Waste Handling & Separation

& Storage & Processing at the

Source
Introduction
 The handling, separation, storage, and
processing of solid wastes at the source before
they are collected is the second of the six
functional elements in the solid waste
management system.

 this element can have a significant effect on

the characteristics on the waste, on
subsequent functional elements, on public
health, and on public attitudes concerning the
operation of the waste management system.
 Waste generation

Reduction, handling,
storage, separation,
processing at source

Collection
Separation,
Transfer &
transformation
Transport
& Recovery

Disposal
 Waste at the Source

Source
reduction

Waste handling Waste Waste Waste

and storage separation recovery processing
Source Reduction
 used to describe waste minimization,
waste utilization and hazard reduction
at source.
 to reduce the volume, mass, or toxicity of
MSW before it enters the system.
Source Reduction
Advantages of source reduction and on-site
processing
 Generation of clean recyclable material
 Removal of hazardous material from general
waste streams in order to minimize health risks to
the general population, particularly the waste
handlers
 Improved efficiency of energy recovery
processes.
 Improved quality of end-products
 Minimization of overall waste management cost
Source Reduction
Main strategic options to minimize waste
as well as reduce hazards at source
• Decreasing consumption of products
• Resource recovery
• Reduction of toxicity
• Awareness development
Source Reduction
Hazard Reduction
What can you do to reduce household hazardous waste
risks?

 Reduce by purchasing only the amount you need.

 Reuse the products or donating unused portions.
 Recycle leftover household hazardous products that are
recyclable and dispose of the others safely thru proper
disposal area.
 When possible, buy products with less harmful
ingredients (read the labels) or buy nonhazardous
alternatives* to hazardous products.
Handling, Separation & Recovery at
the Source
 Handling refers to activities associated with
MSW before they are placed in a
collection container.
 Separation at this point can have a
significant effect on the characteristics of
the waste stream.
 Source recovery is one of the most
effective recycle step at this stage.
Type of Source
Three classifications most often used for the
residential dwellings are
 Low rise, landed;
 Medium rise < 7 stories;
 High rise > 7 stories

Due to significant differences in the solid

waste handling operations in these
classifications
At Low – Rise
➢The residents or tenants under this
category are responsible for placing the solid
wastes and recyclable materials that are
generated in storage containers around their
compound.

➢In some collection systems, mixed wastes

are placed in a variety of storage containers
with little or no standardization.
At Medium – Rise
The residents or tenants under this category are
responsible for placing the solid wastes and
recyclable materials in a centralize storage bin.

Typical solid waste storage locations include:

 Basement centralize storage
 Floor storage - The maintenance staff is
responsible for transporting the
containers to the centralize bin
At High – Rise
The residents or tenants under this category
are responsible for placing the solid wastes in
the centralize storage bin at each floor or
specially designed vertical waste chutes
located on each floor. .

Wastes are picked up by building maintenance

personnel from the various floors and taken
to the basement or centralized area.
 Waste Handling
The specific activities associated with handling
waste materials at the source will vary
depending on:

▪ Types of waste materials that are separated for

reuse and recycling
▪ The extent to which these materials are
separated from the waste stream
▪ Type of collection service in the later SWM
stage.
Storage of Solid Waste at the Source
Factors to be considered :

• The effect of storage on the wastes

components
• The type of container to be used
• Container location
• Public health and aesthetic
Storage of Solid Waste at the Source
Effective of Storage need to consider :
 Microbial decomposition via bacteria and fungi
growth leading to vermin and odors.
 Adsorption of Fluids - If more than a week, the
water will become equally distributed, primarily
moisture from food moving into the paper.
 Contamination - A small volume of paint/oil had
great potential to contaminate a great deal of
plastic, an argument for recyclables.
Storage of Solid Waste at the Source
Types of Storage Containers :
The types and capacities of the containers used
depend on the
 characteristics and types of wastes to be
collected,
 the types of collection system in use,
 the collection frequency, and
 the space available for the placement of
containers
 safety and security of container
 aesthetically and economically affordable
Storage of Solid Waste at the Source
Types of Storage Containers :
Low Rise
 60 litre, 80 litre, 120 litre, 240 litre or 360 litre containers
equipped with wheels. Usually, galvanized metal or plastic
container.
Medium Rise
 Basement storage usually large outdoor portable metal
containers, located in areas that can be access by the
collection truck.
High Rise
 Chutes (12 to 36 in) on each floor
 Enclosed large plastic storage containers with wheels for
easy to move
 Basement storage/outdoor
Storage of Solid Waste at the Source
Storage Locations

Public Health and Aesthetic

Public heath concerns are related primarily to the
infestation of areas used for the storage of solid
waste with vermin and insects that often serve as
potential disease vectors.

