(Pile settles relative
to the ground)
Ground
settlement
QB = base capacity
Negative Skin Friction (Downdrag)
Soil Type
98
Design of Lateral Load Capacity of Piles
H H
e1
L L
Centre of
rotation
Free-head Fixed-head
H H
e1 e1
Fracture
L F t
Fracture L
Free-head Fixed-head
(1) For constant soil modulus with depth (e.g. stiff overconsolidated
clay), pile stiffness factor R = (in units of length) where EpIp is the
bending stiffness of the pile, D is the width of the pile, kh is the
coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction.
(2) For soil modulus increases linearly with depth (e.g. normally
consolidated clay
cla & gran
granular
lar soils)
soils), pile stiffness factor
factor,
5 E p Ip
T=√ n
h
where nh is the constant of horizontal subgrade reaction
Design of Lateral Load Capacity of Piles
1 1
=2
=2
M H
2 2
z z
3 3 3
L 3 L
dM dH
4 d M = Fd 4 4 d H = Fd
4, 5 & 10
5 & 10
-1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3
1
=2 1
=2
2
M
2
3 H
3
z
3
z
L 3
4 L
MM
4 MH
4
5 4
10 MM = FM (M)
10 5 MH = FM (HT)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Moment Coefficient, FM for Applied Moment M Moment Coefficient, FM for Applied Lateral Load, H
Design of Lateral Load Capacity of Piles
0 0
1 1
=2
2 2 =2
M H
z z
3
3 3 3
L L
VM 4
VH
4
4 4
VM = Fv () 10 5
10 5 VH = Fv (H)
Shear Coefficient, Fv for Applied Moment M Shear Coefficient, Fv for Applied Lateral Load, H
Foundation Design in Marble Bearing Area
Member /
Formation Material Description Age Dissolution
Thickness
Jurrassic
Tuen Mun breecia, tuff & tuffite with clasts of white
Uppper
Tin Shui Wai marble,
bl quartzite,
t it metasiltstone
t ilt t etc, t Limited
F
Formation
clasts < 3 m
Ma Tin
Massively bedded, white crystalline marble,
Yuen Long > 200 m locally dolomitic and siliceous Main dissolution
Carboniferous
Formation
Long Ping Grey to dark grey, finely crystalline marble
intercalated and interbedded with meta- Limited
> 300 m
sediment
di
Carbonate Rocks in Ma On Shan
Member /
Formation Material Description Age Dissolution
Thickness
Carboniferous
Grey to off-white, dolomite to calcite marble
Ma On Shan
> 200 m with thin interbeds of dark grey to black meta
meta- Vary
Formation siltstone
Pure Marble in Ma Tin Member
White pure,
White, pure crystalline marble
Impure Marble in Long Ping Member
Marble clast
Foundation Design
Foundation system
y
Groundd Groundd
Foundation design
investigation modelling
Foundation
M i i off building
Monitoring b ildi R i off construction
Review i
construction
FOUNDATION DESIGN IN MARBLE BEARING AREA
Foundation system
founding
f di levels
l l off ddeep ffoundation
d ti
increase of stresses at marble surface
Construction
driven piles
pile driving record
bored piles
pre-drilling investigation
Conclusion of construction
performance review
Monitoring
foundations on marble
occupied
id
Foundation Design in Marble Bearing Area
Computation of Rock Quality Designation
L1 (mPD)
Computation of Marble Quality
Length >
mm
100 m
Designation
1
RQD1
L1
RQDi x i
mm
RQD2
Average RQD = 2
L2 – L1
Cavities or infill
L1
Marble Rock i
Cover Recovery =
L2
mm
MR L2 – L1
m
Foundation Design in Marble Bearing Area
M bl Mass
Marble M Classes
Cl
Marble MQD Range
Marble Class Features
Class (%)
Example
p of Usage
g of Karst
No. of selected borehole: 6
Driven piles
Geomorphology on Piling Design Boreholes
M bl with
Marble i h overhang
h
833890
Contour of good marble rock for
foundation
Section 1-1
Section 2-2
Section 3-3
Section 4-4
Section 5-5
833840
Attention!
No simple
p rule in a complex
p gground condition
Engineering
g g jjudgement
g is important
p
Pile Testing
Static Pile Load Tests
Kentledge
block
Universal beam
Stiffeners
Girder
Load cell Steel cleat
Dial
gauge Concrete
block
Reference
beam Hydraulic jack
Test pile
1.3 m minimum or 3D
Pile diameter,
whichever is greater
D
Typical Set-up for a Compression Load Test
Using Tension Piles
Girders (2 nos.)
