CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

CLASS-XII

EXPERIMENT No. 1

AIM – (a) To prepare 100ml of M/20 solution of oxalic acid.

(b)Using this calculate the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Oxalic acid, weighing bottle, weight

box, volumetric flask, funnel, distilled water, chemical balance, beakers, conical flask,
funnel, burette, pipette, clamp stand, tile, dilute H2SO4, KMnO4 solution.

THEORY- (a) Oxalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid having molar mass 126gmol-1. It is a
primary standard and has the molecular formula COOH-COOH.2H2O. Its equivalent
mass is 126/2 = 63 as its n factor is 2 as per the following reaction:
COOH-COOH → 2CO2 + 2H+ + 2e-.
Calculation of amount of oxalic acid to be weighed to prepare 100ml M/20 solution:

wt. X 1000
M =
Mol. Wt V(ml)

PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh a clean dry bottle using a chemical balance.
2. Add more weights to the pan containing the weights for the weighing
bottle.
3. Add oxalic acid in small amounts to the weighing bottle, so that the pans are
balanced.
4. Remove the weighing bottle from the pan.
5. Using a funnel, transfer the oxalic acid to the volumetric flask.
6. Add a few drops of distilled water to dissolve the oxalic acid.
7. Make up the volume to the required level using distilled water.
8. The standard solution is prepared.
(b) THEORY-
1. The reaction between KMnO4 and oxalic acid is a redox reaction and the titration
is therefore called a redox titration.
2. Oxalic acid is the reducing agent and KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent.
3. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in all the mediums; i.e. acidic, basic and neutral
medium.
4. KMnO4 acts as the strongest oxidizing agent in the acidic medium and therefore
dil. H2SO4 is added to the conical flask before starting the titration.
5. The titration between oxalic acid and KMnO4 is a slow reaction, therefore heat the
oxalic acid solution to about 600C to increase the rate of the reaction.
6.
IONIC EQUATIONS INVOLVED:
Reduction Half: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O] X 2
Oxidation Half: C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e- ] X 5
Overall Equation: 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

INDICATOR- KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT- Colourless to light pink (KMnO4 in the burette)

PROCEDURE-
1. Fill the burette with KMnO4 solution.
2. Pipette out 10ml. of oxalic acid solution into the conical flask.
3. Add half a test tube of dil. H2SO4 and heat the solution to about 600C to increase
the rate of the reaction.
4. Keep a glazed tile under the burette and place the conical flask on it.
5. Note down the initial reading of the burette.
6. Run down the KMnO4 solution into the conical flask drop wise with shaking.
7. Stop the titration when a permanent pink colour is obtained in the solution.
8. This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.
9. Repeat the experiment until three concordant values are obtained.

OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A

PENCIL)
Volume of Oxalic Acid solution taken =
BURETT VOLUME OF
S.No E READINGS KMnO4
INITIAL FINAL USED (ml)
1
2
3
4
5
Concordant Value =

CALCULATIONS: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Using formula:
N1M1V1 = N2M2V2
Where N1=5 (for KMnO4), V1= , M1 =?
N2=2 (for oxalic acid), V2 = 10ml, M2 =

Strength = M X Molar Mass.

RESULT- (ON RULED SIDE)- The Molarity of KMnO4 =

And the strength of KMnO4 =
 EXPERIMENT No. 2

AIM – (a) To prepare 100ml of M/50 solution of Mohr’s salt.

(b) Using this calculate the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Mohr’s salt, weighing bottle, weight

box, volumetric flask, funnel, distilled water, chemical balance, dilute H2SO4, beakers,
conical flask, funnel, burette, pipette, clamp stand, tile, KMnO4 solution.