Proper sanitation involves

the use of containers with tight lids
the periodic washing of containers and storage area
the periodic removal of biodegradable materials
Size of Storage Container
Size of storage containers (m3) = (N x G x F)/D +
capacity margin
Where,
 N = number of population served (nos, cap)
 G = average rate of waste generation (kg/cap/day)
 F = weekly frequency of collection(=7 days/ numbers of collection trip)
 D = density (kg/m3)

Collection/Week Excess capacity required (%)

Individual Communal
Attended Unattended
<=6 66 66 100
>=7 33 33 50

Table: Capacity margin of storage container

Processing at source
Waste processing is used to
• reduce the volume
• recover reusable materials
• alter the physical form of the
solid waste
Processing at source
 Separation of wastes- one of the most
effective ways to achieve the recovery and
reuse of materials.
 Compaction - significant decrease in the
volume, etc: twist to recycle
Processing at source
 Grinding of Food Waste - significant
decrease in the volume of the MSW
 Composting - the biological conversion of
the biodegradable organic fraction of the
MSW resulting in a volume reduction and
producing a useful by-product.
Separation for Recycling
The separation of solid waste components at
the source of generation is one of the most
positive and effective ways to achieve the
recovery and reuse of these materials.

waste paper, cardboard, cans, glasses and

plastic containers
Separation for Recycling
Some homeowners store the separated
components within the home, periodically
transferring the accumulated wastes to larger
containers used for the storage of these
materials between collection.
Separation for Household
Hazardous Waste
 Any household waste that contain
substances that can poison, corrode,
explode, or ignite easily.
●Adhesives ●Fungicides and wood preservatives
●Latex and oil-based paints ●Insecticides, herbicides, and rat
●Paint thinners and strippers poisons
●Grease and rust solvents ●Used oil and oil filters
●Wood and metal cleaners ●Fuel injection and carburetor
●Nail polish and removers cleaners
●Cosmetics ●Antifreeze
●Household polishes and ●Batteries
cleaners ●Broken thermometers
●Oven cleaners ●Rat poison/ moth ball
●Drain openers ●Lighter fluids
 Properties and Classification of
Hazardous Waste
Waste are hazardous to human if such
wastes :
- Non-biodegradable / persistent in nature
- Biologically magnified
- Lethal Health-related Problem
Municipalities usually • Carcinogenity
- Cause detrimental
Safety-Related go with :
cumulative effects
• Infectivity
• Irritant
Problem • Ignitability
• Corrosivity • Mutagenicity
• Corrositivity • Toxicity
• Explosivity • Reactivity
• Toxicity • Radioactivity
• Flammability • Teratogenicity
• Ignitability • Carcinogenicity
• Reactivity
How to reduce household hazardous
waste risks?
 Reduce by purchasing, when possible, buy products with less
harmful ingredients
 Reuse the products by donating unused portions
 Recycle hazardous products that are recyclable. If you have
used motor oil or batteries, take them to collection sites.
 Never leave household hazardous products or wastes within
reach of children or pets.
 When using a product, read and follow the label directions,
never mix it with other products, and use it up entirely.
 Do not mix household hazardous wastes with the trash.
 Do not remove product labels, and products from their
original containers.
Separation for Household
Hazardous Waste
The dangers of mishandling the HHW may have the
potential to:

 cause physical injury to sanitation workers

 contaminate wastewater treatment systems if
poured down drains or toilets
 pollute bodies of water if poured into storm sewers
 present hazards to children and pets if left around
the house
 contaminate ground, ground water and surface
water if sent to unprotected landfills.
Separation for Household
Hazardous Waste
 Examples
 Suggest the optimum size of collection bin (40, 60
80, 120 or 240 litre) for a household with 3
working adults, using data provided below:

Daily waste per household (kg) = 1.120 – 0.125 (DO) + 0.191(FS)

Collection frequency = 3 times per week

Organic Paper Plastic Glass Aluminum Textiles Wood Yard Others

Waste
Waste 45 23 4 4 2 3 3 13 3
composition by
weight
Specific weight 300 90 65 195 160 65 260 590 -
Example
 You are a community activist and believe in
recycling. It has been decided to make two
categories: the first for paper and the second for
everything else.You think that you can get 50% of
the 458 homes to participate. There are 1338 of
residents.You have made a mini-survey of the
paper wastes such as wrappers, packaging and
determined that newspapers are about 1/3 of the
total paper. Determine the size of communal
container (240 litre, 360 litre, 660 litres, or1100
litres).
 Examples
As a local municipal engineer, suggest the optimum size of collection bin for each
household that practice waste compaction on site:

 Daily waste per household (kg) = 1.120 – 0.125 (DO) + 0.191(FS)

 Frequency of dining out (DO) = 1
 Average household size (FS) = 3
 Excess capacity design = 33%
 Collection frequency = 3 times per week
 Collection bin = 40 liters, 60 liters, 80 liters, 120 liters’s, 240 liters’s wheelie bin
Organic Paper Plastic Glass Aluminum Textiles Wood Yard Others
Waste
Waste 45 23 4 4 2 3 3 13 3
composition by
weight
Specific weight 300 90 65 195 160 65 260 590 -

Compaction 5:1 2:1 2:1 - 2:1 - - 5:1 -

ratio (by
volume)
 Examples
As a local municipal engineer, suggest the optimum size
of collection bin for each household that practice
waste compaction on site, and assume that dry
weight is the compacted waste:

 Collection bin = 40 liters, 60 liters, 80 liters, 120

liters’s, 240 liters’s wheelie bin
Organic Paper Plastic Glass Aluminum Textiles Wood Yard Others
Waste
Waste 45 23 4 4 2 3 3 13 3
composition by
weight
Specific weight 300 90 65 195 160 65 260 590 -

Moisture 70 6 2 2 2 10 20 80 -
content by
weight
THANK YOU