MARKING SCHEME

MARKING SCHEME
SKEMA JAWAPAN
SKEMA JAWAPAN

FORM 4 l TINGKATAN 4

CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1 (a)(i) J : Mitochondrion 1
K : Rough endoplasmic reticulum 1
L : Golgi apparatus 1 2

J: Mitokondrion
K: Retikulum endoplasma kasar
L: Jasad Golgi

(a)(ii) Nucleus 1 1

Nukleus
(a)(iii) Controls all activites in the cell. 1 1

Mengawal semua aktiviti dalam sel.

(b)(i) Protein 1 1

Protein
(b) (ii) P1: Encloses / stores protein (synthesized by ribosomes) 1
P2: Transports protein to the Golgi apparatus 1
P3: Fuses with the Golgi apparatus and releases protein into it. 1
1
P1: Encloses / stores protein (disintesis oleh ribosomes)
P2: Mengangkut protein ke peralatan Golgi
P3: Gabungkan dengan peralatan Golgi dan keluarkan protein ke dalamnya.

(Any one)
(c) P1: to increase the total surface area 1
P2: more oxygen / glucose / oxygen and glucose diffuse 1
P3: more oxidation of glucose by oxygen 1
P4: more energy / ATP produced 1
2

P1: untuk meningkatkan jumlah kawasan permukaan P2: lebih banyak

oksigen / glukosa / oksigen dan glukosa meresap P3: pengoksidaan glukosa
lebih banyak dengan oksigen P4: lebih banyak tenaga / ATP dihasilkan
(Any two)
(d) P1 : Y is centriole 1
P2 : (Without centrioles) no spindle fibres formed 1
P3 : during Prophase / Metaphase 1
P4 : chromosomes cannot line up at metaphase plate 1
P5 : No contraction of spindle fibres 1
P6: during Anaphase 1
P7 : Sister chromatids cannot be separated / moved to the opposite poles. 1

I| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P8: Cell division / mitosis cannot be carried out 1
3

P1: Y adalah centriole P2: (Tanpa centrioles) tiada serat spindle terbentuk
P3: semasa Prophase / Metaphase P4: kromosom tidak boleh bersatu pada
plat metaphase P5: Tiada penguncupan serat spindel P6: semasa Anaphase
P7: Kromatid kakak tidak boleh dipisahkan / dipindahkan ke tiang yang
bertentangan
P8: Pembahagian sel / mitosis tidak dapat dijalankan

(P1 and any 2P)

Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
2a(i) P : Vacuole 1
Q : Chloroplast 1 2

P : Vakuol
Q : Kloroplas
a ( ii ) P Stores water in the cell 1 1

P simpan air dalam sel

b(i) Leaf 1
Reason
The leaf has plenty of palisade mesophyll cells ( containing plenty of 1 2
chloroplasts ) // the site for photosynthesis

Daun
Sebab
Daun mempunyai banyak sel mesofil palisade (mengandungi banyak kloroplas) //
tapak untuk fotosintesis

b ( ii ) P1 : X ( granum ) contains plenty of chlorophyll absorb /capture light energy 1

P2 : to produce chemical energy // ATP
P3 : to split / break down the water molecule // photolysis of water 1
P4 : to release oxygen and hydrogen atom 1
1 2
P1: X (granum) mengandungi banyak klorofil menyerap / menangkap tenaga
cahaya
P2: untuk menghasilkan tenaga kimia // ATP
P3: untuk memecah / memecahkan molekul air // fotolisis air
P4: untuk melepaskan oksigen dan atom hidrogen

Any two
b ( iii ) P1 : Photolysis / splitting of water molecules does not occur 1
P2 : No hydrogen atom (is released) to combine with carbon dioxide 1
(during reduction process ) // no reduction of carbon dioxide // no dark
reaction 3
P3 : No glucose is produced 1

P1: Photolysis / pemisahan molekul air tidak berlaku

P2: Tiada atom hidrogen (dibebaskan) untuk bergabung dengan karbon dioksida
(semasa proses pengurangan) // tiada pengurangan karbon dioksida // tiada reaksi

II| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 gelap
P3: Tiada glukosa dihasilkan

c P1 : Cactus is succulent 1
P2 : They store water in stem 1
P3 : Cactus has extensive root system 1 2
P4 : Able to absorb water efficiently 1
P5 : Cactus has waxy cuticle in the leaves and stem 1
P6 : Prevent excessive water loss by transpiration 1

P1: Kaktus adalah lezat

P2: Mereka menyimpan air dalam batang
P3: Kaktus mempunyai sistem akar yang luas
P4: Boleh menyerap air dengan cekap
P5: Kaktus mempunyai kutikula lilin di daun dan batang
P6: Mencegah kehilangan air berlebihan melalui transpirasi

Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
3(a) ( i ) P : Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 1 3
Q: Golgi Apparatus 1
R : Mitochondria 1

P: Reticulum endoplasma kasar

Q: Golgi Apparatus
R: Mitokondria

(a) ( ii ) R : site for cellular respiration // to generate / produce energy 1 1

R: tapak pernafasan selular / untuk menghasilkan / menghasilkan tenaga

(b ) P1 : The nucleus / RNA instructs ribosomes to synthesized 1 4
protein
P2 : The synthesized protein is transported in the Rough 1
Endoplasmic Reticulum / P
P3 : to the transport vesicles 1
P4 : then the Golgi Apparatus / Q packages / modifies / sorts / 1
transports the synthesized proteins / enzymes 1
P5 : to the secretory vesicles to be transported 1
P6 : out of the cell through the plasma membrane