THEORY- (a) Mohr’s salt having the formula FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O has molar mass
392gmol-1. It is a primary standard.
Its equivalent mass is 392/1 = 392 as its n factor is 1 as per the following reaction:
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-
Calculation of amount of Mohr’s Salt to be weighed to prepare 100ml M/20 solution:

wt. X 1000
M =
Mol. Wt V(ml)

PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh a clean dry bottle using a chemical balance.
2. Add more weights to the pan containing the weights for the weighing
bottle.
3. Add Mohr’s salt in small amounts to the weighing bottle, so that the pans are
balanced.
4. Remove the weighing bottle from the pan.
5. Using a funnel, transfer the Mohr’s salt to the volumetric flask.
6. Add about 5ml. of dilute H2SO4 to the flask followed by distilled water and
dissolve the Mohr’s salt.
7. Make up the volume to the required level using distilled water.
8. The standard solution is prepared.
(b) THEORY-
1. The reaction between KMnO4 and Mohr’s salt is a redox reaction and the
titration is therefore called a redox titration.
2. Mohr’s salt is the reducing agent and KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent.
3. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in all the mediums; i.e. acidic, basic and neutral
medium.
4. KMnO4 acts as the strongest oxidizing agent in the acidic medium and therefore
dil. H2SO4 is added to the conical flask before starting the titration.
5.
IONIC EQUATIONS INVOLVED:
Reduction Half: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Oxidation Half: 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e-
Overall Equation: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

INDICATOR- KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT- Colourless to light pink (KMnO4 in the burette)

PROCEDURE-
1. Fill the burette with KMnO4 solution.
2. Pipette out 10ml. of Mohr’s salt solution into the conical flask.
3. Add half a test tube of dil. H2SO4.
4. Keep a glazed tile under the burette and place the conical flask on it.
5. Note down the initial reading of the burette.
6. Run down the KMnO4 solution into the conical flask drop wise with shaking.
7. Stop the titration when a permanent pink colour is obtained in the solution.
8. This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.
9. Repeat the experiment until three concordant values are obtained.
10.
OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A
PENCIL)
Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken =
BURETT VOLUME OF
S.No E READINGS KMnO4
INITIAL FINAL USED (ml)
1
2
3
4
5
Concordant Value =

CALCULATIONS: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Using formula:
N1M1V1 = N2M2V2
Where N1=5 (for KMnO4), V1= , M1 =?
N2 =1 (for Mohr’s salt), V2 = 10ml, M2 =

Strength = M X Molar Mass.

RESULT- (ON RULED SIDE)- The Molarity of KMnO4 =

And the strength of KMnO4 =
 EXPERIMENT No.3

AIM: To prepare a colloidal sol of starch.

THEORY: Starch forms a lyophilic sol with water which is the dispersion medium. The
sol of starch can be prepared by water to about 1000C. The sol is quite stable and is not
affected by the presence of an electrolytic impurity.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Take 50 ml of distilled water in a A colourless, transluscent sol is Sol of starch has been prepared
beaker and heat it to about 1000C. obtained
Add a thin paste of starch to water
with stirring.

RESULT- Colloidal sol of starch has been prepared.

EXPERIMENT No.4

AIM: To prepare a colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide.

THEORY: Ferric hydroxide forms a lyophobic sol with water which is the dispersion
medium. It is prepared by the hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling distilled water as
per the reaction:
FeCl3 (aq) + 3H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl (aq).
The HCl formed during the reaction tries to destabilize the sol and therefore should be
removed from the sol by dialysis. A wine red sol of ferric hydroxide is obtained.

PROCEDURE:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Sol of ferric hydroxide has been
Take 50 ml of distilled water in a A wine red sol is obtained prepared
beaker and heat it to about 1000C.
Add the solution of FeCl3 to water
with stirring.

RESULT- Colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide has been prepared.

 EXPERIMENT No.5

AIM: To prepare crystals of Mohr’s salt.

THEORY: Mohr’s salt i.e. ferrous ammonium sulphate [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] is a

double salt. It can be prepared by making equimolar solution of hydrated ferrous sulphate
and ammonium sulphate in minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is added
to prevent the hydrolysis of FeSO4.7H2O. Cooling of the hot saturated solution yields
light green crystals of Mohr’s salt.
FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2 SO4 → FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2O

RESULT- Colour of the crystals: Light green

Shape of the crystals: Monoclinic.