Locking nut
Steel plate
Stiffeners Tension
Load cell members
Di l gauge
Dial
Locking nut
Steel plates
Reaction beam
Reference
beamMinimum
Minim m spacing
Pile diameter, D
2m or 3 D whichever is
greater
Typical Set-up for Horizontal Load Test
Clear spacing
Test and avoid
plates
lt connection
Test piles between
blinding layer
Steel strut
Reference
e e e ce beam
ea
Hydraulic jack
Test pile
(b) Deadman
Typical Set-up for Horizontal Load Test
Weights
Test pile
( ) Weighted Platform
(c)
Osterberg load cell
bored
pile Enable higher test load
Test load ~ 30 MN
Shaft resistance in uplift
direction
rock
mass
O-cell
INSTRUMENTATION PILE LOADING TESTS
Steel bearing pads Dial gauge Hydraulic pump with
pressure gauges
Reference beam Strain gauge for
measuring concrete
modulus
Data logger
Telltale
extensometer
attached to load cell
Cast-in-place large-diameter
pile
Rod extensometer
INSTRUMENTATION PILE LOADING TESTS
Steel bearing pads Dial gauge Hydraulic pump with
pressure gauges
Reference beam Strain gauge for
measuring concrete
modulus
Data logger
Telltale
extensometer
attached to load cell
Cast-in-place large-diameter
pile
Steel bearing plates
Expansion
displacement
transducer
133
SPECIFICATIONS FOR PILE LOAD TEST
Loading
Max. total
settlement
Allowable
total settlement Settlement during
L
maintained load stage
AE
= PL/AE+ D/120 + 4 of pile load test
1
WL = working load
D = pile diameter
Allowable
total settlement = PL/AE+ D/50
*The consideration of residual settlement on unloadingg from twice design g load not rational,,
particularly for long friction piles, & tends to give a conservative assessment of pile capacity
135
LOAD TEST ON PILES DESIGNED TO TAKE NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION
Given the pile load profile with depth, one can work out the shaft friction
at different levels
Telltale
Outer ring casing
extensometer
attached to load cell
Cast-in-place large-diameter
pile
Rod extensometer
VIBRATING WIRE STRAIN GAUGE
144
EXTENSOMETERS
145
P = ( Ec x Ac + Es As)
P = pile load
= strain
t i iin steel
t l or concrete
t [[usuall assumption
ti off plain
l i sections
ti remain
i
plain, therefore equal]
Ec = Young’s
Yo ng’s modulus
mod l s of concrete (adj
(adjust
st for different stress ratio)
Es = Young’s modulus of steel
Ac = cross sectional area of concrete
As = cross sectional area of steel
Shear stress, fs, is given by:
fs = (P1 - P2) / Ashaft
where Ashaft = surface area of pile shaft
between levels 1 and 2 146
DYNAMIC PILE LOAD TEST
Measure the time history of force (using strain gauges) and acceleration
( i accelerometers
(using l t andd integrate
i t t to t gett velocity)
l it ) - e.g. Pile
Pil DDriving
ii
Analyser (PDA)
CASE method to determine ultimate pile capacity using a damping factor, Jc
(typically 0.45 to 0.5 in Hong Kong) - primarily for end-bearing piles
PDA can determine the energy transfer ratio (hammer efficiency), soil
resistance to driving (driveability study), dynamic pile stresses and pile
integrity
148
Involve signal matching to get a good enough fit by adjusting the input values of
the pile-ground model
Dynamic Pile Load Test
151
DYNAMIC PILE LOAD TEST
High-strain tests (stresses generated by pile driving hammer)
CAPWAP analysis can be carried out to determine the distribution of soil
resistance, dynamic soil response and predict the pile-settlement curve
for the pile
CAPWAP parameters can be correlated with site-specific static load tests
Note : pile capacity may not be fully mobilised in dynamic load tests
because of limited pile movement
152
PILE INTEGRITY TESTS
(a) (b)
With 3 ttubes
b (3 paths)
th ) With 4 ttubes
b (6 paths)
th )
WAYS OF CONDUCTING SONIC LOGGING TESTS
159
PILE INTEGRITY TESTS