P1: Nukleus / RNA mengarahkan ribosomes untuk disintesis

protein
P2: Protein yang disintesis diangkut dalam Kasar
Retikulum endoplasma / P
P3: kepada vesikel pengangkutan
P4: maka Peralatan Golgi / Q pakej / mengubah / jenis /
mengangkut protein / enzim yang disintesis
P5: kepada vesikel penyembur yang akan diangkut
P6: keluar dari sel melalui membran plasma

Any four
( c )(i) P1 : the ulcer cause erosion to the epithelial lining of the mouth 1 2
P2 : painful when chewing 1

III| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P3 : cause decrease in physical digestion/less chewing 1
P4 : food particle is not small enough/still large in size 1
P5 : total surface area is less (for enzymatic reaction) 1

P1: ulser menyebabkan hakisan ke lapisan epitelium mulut

P2: sakit ketika mengunyah
P3: menyebabkan pengurangan pencernaan fizikal / kurang mengunyah
P4: zarah makanan tidak cukup kecil / saiznya masih besar
P5: jumlah kawasan permukaan kurang (untuk reaksi enzimatik)

Any 2
(c)(ii) P1 : Avoid acidic and spicy food 1
P2 : Brush teeth with soft bristle tooth brush 1 2
P3 : flossing/carry out dental hygiene 1
P4 : Brushing after meal 1
P5 : sufficient vitamin C intake 1

P1: Hindari makanan berasid dan pedas

P2: Berus gigi dengan sikat berus lembut
P3: flossing / menjalankan kebersihan pergigian
P4: Menyikat selepas makan
P5: pengambilan vitamin C cukup

Any 2
Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
4(a) Cardiac muscle tissue Heart (P) 1
Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (Q) 1 2

Tisu otot jantung Jantung (P)

Tisu otot licin Darah (Q)

(b)(i) P1 : P pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body 1

P2 : to supply oxygen to the cells 1 2
P3 : for cellular respiration/to produce energy 1
P4 : to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs 1
P5 : to excrete carbon dioxide 1

P1: P pam darah oksigen ke seluruh badan

P2: untuk membekalkan oksigen ke sel-sel
P3: untuk pernafasan sel / untuk menghasilkan tenaga
P4: untuk mengepam darah deoksigenasi ke paru-paru
P5: untuk mengeluarkan karbon dioksida
Any two suitable answer
(b)(ii) P1 : mitochondrion 1
P2 : to generate energy/ATP for the contraction of heart muscles 1 2

P1: mitokondria
P2: untuk menjana tenaga / ATP untuk penguncupan otot jantung

(c)(i) P1 : through differentiation/specialization 1

IV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P2 : the stem cell becomes specialized cells 1
P3 : such as nerve tissue, muscle tissue and blood tissue/connective tissue 1
2
P1: melalui pembezaan / pengkhususan
P2: sel stem menjadi sel khusus
P3: seperti tisu saraf, tisu otot dan tisu darah / tisu penghubung

Any two
(c)(ii) P1 : stem cell is undifferentiated cell 1
P2 : that can form into any specific cell 1
P3 : able to renew by cell division 1 2

P1: sel stem adalah sel yang tidak dibezakan

P2: yang boleh membentuk mana-mana sel tertentu
P3: dapat diperbaharui oleh pembahagian sel
Any two
(c)(iii) P1 : Stem cell therapy 1
P2 : used for treatment of diseases such as heart disease and 1 2
diabetes
P3 : stem cell as anti-aging 1
P4 : stem cell is used in bone marrow transplant 1
P5 : as a treatment for cancer such as leukemia 1

P1: Terapi sel stem

P2: digunakan untuk rawatan penyakit seperti penyakit jantung dan
diabetes P3: sel stem sebagai anti-penuaan
P4: sel stem digunakan dalam pemindahan sumsum tulang
P5: sebagai rawatan untuk kanser seperti leukemia
Any two
Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
5(a)(i) P1: The main problem faced by Paramecium sp. is the continuous 1
diffusion of water into the cell by osmosis
P2: This is because the external environment is hypotonic then 1
Paramecium sp.
P3: The control of water balance in the cell /osmoregulation is carried 1
out by contractile vacuoles
P4: One at the anterior and the other at the posterior 1
P5: Excess water diffuses into contractile 1
P6: Contractile vacuoles expand to maximum size / the fullest. 1
P7: contractile vacuoleswith move aside and fuse with the plasma 1
membrane
p8: contractile vacoules will contract to expel / remove / excrete/ 1
release the water
P9: This prevent the Paramecium sp. from bursting 1
6
P1: Masalah utama yang dihadapi oleh Paramecium sp. adalah berterusan
penyebaran air ke dalam sel oleh osmosis
P2: Ini kerana persekitaran luaran adalah hipotonik kemudian
Paramecium sp.
P3: Kawalan keseimbangan air dalam sel / osmoregulation dijalankan
oleh vakum kontraksi
P4: Satu di anterior dan yang lain di posterior
P5: Air yang berlebihan meresap ke dalam kontraksi
P6: Vacuoles kontraksi berkembang ke saiz maksimum / sepenuhnya.

V| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P7:vakuol kontraktual dengan mengalihkan dan menggabungkan dengan plasma
membran
p8: vacaval kontrak akan kontrak untuk mengusir / mengeluarkan / mengeluarkan /
melepaskan air
P9: Ini menghalang Paramecium sp. dari pecah
P1: Masalah utama yang dihadapi oleh Paramecium sp. adalah berterusan
penyebaran air ke dalam sel oleh osmosis
P2: Ini kerana persekitaran luaran adalah hipotonik kemudian
Paramecium sp.
P3: Kawalan keseimbangan air dalam sel / osmoregulation dijalankan
oleh vakum kontraksi
P4: Satu di anterior dan yang lain di posterior
P5: Air yang berlebihan meresap ke dalam kontraksi
P6: Vacuoles kontraksi berkembang ke saiz maksimum / sepenuhnya.
P7: vacuoles kontraktual dengan mengalihkan dan menggabungkan dengan plasma
membran
p8: vacaval kontrak akan kontrak untuk mengusir / mengeluarkan / mengeluarkan /
melepaskan air
P9: Ini menghalang Paramecium sp. dari pecah

Any 6
(a)(ii) P1: Amoeba is a unicellular organism / microorganism 1
P2; with a large total surface area to volume ratio 1
P3: made up by the (entire) plasma membrane 1
P4: thus, the exchange of gaseous / carbon dioxide and 1
oxygen can occur through simple
P5: follows the concentration gradient / from a higher concentration region to 1
a lower concentration gradient (as the)
P6: concentration of oxygen in water / environment is higher than in Amoeba 1
/ cell
P7: oxygen diffuses into cell / Amoeba 1
P8: concentration of carbon dioxide in water / environment is lower than in 1
Amoeba / cell
P9: carbon dioxide diffuses out of cell / Amoeba 1
4
P1: Ameba adalah organisma / mikroorganisma uniselular
P2; dengan jumlah luas permukaan yang besar kepada nisbah isipadu
P3: dibuat oleh membran plasma (keseluruhan)
P4: oleh itu, pertukaran gas / karbon dioksida dan
oksigen boleh berlaku melalui mudah
P5: mengikuti kecerunan tumpuan / dari rantau konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi ke
kecerunan tumpuan yang lebih rendah (seperti)
P6: kepekatan oksigen dalam air / persekitaran lebih tinggi daripada Ameba / sel
P7: oksigen tersebar ke dalam sel / Ameba
P8: kepekatan karbon dioksida dalam air / persekitaran lebih rendah daripada
Amoeba / sel
P9: karbon dioksida meresap keluar dari sel / Ameba

Any 4
(b)(i) P1: The tissue consists of xylem vessels joined end to end 1
P2: It has a continuous hollow tube (from the roots to the leaves). 1
P3: The wall are thickened with lignin 1
P4: It is strong / hard / tough / rigid / waterproof 1
P5: forms woody tissues 1
P6: allows the transport of water (and minerals) from the roots to other parts 1
of the plant. 1

VI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P7: (The lignified xylem) gives support / strength to the plant 1
4
P1: Tisu yang terdiri daripada kapal xilem bergabung hujung ke hujung
P2: Ia mempunyai tiub kosong berterusan (dari akar ke daun).
P3: Dinding tebal dengan lignin
P4: Ia adalah kuat / keras / sukar / tegar / kalis air
P5: membentuk tisu berkayu
P6: membolehkan pengangkutan air (dan mineral) dari akar ke bahagian lain
tumbuhan.
P7: (xylem lignified) memberikan sokongan / kekuatan kepada tumbuhan.
Any 4
(b)(ii) P1: The tissues which are found in the stem are vascular tissues, ground
tissues and epidermal tissues. 1
P2: Epidermal tissue is the outermost layer that covers the stem which
forms a protective layer / protect the inner tissue. 1
P3: Ground tissues consist of parenchyma tissues, collenchyma tissues and
sclerenchyma tissues. 1
P4: These tissues form the bulk of the plant / cortex.
P5: (parenchyma tissues, collenchyma tissues and sclerenchyma tissues) 1
support vascular tissue / xylem / phloem. 1
P6: Vascular tissues consist of xylem and phloem
P7: Xylem transports water from roots to other parts of plants / leaves P8: 1
Phloem transports glucose / sucrose / products of photosynthesis 1
substances from leaves to other parts of plant. 1
P9: There is cambium tissue found in between xylem and phloem
P10: Functions in producing new xylem / phloem 1
1
P1: Tisu yang terdapat di batangnya ialah tisu vaskular, tisu tanah dan tisu
epidermis.
P2: Tisu epidermis adalah lapisan terluar yang meliputi batang yang
membentuk lapisan perlindungan / melindungi tisu dalaman.
P3: Tisu tanah terdiri daripada tisu parenkima, tisu kolenkima dan tisu
sklerenkima.
P4: Tisu ini membentuk sebahagian besar tanaman / korteks
. P5: (tisu parenkima, tisu kolenkima dan tisu sklerenkima) menyokong tisu
vaskular / xilem / floem.
P6: Tisu vaskular terdiri daripada xilem dan floem
P7: Xilem mengangkut air dari akar ke bahagian lain tumbuhan / daun
P8: Floem mengangkut glukosa / sukrosa / produk fotosintesis bahan
dari daun ke bahagian lain tumbuhan.
P9: Terdapat tisu kambium yang terdapat di antara xilem dan floem
P10: Fungsi dalam menghasilkan xilem / floem baru
Any 6
TOTAL 20