NOTE – DRY THE CRYSTALS, PUT THEM IN A ZIP POUCH AND PASTE
THEM IN YOUR FILES ON THE BLANK PAGE.

EXPERIMENT No.6

AIM: To prepare crystals of Potash alum.

THEORY: Potash alum, a double salt, commonly known as fitkari has the formula
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. It can be prepared by making equimolar solution of potassium
sulphate and aluminium sulphate in minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is
added to prevent the hydrolysis of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O. Cooling of the hot saturated solution
yields colourless crystals of Potash alum.
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 6H2O → K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

RESULT- Colour of the crystals: Colourless

Shape of the crystals: Octahedral.

NOTE – DRY THE CRYSTALS, PUT THEM IN A ZIP POUCH AND PASTE
THEM IN YOUR FILES ON THE BLANK PAGE.
 EXPERIMENT No.7

AIM: To separate the coloured components present in a mixture of red and blue ink by
ascending paper chromatography and find their Rf values.

THEORY: In this type of chromatography a special adsorbent paper (Whatman filter

paper) is used. Moisture adsorbed on this Whatman filter paper acts as stationary phase
and the solvent acts as the mobile phase. The mixture to be separated is spotted at one
end of the paper. This paper is then developed in a particular solvent by placing the paper
in a gas jar, taking care that the spot is above the solvent. The solvent rises due to
capillary action and the components get separated out as they rise up with the solvent at
different rates. The developed paper is called a chromatogram.
Rf (retention factor) values are then calculated, which is the ratio of the distance
moved by the component to the distance moved by the solvent front.
Rf = Distance traveled by the component
Distance traveled by the solvent front

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: (ON THE BLANK PAGE, USING A

PENCIL)

S.No SUBSTANCE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY Rf VALUE

DIFFERENT COMPONENTS SOLVENT
1 RED + BLUE INK
2 RED + BLUE INK

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) - Rf of blue ink =

Rf of red ink =

NOTE: PASTE THE CHROMATOGRAM ON THE BLANK SIDE AND MARK THE
DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS AND THE
SOLVENT FRONT USING A PENCIL.
 EXPERIMENT No.8

AIM: To test the presence of unsaturation in the given organic compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 BAEYER'S TEST OR alk.KMnO4 TEST
Dissolve organic compound in
water/acetone and add a few drop of Pink colour of KMnO4 Unsaturation present in
Baeyer's reagent and shake decolorizes. the organic compound.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

2KMnO4 + H2O → 2KOH + 2MnO2 + 3[O]

>C =C< + H2O + [O] → >C(OH) ─ (OH)C< + KOH

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) Unsaturation is present in the given organic compound.

EXPERIMENT No.9

AIM: To test the presence of alcoholic group in the given organic compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 CERRIC AMMONIUM NITRATE TEST
Organic compound + few drops of cerric A pink or red colour Alcoholic –OH group
ammonium nitrate solution. Shake well. appears. present.

ESTER TEST
Organic compound + few drops of glacial
acetic acid + 1-2 drops of conc. H2SO4 +
warm on water bath for 5 min. Cool and
pour into 15ml of Na2CO3 solution. Smell A fruity smell is Alcoholic –OH group
2 the contents. obtained present

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. ROH + (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 → (NH4)2[Ce(OR)(NO3)5] + HNO3

Cerric amm. nitrate pink or red
2. ROH + CH3COOH → CH3COOR + H2O

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) - Alcoholic –OH present in the given organic
compound.
 EXPERIMENT No.10

AIM: To test the presence of phenolic group in the given organic compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 LITMUS TEST Blue litmus turns red. Phenolic –OH group
Organic compound + few drops of blue present.
litmus solution.
2 NEUTRAL FeCl3 TEST
Organic compound + few drops of neutral A violet colouration is Phenolic –OH group
FeCl3 solution. obtained. present.

