WATER WASTAGE

DISPOSAL
FOR HOUSING SECTOR

V.V.NIROOHA-15091AA037,V.BHAVANI-15091AA039,M.TANVISHA-15091AA021,C.ARATHI-
15091AA007,D.MOUNIKA-15091AA011
INTRODUCTION :
• Wastewater is water whose physical, chemical or biological properties have been
changed as a result of the introduction of certain substances which render it unsafe
for some purposes such as drinking.

• The day to day activities of man is mainly water dependent and therefore discharge
‘waste’ into water. Some of the substances include body wastes (faeces and urine),
hair shampoo, hair, food scraps, fat, laundry powder, fabric conditioners, toilet
paper, chemicals, detergent, household cleaners, dirt, micro-organisms (germs)
which can make people ill and damage the environment.

• It is known that much of water supplied ends up as wastewater which makes its
treatment very important in which most of the contaminants are removed that are
found in wastewater .

OBJECTIVES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT :

 Reduction of biodegradable organic substances in the environment
 Reduction of nutrient concentration in the environment
 Elimination of pathogens
 Recycling and Reuse of water

TYPES OF WASTEWATER
:

 Domestic wastewater also

known as municipal wastewater is
basically wastewater from
residences (homes), business
buildings (e.g. hotels) and
institutions (e.g. university).
 It can be categorized into
greywater and blackwater.
 Now we consider that the housing sector comes under domestic waste water
treatments
 Domestic wastewater also known as municipal wastewater is basically wastewater
from residences (homes), business buildings (e.g. hotels) and institutions (e.g.
university). It can be categorized into greywater and blackwater.
  Grey water also known as sullage is liquid waste from washrooms, laundries,
kitchens which does not contain human or animal excreta.
 Blackwater is wastewater generated in toilets. Blackwater may also contain some
flush water besides urine and faeces (excreta). Urine and faeces together is
sometimes referred to as night soil.
TYPES OF SYSTEMS ADOPTED :
 On-Site System: this is wastewater disposal method which takes place at the point
of waste production like within individual houses without transportation. On- site
methods include dry methods (pit latrines, composting toilets), water saving
methods (pour-flush latrine and aqua privy with soakage pits and methods with high
water rise (flush toilet with septic tanks and soakage pit, which are not emptied).
 Off-Site System: in this system, wastewater is transported to a place either than
the point of production. Off- site methods are bucket latrines, pour-flush toilets with
vault and tanker removal and conventional sewerage system.
 Conventional sewerage systems can be combined sewers (where wastewater is
carried with storm water) or separated sewers.
 Septic Tank is an on-site system designed to hold blackwater for sufficiently long
period to allow sedimentation. It is usually a water tight single storey tank .
 Wastewater Treatment Plant is a plant with a series of designed unit operations and
processes that aims at reducing certain constituents of wastewater to acceptable levels.

PROCESS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT :

Physical Chemical
-Sedimentation (Clarification). - Chlorination.
- Screening. - Ozonation.
- Aeration. - Neutralization.
- Filtration. - Coagulation.
- Flotation and skimming. - Adsorption.
- Degasification. - Ion Exchange.
- Equalization.
Biological
Aerobic :
- Activated sludge treatment methods. Anaerobic :
- Trickling filtration. - Anaerobic digestion.
- Oxidation ponds. - Septic tanks.
- Lagoons. - Lagoons.
- Aerobic digestion.
 
Preliminary Treatment :
At most plants preliminary treatment is used to protect pumping equipment and facilitate
subsequent treatment processes. Preliminary devices are designed to remove or cut up
the larger suspended and floating solids, to remove the heavy inorganic solids, and to
remove excessive amounts of oils or greases.
 Primary Treatment :
In this treatment, most of the settle able solids are separated or removed from the
wastewater by the physical process of sedimentation. When certain chemicals are used
with primary sedimentation tanks, some of the colloidal solids are also removed
 Secondary Treatment :
Secondary treatment depends primarily upon aerobic organisms which biochemically
decompose the organic solids to inorganic or stable organic solids. It is comparable to the
zone of recovery in the self-purification of a stream.
 Chlorination :
This is a method of treatment which has been employed for many purposes in all stages in
wastewater treatment, and even prior to preliminary treatment. It involves the
application of chlorine to the wastewater for the following purposes :
- Disinfection or destruction of pathogenic organism
- Reduction or delay of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
 Sludge Treatment:
The solids removed from wastewater in both primary and secondary treatment units,
together with the water removed with them, constitute wastewater sludge. It is generally
necessary to subject sludge to some treatment to prepare or condition it for ultimate
disposal. Such treatment has two objectives - the removal of part or all of the water in the
sludge to reduce its volume, and the decomposition of the putrescible organic solids to
mineral solids or to relatively stable organic solids
 Tertiary Wastewater Treatment :
Quite often this merely indicates the use of intermittent sand filters for increased
removal of suspended solids from the wastewater. In other cases, tertiary treatment has
been used to describe processes which remove plant nutrients, primarily nitrogen and
phosphorous, from wastewater.
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater treatment units as well as the need to
minimize environmental effects has led to the increased use of tertiary treatment.