NO CRITERIA SCORE
6(a) P1 : consists of (upper) epidermal tissue/ layer 1
P2 : which is transparent 1 10
P3 : allows more sunlight to penetrate 1
P4 : (epidermal tissue/ layer) produces waxy cuticle layer 1
P5 : which is waterproof 1
P6 : prevent excessive water loss 1
P7 : consist of mesophyll palisade tissue 1
P8 : contains more chloroplast 1
P9 : traps/absorbs/captures more sunlight 1
P10 : to carry out photosynthesis at higher rate 1

VII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P11 : consist of spongy mesophyll tissue 1
P12 : contains chloroplast 1
P13 : traps/absorbs/captures sunlight 1
P14 : to carry out photosynthesis 1
P15 : (spongy mesophyll tissue) is loosely arranged 1
P16 : creates/provide air spaces 1
P17 : for gaseous exchange 1
P18 : consists of xylem tissue 1
P19 : transport water and mineral ions 1
P20 : consists of phloem tissue 1
P21 : transport glucose/sucrose/product of photosynthesis/ organic 1
substances
P22 : consists of (lower) epidermal tissue/ layer 1
P23 : guard cells control the opening of stoma 1
P24 : allows carbon dioxide to diffuse 1

P1: terdiri daripada tisu epidermis (atas)

P2: yang telus
P3: membolehkan lebih banyak sinar matahari menembusi
P4: (tisu epidermis / lapisan) menghasilkan lapisan kutikula lilin
P5: yang kalis air
P6: mencegah kehilangan air berlebihan
P7: terdiri daripada tisu mesofil palisade
P8: mengandungi lebih banyak kloroplas
P9: perangkap / menyerap / menangkap lebih banyak cahaya matahari
P10: untuk menjalankan fotosintesis pada kadar yang lebih tinggi.
P11: terdiri daripada tisu mesofil spongy
P12: mengandungi chloroplast
P13: perangkap / menyerap / menangkap sinar matahari
P14: untuk menjalankan fotosintesis
P15: (tisu mesofil spongy) diatur secara longgar
P16: mencipta / menyediakan ruang udara
P17: untuk pertukaran gas
P18: terdiri daripada tisu xylem
P19: pengangkutan air dan ion mineral
P20: terdiri daripada tisu phloem
P21: pengangkutan glukosa / sukrosa / produk fotosintesis / bahan organik
P22: terdiri daripada tisu epidermis (bawah)
P23: sel penjaga mengawal pembukaan stoma
P24: membolehkan karbon dioksida meresap
Any 10
(b) P1: Nucleus 1
P2: contains DNA which carry the information for the synthesis of enzyme 1 10
P3 : Ribosome
P4 : Synthesises the protein 1
P5 : Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 1
P6 : transport the protein 1
P7 : Transport vesicle 1
P8 : (bud off from RER) to transport protein to Golgi Apparatus 1
P9 : fused with GA 1
P10 : Golgi apparatus 1
P11 : modifies protein into enzymes 1
P12 : Secretory vesicle 1
P13 : containing/enclosing enzyme (bud off from GA) 1
P14 : (secretory vesicle) transports enzyme to plasma membrane 1
P15 : It fuses with plasma membrane 1

VIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P16 : releases enzyme outside 1
1
P1: Nukleus
P2: mengandungi DNA yang membawa maklumat untuk sintesis enzim
P3: Ribosom
P4: Menyelaraskan protein
P5: retikulum endoplasma kasar (REK)
P6: mengangkut protein
P7: Pengangkutan vesicle
P8: (keluar dari REK) untuk mengangkut protein ke jasad golgi
P9: bersatu dengan jasaad golgi
P10:Jasad Golgi
P11: mengubah protein menjadi enzim
P12: vesicle rahsia
P13: enzim yang mengandungi / melambatkan (keluar dari JG)
P14: (vesicle penyembur) mengangkut enzim ke membran plasma
P15: Ia bersatu dengan membran plasma
P16: mengeluarkan enzim di luar
Any 10
TOTAL 20

MOVEMENT OF THE SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1 (a) K – Hypotonic solution 1
L – Hypertonic solution 1 2

K – larutan hipotesik
L – larutan hipertonik

(b) Solution K 1
P1 : the strip cell become longer/ thicker/ turgid/firm. 1
P2 : the strip curves outwards.
P2: Solute concentration in K is lower than the cell sap //Solution 1
K is hypotonic to the cell sap of the epidermal cell.
P3 : water diffuse into the cell. 1
P4 : by osmosis 1
P5 : plasma membrane is pushed against the cell wall// Turgor pressure exist 1
in the cell / vacuole

Larutan K
P1: sel strip menjadi lebih panjang / tebal / turgid / firma.
P2: jalur melengkung ke luar. 1
P2: Kepekatan larut dalam K adalah lebih rendah daripada larutan sap // larutan 1
K adalah hipotonik pada sel sel epidermis. 1
P3: air meresap ke dalam sel.
P4: oleh osmosis 1
P5: membran plasma ditekan terhadap dinding sel // Tekanan Turgor wujud di dalam 1
sel / vakum 1
4
(Any two)
Solution L
P1 : the strip cell become shorter/thinner/softer/plasmolysed.