3 LIEBERMANN NITROSO TEST

Organic compound + sodium nitrite + A deep blue or
conc. H2SO4 green colouration is
obtained which
turns red on the
addition of water. Phenolic –OH group
The blue or green present.
colour reappears on
the addition of
NaOH.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. HO —

(PHENOL)
+ FeCl3 →

2. Phenol (structure) NaNO2 + H2SO4 HO –N=O

↔O= - NOH conc. H2SO4 / PHENOL(structure)

[HO –N= = OH+] HSO4- H2O

(Deep Blue)
[HO –N= = O] NaOH Sodium salt of phenol indophenol

Phenol indophenol (red) (blue)

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) Phenolic –OH present in the given organic compound.

{ equations are incomplete}

EXPERIMENT No.11

AIM: To test the presence of aldehydic group in the given organic compound.
PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 2,4-DNP TEST
Organic compound + 2,4-DNP Crystalline orange Carbonyl group
ppt. obtained present.
2 TOLLEN’S TEST
Organic compound + Tollen’s A silver mirror is Aldehydic group
reagent (amm. silver nitrate obtained the walls present.
solution). Heat on water bath. of the test tube.
3 BENEDICT’S / FEHLING’S TEST
Organic compound + Benedict’s A brick red ppt. is Aldehydic group
reagent/ Fehling’s reagent (A obtained. present.
mixture of equal amounts of
Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B). Heat.
4 SCHIFF”S TEST
Organic compound + Schiff’s A red/ pink/violet Aldehydic group
reagent colouration is present.
obtained.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. RCHO + NH2NH =

(equation 1 is incomplete)
2. RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH- → RCOO- + 4NH3 + 2Ag ↓ + 2H2O
3. RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- → RCOO- + Cu2O + 3H2O

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) Aldehyde present in the given organic compound.

EXPERIMENT No.12
AIM: To test the presence of ketonic group in the given organic compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 2,4-DNP TEST
Organic compound + 2,4-DNP Crystalline orange Carbonyl group
ppt. obtained present.
2 m-DINITROBENZENE TEST
Organic compound + m- A violet colouration Ketonic group
dinitrobenzene + NaOH is obtained. present.
3 SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE TEST
Organic compound + sodium A red colouration is Ketonic group
nitroprusside + NaOH obtained. present.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. CH3COCH3 + OH- → CH3COCH2- + H2O

[Fe(CN)5NO]2 - + CH3COCH2- → [Fe(CN)5NO(CH2COCH3)]3 -

Nitroprusside ion Red complex

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Ketone present in the given organic compound.

EXPERIMENT No.13
AIM: To test the presence of carboxylic acid group in the given organic compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 LITMUS TEST
Organic compound + blue litmus Blue litmus turns red Carboxylic acid
may be present.
2 SODIUM BICARBONATE TEST
Organic compound + aq. NaHCO3 Brisk effervescence Carboxylic acid
is obtained. group present.
3 ESTER TEST
Organic compound + few drops of A fruity smell is Carboxylic acid
alcohol + 2-3 drops of conc. H2SO4 obtained. group present.
+ heat on a water bath. Cool the
contents and pour them into cold
water.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. RCOOH + NaHCO3 → RCOONa + H2O + CO2↑

conc. H SO
2. RCOOH + CH3CH2OH 2 4 RCOO CH2CH3

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Carboxylic acid present in the given organic
compound.