OTHER TYPES OF ONSITE TREATMENTS MAY INCLUDE :

 ON-SITE TREATMENT METHODS:

1. COMPOSTING TOILETS:
DEFINITION:
 A composting toilet is a type of toilet that treats human excreta by a
biological process called composting. This process leads to
the decomposition of organic matter and turns human excreta into
compost.
 It is carried out by microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) under
controlled aerobic conditions.
 Most composting toilets use no water for flushing and are therefore "dry
toilets".
APLLICATIONS:
 Composting
toilets can be suitable in areas
such as a rural area or a park
that lacks a suitable water
supply, sewers and sewage
treatment.
 They can also
help increase the resilience of
existing sanitation systems in
the face of possible natural
disasters such as climate
change, earthquakes or tsuna
mi.
 Composting
toilets can reduce or perhaps
eliminate the need for a septic
tank system to
reduce environmental
footprint (particularly when
used in conjunction with an
on-site greywater treatment
system).
 These types of toilets can be used for resource
recovery by reusing sanitized faeces and urine
as fertilizer and soil conditioner for gardening or
ornamental activities.
2. PIT LATRINE :
DEFINITION :

A pit latrine, also known as pit
toilet or long drop, is a type of toilet that
collects human faeces in a hole in the
ground.
 Urine and faeces enter the pit through a
drop hole in the floor, which might be
connected to a toilet seat or squatting
pan for user comfort.
 Pit latrines can be built to function
without water (dry toilet) or they can
have a water seal (pour-flush pit latrine).
 When properly built and maintained, pit latrines can decrease the
spread of disease by reducing the amount of human faeces in the
environment from open defecation

APPLICATIONS :

 Frequent flooding, resulting in inoperable toilet systems and the

contamination of water resources;
 Unfavourable soil conditions, such as unstable or rocky soil and
high water table, making pit-based sanitation difficult and
expensive;
 When groundwater is
the primary source of
drinking water and is
likely to be
contaminated by pit-
based sanitation (for
example in denser
settlements or with
unfavourable hydro
geological
conditions);
 Limited land space
restricts the
excavation of new
pits if full pit latrines
are usually not
emptied;
 Indoor installations
are preferred as they
 provide greater comfort and security at night thus making
accessible .

3. POUR-FLUSH LATRINE :
DEFINITION :
 A pour flush toilet is like
a regular cistern flush
toilet except that the
water is poured in by
the user, instead of
coming from the cistern
above. When the water
supply is not
continuous, any cistern
flush toilet can become
a pour flush toilet.
APPLICATIONS :
 The water seal is effective at preventing odours and it is
appropriate for those who sit or squat (pedestal or slab) as well as
those who cleanse with water.
 It is only appropriate when there is a constant supply of water
available.
 The pour-flush toilet requires (much) less water than a traditional
cistern flush toilet. However, because a smaller amount of water is
used, the pour-flush toilet may clog more easily and thus, require
more maintenance.
 If water is available, this type of toilet is appropriate for both public
and private applications. Pour-flush toilets are adequate for almost
all climates.
4. AQUA PRIVY WITH SOAKAGE PITS :More or less these are all
similar in application and are considered for sustainable sanitation
construction .
5. FLUSH TOILET WITH SEPTIC TANKS AND SOAKAGE PIT :
DEFINITION:
 In rural areas where houses are spaced so far apart that a sewer
system would be too expensive to install, people install their own,
private sewage treatment plants. These are called septic tanks.
  A septic tank is a key component of the septic system or sewer
system.

APPLICATIONS :
 Septic tanks are generally installed by isolated communities like
schools, hospitals & institutions.
 Septic tank may be defined as primary sedimentation tank. Having
capacity to remove 60 to 70% dissolved matter.

WORKING :
Sewage enter through the Inlet. There are three layers :

 Anything that floats rises to the top and forms a layer known as the
scum layer.
 Anything heavier than water sinks to form the sludge layer.
 In the middle is a fairly clear water layer. This body of water contains
bacteria and chemicals like nitrogen and phosphorous that act as
fertilizers, but it is largely free of solids.
 Organic matter is digested by bacteria. Digestion of settled sludge is
carried out by ANAROBIC DECOMPOSITION also called sludge
digestion.
 Due to decomposition foul gases are produced thus mass of sludge is
decreased. BOD of water also decreased .
 OFF-SITE TREATMENT METHODS :
1. BUCKET LATRINES :

DEFINITION :
A bucket toilet is a basic form of a dry toilet whereby a
bucket (pail) is used to collect excreta.
Usually, faeces and urine are collected together in the
same bucket, leading to odour issues.
The bucket may be situated inside a dwelling, or in a
nearby small structure (an outhouse).
Where people do not have access to improved
sanitation – particularly in low-income urban
areas of developing countries – an unimproved bucket
toilet might be better than open defecation .

APPLICATIONS :
 Unimproved toilets :
Bucket toilets are used in households and even in health care facilities in some low- and
middle- income countries where people do not have access to improved sanitation.
 Cold climates :
Bucket toilets have been historically common in cold climates where installing running
water can be difficult and expensive and subject to freezing-related pipe breakage,

 Emergencies :
In natural disasters and other emergencies, the portability of bucket latrines can make
them a useful part of an appropriate emergency response, especially where pit
latrines cannot be isolated from
floodwater or groundwater .

2. POUR-FLUSH TOILETS WITH

VAULT AND TANKER
REMOVAL :
more or less these are similar to
the pit latrines which are used in
onsite process for housing or
residential purpose .

3. CONVENTIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM :

DEFINITION :
 Conventional sewerage is also termed deep
sewerage. This term results from the fact
 that in actual practice the sewerage pipes are laid deep beneath the ground.
 There are a number of reasons for the relatively great depth of the pipe
 Conventional gravity sewers normally do not require onsite pre-treatment,
primary treatment or storage of the household wastewater before it is
discharged
 Typically, the network is subdivided into primary, secondary and tertiary
networks. This system is mostly found in urban areas.