IX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P2 : the strip curves inwards.
P2: Solute concentration in K is higher than the cell sap //Solution
L is hypertonic to the cell sap of the epidermal cell.
P3 : there is a net outflow of water from the vacuoles
P4 : by osmosis
P5 : the cytoplasm shrinks// the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell
wall

larutan L
P1: sel strip menjadi lebih pendek / nipis / lebih lembut / plasmolysed P2:
lengkung jalur ke dalam.
P2: Kepekatan larut dalam K lebih tinggi daripada larutan sap // larutan
L adalah hipertonik kepada sel sel epidermis.
P3: terdapat aliran keluar air bersih dari vakum
P4: oleh osmosis
P5: sitoplasma mengecut / membran plasma menarik diri dari dinding sel

(Any two)
(c) (i) the cells become plasmolysed . 1 1

sel-sel menjadi plasmolisis.

(ii) Able to explain the answer in (c)(i)
Sample answer :
E1 : the soils become hypertonic / the soil water is more concentrated than 1
the cell sap of plant roots. 2
E2 : water diffuses from the cell sap into the soil 1
E3 : by osmosis. 1
(Any two)

Boleh menjelaskan jawapan dalam (c) (i)

Jawapan sampel:
E1: tanah menjadi hipertonik / air tanah lebih pekat daripada sap sel akar
tumbuhan
. E2: air meresap dari sap sel ke dalam tanah
E3: oleh osmosis.
(d) Able to explain the effect of high level of glucose on red blood cells
Sample answer:
P1: RBC crenates 1
P2: RBC in hypertonic solution//high level of sugar 1
P3: Water from RBC diffuse out 1
P4: By osmosis 1 3
(Any three)

Boleh menjelaskan kesan glukosa yang tinggi pada sel darah merah
Jawapan sampel:
P1: Rren crenates
P2: RBC dalam larutan hipertonik // tahap gula tinggi
P3: Air dari RBC meresap
P4: Dengan osmosis
TOTAL 12

X| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 NO CRITERIA SCORE
2 (a) K – Phospholipid(s) 1
L – Pore protein 1 2
M – Carrier protein 1

K – fosfolipid
L - protein liang
M – protein pembawa
(b) (i) P1 : (Each molecule is) made up of head and tail. 1
P2 : The head is hydrophilic / polar / soluble in water, and the tails are 1 2
hydrophobic / hydrocarbon chains / insoluble in water.

P1: (Setiap molekul adalah) terdiri daripada kepala dan ekor.

P2: Kepala hidrofilik / polar / larut dalam air, dan ekor adalah hidrofobik
hidrokarbon rantai / tidak larut dalam air.
(b) (ii) P1 : Fatty acids / fats / lipids / glycerol /vitamins A, D, E,K 1
P2 :Soluble in fats / lipid 1
or or
P3 : Water / oxygen / carbon dioxide 1
P4:Verysmall(molecule) 1 2
P1: Asid lemak / lemak / lipid / gliserol / vitamin A, D, E, K
P2: Larut dalam lemak / lipid
Atau
P3: Air / oksigen / karbon dioksida
P4: Sangat kecil (molekul)

(c) (i) P1 : By (simple) diffusion. 1

P2:From higher concentration to lower concentration (of oxygen)./ down the 1
concentration gradient
P3 : Through the protein pore / (phospho)lipid layer / K. 1 2

P1: Dengan penyebaran (mudah).

P2: Dari kepekatan yang lebih tinggi ke kepekatan yang rendah (oksigen) ./ ke bawah
kecerunan tumpuan
P3: Melalui lapisan protein / (phospho) lapisan lipid / K.
(Any two)
(c) (ii) P1 : Glucose and amino acid are big molecules 1
P2 : These molecules enter the cell through the carrier proteins 1
P3 : Carrier protein have specific shape / site. 1
2
P1: Asid glukosa dan asid amino adalah molekul besar
P2: Molekul ini memasuki sel melalui protein pembawa
P3: Protein pembawa mempunyai bentuk / tapak tertentu.
(Any two) Tera
(d) P1 : The (active sites on the) carrier proteins are denatured / destroyed. 1
P2 : Potassium ions are not transported into (the cells of) the weed plants or 1
No active transport of potassium ions.
P3 : No energy / ATP produced / available 1 3

P1: Protein pembawa (tapak aktif pada) adalah disengaja / dimusnahkan.

P2: Ion kalium tidak diangkut ke dalam (sel-sel) tumbuhan rumpai atau
Tiada pengangkutan kalium ion aktif.
P3: Tiada tenaga / ATP dihasilkan / tersedia
TOTAL 13

VI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 NO CRITERIA SCORE
3 (a) Solution X : hypotonic solution 1 2
Solution Y : hypertonic solution 1

Larutan X : Larutan hipotonik

Larutan Y : Larutan isotonik
(b) Plant cell in solution X : Turgid 1 2
Plant cell in solution Y : Flaccid/ Plasmolysed 1

Sel tumbuhan larutan X : segah

Sel tumbuhan larutan Y : flasid/plasmolisis
(c) Diagram 2.2 ( a ) 4
E1 : Solute concentration in Y is lower than the cell sap //Solution 1
Y is hypertonic to plant cell
E2 : water diffuse out from the cell 1
E3 : by osmosis 1
E4 : plasma membrane is pulled away / detach from the cell wall 1
E5 : vacuole shrinks/ smaller 1

Rajah 2.2 (a)

E1: Kepekatan larut dalam Y adalah lebih rendah daripada sap / // Solusi sel
Y adalah hipertonik kepada sel tumbuhan
E2: air meresap keluar dari sel
E3: oleh osmosis
E4: membran plasma ditarik jauh / keluar dari dinding sel
E5: vakuol cecair / lebih kecil
Any four
(d) E1 : Turgidity / Cell turgid 1 2
E2 : Turgor pressure exist in the cell / vacuole 1
E3 : gives support to the plant 1