EXPERIMENT No.14
AIM: To test the presence of amino group in the given organic compound.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 LITMUS TEST
Organic compound + few drops of red Red litmus turns Amino group
litmus solution.
blue present.
2 SOLUBILITY TEST
Organic compound + 1-2 ml of Organic compound Amino group
dil.HCl. Shake well. dissolves. present
3 CARBYLAMINE TEST
Organic compound + CHCl3 + An obnoxious smell Primary amine
Alc.KOH. Heat is obtained. present.
4 AZO DYE TEST
Dissolve organic compound in A red or orange dye Primary aromatic
dil.HCl and cool in ice. Add ice is obtained. amino group
cold NaNO2 solution to it. Mix well. present.
Add ice cold solution of β- naphthol
+ NaOH.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. R-NH2 + HCl → R- NH3+Cl-

amine amine salt
2. R-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH → R- N≡ C + 3KCl + 3H2O
Isocyanide
or carbylamine
3. NaNO2 + HCl → HNO2 + NaCl

ArNH2 + HNO2 + HCl → Ar- N+≡ N-Cl + 2H2O

Aromatic Aryldiazonium chloride
0
1 amine (stable between 0- 50C)

β- naphthol (draw structure) + Ar- N+≡ N-Cl → (draw structure of the azo dye
obtained) + NaCl + H2O
RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Amino present in the given organic compound.

NOTE: After performing the carbylamine test add 1ml conc.HCl to the reaction
mixture and heat to decompose the isocyanide formed and throw the reaction
mixture into running water.

EXPERIMENT No.15
AIM: To test the presence of carbohydrate in the given food sample.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 CONC H2SO4 TEST Charring occurs
Food sample + conc. H2SO4. Heat with smell of burnt Carbohydrate
sugar present.
2 MOLISCH’S TEST
Food sample + Molisch’s reagent (1% A purple ring is Carbohydrate
alcoholic solution of α naphthol) + obtained at the present.
conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the junction of the two
test tube. layers.
3 BENEDICT’S / FEHLING’S TEST
Food sample + Benedict’s reagent/ A red ppt. is Carbohydrate
Fehling’s reagent (A mixture of obtained. present.
equal amounts of Fehling’s A and
Fehling’s B). Heat.
4 TOLLEN’S TEST
Food sample + Tollen’s reagent A silver mirror is Carbohydrate
(amm. silver nitrate solution). Heat obtained the walls present.
on water bath. of the test tube.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

1. CHO(CHOH)4CH2OH + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- → COOH(CHOH)4CH2OH + Cu2O + 3H2O

Glucose Gluconic acid
+ -
2. CHO(CHOH)4CH2OH + 2[Ag(NH3)2] + 3OH → COOH(CHOH)4CH2OH + 4NH3
Glucose (Gluconic acid) + 2Ag ↓ + 2H2O

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested for carbohydrate.

EXPERIMENT No.16
AIM: To test the presence of oil or fat in the given food sample.

PROCEDURE:

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 SOLUBILITY TEST
Food sample + water Does not dissolve Oil / fat present.
Food sample + chloroform(CHCl3)
Miscible
2 SPOT TEST
Smear the food sample on paper. A translucent spot is Oil / fat present.
observed.
3 ACROLEIN TEST
Food sample + KHSO4. Heat An irritating odour Oil / fat present.
is obtained.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Oil/ fat heat glycerol + fatty acid

CH2 (OH)CH(OH) CH2 (OH) KHSO4, Heat CH2═CHCHO (acrolein) + 2H2O

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested for oil/fat

NOTE – THE PARER OBTAINED IN SPOT TEST TO BE PUT IN A ZIP POUCH

AND PASTED ON THE BLANK SIDE.

EXPERIMENT No.17

AIM: To test the presence of protein in the given food sample.

PROCEDURE:

S.No f OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 BIURET TEST
Food sample + few drops of NaOH + A violet colouration Protein present.
CuSO4 solution.
is obtained.
2 XANTHOPROTEIC TEST
Food sample + few drops of conc. A yellow ppt. is Protein present.
HNO3. Heat. obtained.
3 NINHYDRIN TEST
Food sample + few drops of 0.15 A blue colour is Protein present.
ninhydrin solution. Boil the contents. obtained.

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE ) The food sample has been tested for proteins.