E1: segah/sel segah

E2: Tekanan turgor wujud dalam sel / vakum
E3: memberi sokongan kepada
Any two
(e) E1: Evaporation of water ( in the hot sun ) 1 2
E2 : the (fish’s) cell become dehydrated/ dry / less water 1
E4 : Bacteria/Fungi/ microorganism unable to grow/ reproduced. 1
E5 : Fishes last longer / not decayed 1

E1: Penyejatan air (di bawah panas matahari)

E2: sel (ikan) menjadi air kering / kering / kurang dehidrasi
E4: Bakteria / Kulat / mikroorganisma tidak dapat berkembang / dihasilkan
semula.
E5: Ikan bertahan lebih lama / tidak busuk
Any two
TOTAL 12

VII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 NO CRITERIA SCORE
4 (a) P1 : At high temperature, cholestrol interferes with the movement of the 1
phospholipid fatty acid chains
P2 : making the outer part of the membranes less fluid 1
P3 : and reducing its permeability to small molecules. 1
P4 : At low temperature, cholestrol interferes with interaction between fatty 1
acid chains
P5 : preventing membrane from freezing 1
P6 : and maintains membrane fluidity 1
4
P1: Pada suhu tinggi, kolestrol mengganggu pergerakan asid fosfat asid lemak
P2: membuat bahagian luar membran kurang bendalir
P3: dan mengurangkan kebolehtelapannya kepada molekul kecil.
P4: Pada suhu rendah, kolestrol mengganggu interaksi antara rantai asid lemak
P5: menghalang membran daripada membeku
P6: dan mengekalkan ketidakstabilan membran.

Any four
(b) Able to explain how the preservatives are effective in preservation of fish.

P1 : (The fish is immersed in) the salt solution which is hypertonic to the fish
tissues/cell/body. 1
P2 : More water diffuses out/go/move out by osmosis from the fish tissues
into the salt solution by osmosis. 1
P3 : The fish becomes dehydrated//less water in fish/fish loses water/fish cell
become plasmolysed. (REJECT; SHRINKS) 1
P4 : This prevents bacterial growth (in the fish tissues)//kill
bacteria/microorganisms//not suitable for bacteria to grow. 1
P5 : The bacterial cells are also plasmolysed//crenated.
P6 : This prevents decay of fish// fish last longer. (REJECT; PREVENT 1
SPOIL, ACCEPT; PREVENT DECOMPOSE) 1

Boleh menjelaskan bagaimana pengawet adalah berkesan dalam

pemeliharaan ikan.
P1: (Ikan direndam dalam) larutan garam yang hipertonik kepada tisu ikan /
sel / badan.
P2: Lebih banyak air tersebar keluar / pergi / dipindahkan oleh osmosis dari 1
tisu ikan ke dalam larutan garam oleh osmosis. 1
P3: Ikan menjadi dehidrasi // kurang air dalam ikan / ikan kehilangan air / sel 1
ikan menjadi plasmolisis. 1
P4: Ini menghalang pertumbuhan bakteria (dalam tisu ikan) // membunuh 1
bakteria / mikroorganisma // tidak sesuai untuk bakteria berkembang. P5: Sel 8
bakteria juga plasmolysed // crenated.
P6: Ini menghalang pereputan ikan / ikan lebih lama lagi.

Able to explain how the preservatives are effective in preservation of

vegetable.

P1 : (Vegetables are immersed in) vinegar which is acidic/has low pH.

P2 : Vinegar diffuses into the vegetables (tissues).
P3 : (The vegetables) tissues become acidic/have low pH.
P4 : (The low pH) prevents bacterial growth (in the tissues).
P5 : This prevent decay of (the vegetables)//last longer.

VII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Boleh menjelaskan bagaimana pengawet adalah berkesan dalam pemeliharaan
sayuran.

P1: (Sayur-sayuran direndam dalam) cuka yang berasid / mempunyai pH rendah.

P2: Cuka meresap ke dalam sayur-sayuran (tisu).
P3: (Tisu) tisu menjadi berasid / mempunyai pH yang rendah.
P4: (pH rendah) menghalang pertumbuhan bakteria (dalam tisu).
P5: Ini menghalang kerosakan (sayur-sayuran) // lebih lama.

Any 8M
(c)
SIMILARITIES
1
P1 : Both methods of transportation need carrier proteins (in the cell
membrane)
1
P2 : to bind with the molecules/ions/substances/eg. K+, Na+.
1
1
P1: Kedua-dua kaedah pengangkutan protein pembawa perlu (dalam membran
sel)
1
P2: untuk mengikat dengan molekul / ion / bahan / contohnya. K +, Na +.
1
P3 : Both transport specific molecules only/ eg. K+, Na+ 1
P4 : because the carrier protein have specific sites/protein (to certain ANY 4
molecules).

P3: Kedua-dua pengangkutan molekul tertentu sahaja / contohnya. K +,

Na +
P4: kerana protein pengangkut mempunyai tapak / protein tertentu 1
(kepada molekul tertentu).
P5 : Both processes occur in living cells 1
P6 : because the carrier proteins can/need change shape (to allow
substances to move across). 1
P5: Kedua-dua proses berlaku dalam sel hidup
P6: kerana protein pembawa boleh / memerlukan perubahan bentuk 1
(untuk membolehkan bahan bergerak).
P7 : Both processes transport substances which cannot pass through 1
the phospholipid layer of the cell membrane.
1
P7: Kedua-dua proses bahan pengangkutan yang tidak boleh melalui
lapisan fosfolipid membran sel.
1

DIFFERENCES
FACILITATED DIFFUSION ACTIVE TRANSPORT 1
ANY 4
Down concentration gradient// Against concentration gradient//
8
Kecerunan tumpuan bawah // Terhadap kecerunan tumpuan //
Molecules moves from a region of Molecules moves from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration to a region of
lower concentration higher concentration

Molekul bergerak dari rantau Molekul bergerak dari rantau

kepekatan yang lebih tinggi ke kepekatan yang lebih rendah ke

VIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 kawasan kepekatan yang lebih rendah kawasan kepekatan yang lebih
tinggi
Molecules move in both directions Molecules move in one direction
across the plasma membrane across the plasma membrane

Molekul bergerak ke arah kedua-dua Molekul bergerak ke satu arah

arah membran plasma merentasi membran plasma
Molecules can move through
carrier proteins
Molecules can move through pore
Detect language
proteins/carrier proteins
English
Molekul boleh bergerak melalui
Molekul boleh bergerak melalui
protein liang / protein pembawa
protein pembawa

No ATP/energy is used ATP/Energy is used

Tiada ATP / tenaga digunakan Ada ATP/tenaga digunakan

(molecules can move through)
pore protein without
Need energy for binding at active
binding//Carrier protein for binding
site
(molekul boleh bergerak melalui)
Perlu tenaga untuk mengikat di
protein liang tanpa mengikat //
tapak aktif
Protein pengangkut untuk
mengikat
Molecules move through pore Molecules move through carrier
protein and carrier protein protein

Molekul bergerak melalui protein Molekul bergerak melalui protein

pori dan protein pembawa
Can/could achieve equilibrium
Boleh / boleh mencapai
keseimbangan
pembawa
Will not achieve/reach
equilibrium//inhibited by respiratory
poison (eg. Cyanide)
Tidak akan mencapai / mencapai
keseimbangan // dihalang oleh racun
pernafasan (contohnya Cyanide)

TOTAL 20

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1(a)(i) 3
P Q R
15oC 35oC 65oC 1+1+1

(ii) 6
At 15°C: 1
P1: Cloth P has less stain left 1
P2: The enzyme is inactive / not active at low temperature 1
P3: The rate of enzymatic activity is low.

IX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 At 35°C 1
P1: Cloth Q has no more stain left // The amount of stain left is
zero 1
P2: 35oC is the optimum temperature for enzymatic activity / to 1
digest the fat stains efficiently
P3: The rate of enzymatic activity is the highest. 1
1
At 65°C: 1
P1: Cloth R has the largest amount of fat stains left
P2: The enzyme denatured at high temperature
P3: unable to digest the fat stains

Pada suhu 15 ° C:
P1: pakaian P mempunyai kurang kotoran
P2: Enzim tidak aktif / tidak aktif pada suhu rendah
P3: Kadar aktiviti enzimatik adalah rendah.

Pada 35 ° C
P1: pakaian Q tidak mempunyai lagi kotoran // Jumlah kotoran adalah
sifar
P2: 35oC adalah suhu optimum untuk aktiviti enzimatik / mencerna
kotoran lemak dengan cekap
P3: Kadar aktiviti enzimatik adalah yang tertinggi

Pada 65 ° C:
P1: pakaian R mempunyai jumlah terbesar lemak yang tersisa
P2: Enzim tersebut dinyahsir pada suhu tinggi
P3: tidak dapat mencerna kotoran lemak

(b) P1: Add alcohol to the stains (to breakdown the fat into tiny fat 1 1
droplets)
P2: Add in sodium carbonate to washing powder 1

P1: Tambah alkohol ke kotoran (untuk memecahkan lemak ke dalam lemak kecil
titisan)
P2: Masukkan natrium karbonat untuk mencuci serbuk
(c) Lipase 1 1

Lipase
(d) F: Protease 1 2
P1: acts on /digest blood stains 1
P2: removed stains from the cloth 1

F: Protease
P1: bertindak pada / mencerna kotoran darah
P2: kotoran yang dikeluarkan dari kain
TOTAL 12

X| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 NO CRITERIA SCORE
2 (a) Molecules P : Amino acids 1 2
Molecules Q : Dipeptides 1

Molekul P: Asid amino

Molekul Q: Dipeptida
(b)(i) Process X : 2
P1 : Condensation of amino acids / (molecules) P // (Two unit of) 1
amino acids / (molecules) P combine / link and water (molecules)
are released.
P2 : Peptide bond formed (between amino acids / P). 1

Proses X:
P1: Pemeluwapan asid amino / (molekul) P // (Dua unit)
asid amino / (molekul) P gabungan / pautan dan air (molekul)
dibebaskan.
P2: Ikatan peptida terbentuk (antara asid amino / P)
(ii) Process Y : 2
P1 : Hydrolysis of dipeptides / (molecules) Q // Dipeptides / Q is 1
broken down by water (molecules).
P2 :Peptide bonds are broken down. 1

Proses Y:
P1: Hidrolisis dipeptida / (molekul) Q // Dipeptida / Q ialah dipecahkan
oleh air (molekul).
P2: Peptide bonds dipecahkan.
(c) (i) Stomach / Ileum / Small intestine/duodenum 1 1

Perut / Ileum / usus kecil / duodenum

Pepsin / Erepsin/ Peptidase/ Trypsin / Protease 1 1
(ii) Note:
The enzyme named is related to the organ stated in I(i).

Pepsin / Erepsin / Peptidase / Trypsin / Protease Catatan: Enzim yang

dinamakan berkaitan dengan organ yang dinyatakan dalam I (i).
(d) P1 : Use (warm) water with temperature of 37ºC. 1 2
P2 :This is an optimum temperature for enzyme (activity) 1
// Enzymes work best at this temperature.
OR
P1 : Add a little vinegar / acid (in the water) 1
P2 :Enzymes / pepsin work best in an acidic medium. 1
OR
P1 : Add more soap / alkali solution (in the water) 1
P2 : Enzymes / trypsin / protease work best in an alkaline medium. 1

P1: Gunakan air (hangat) dengan suhu 37ºC.

P2: Ini adalah suhu optimum untuk enzim (aktiviti)
// Enzim berfungsi paling baik pada suhu ini.
ATAU
P1: Tambah sedikit cuka / asid (di dalam air)
P2: Enzim / pepsin berfungsi dengan baik dalam medium berasid.
ATAU
P1: Tambah lebih banyak penyelesaian sabun / alkali (di dalam air)
P2: Enzim / trypsin / protease berfungsi dengan baik dalam medium alkali.

IX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Terangkan perkaitan pernyataan ini dengan kesihatan tulang wanita itu
(e) P1 : Processing/ modifying/ packaging/ sorting/ transporting of the 1 2
synthesised protein / carbohydrates/ glycoproteins/
phospholipids could not be carried out
P2 : Resulting thesynthesised protein/ carbohydrates/ 1
glycoproteins are not able to be released out of the cell through the
plasma membrane.

P1: Memproses / mengubah / membungkus / menyortir / mengangkut

disintesis protein / karbohidrat / glikoprotein / phospholipid tidak
boleh dijalankan
P2: Hasil protein / karbohidrat thesynthesised / glikoprotein tidak dapat
dikeluarkan dari sel melalui membran plasma.
(f)(i) E1- protease is the substance that can be used to removed the flesh, 1 2
mucus, tissue and hair is removed from the animal skin 1
E2- because flesh, mucus, tissue and hair are made up from protein. 1
E3- Protease can be used to hydrolyse protein and cleaning the
animal skin

E1- protease adalah bahan yang boleh digunakan untuk menghilangkan daging,
lendir, tisu dan rambut dikeluarkan dari kulit haiwan
E2- kerana daging, lendir, tisu dan rambut terdiri daripada protein.
E3- Protease boleh digunakan untuk hidrolisis protein dan membersihkannya
kulit haiwan
(f)(ii) E1- When the flesh, mucus, tissue and hair from the animal 1 2
skin, the microorganism cannot grow because they have no
sources of food 1
E2- drying process will be done after tanning process and all the 1
water is removed
E3- microorganism cannot grow without water and decaying
process do not happen

E1- Apabila daging, lendir, tisu dan rambut dari binatang itu
kulit, mikroorganisma tidak boleh tumbuh kerana mereka tidak mempunyai
sumber makanan
Proses pengeringan E2 akan dilakukan selepas proses penyamakan dan semua
air dikeluarkan
Mikroorganisma E3 tidak boleh tumbuh tanpa air dan membusuk
proses tidak berlaku
TOTAL 16

X| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 NO CRITERIA SCORE
3 (a) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 1 1

Karbon,hydrogen,oksigen dan nitrogen

(b)(i) P : Tertiary 1 3
Q: Quaternary 1
R: Primary 1

(ii) P1 : An overall 3-dimensional shape of a single protein molecule. 1 2

P2 : A polypeptide chain folds onto itself to produce a protein of tertiary 1
structure

P1: Bentuk 3-dimensi keseluruhan molekul protein tunggal.

P2: Rantai polipeptida melipat ke dirinya sendiri untuk menghasilkan protein
struktur tersier
I 3 3

(d)
Essential amino acid
The body is unable to
make/make only in
inadequate quantity
Tubuh tidak dapat membuat
/ membuat hanya dalam
kuantiti yang tidak
mencukupi
Need to be consumed from
the diet
1
Non-essential amino acid
The body can make in large 1
enough quantities
Tubuh boleh membuat
kuantiti yang cukup besar 1
Formed in the body cells
from other amino acid

Perlu dimakan dari diet Dibentuk dalam sel-sel badan

daripada asid amino lain
Any 1
(e ) P1 : Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme which is a protein. 1 2
P2 : It reacts at its optimum in acidic medium. 1
P3 :It will be permanently denatured at pH 11. 1

P1: Pepsin adalah enzim proteolitik yang merupakan protein.

P2: Ia bertindak balas terhadap medium berasid yang optimum.
P3: Ia akan kekal denatured secara kekal di pH 11.
TOTAL 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
4(a)(i) Organ P : small intestine 1 2
Organ Q : liver 1

Organ P: usus kecil

Organ Q: hati
(ii) Molecule K : maltose 1 3

XI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Molekul K: maltosa 1
1
Molecule M : glucose
Enzyme L : maltase

Molekul M: glukosa
Enzim L: maltase
(b) P1 : enzyme L is highly specific, it means that it can only catalyse 1 2
one kind of enzyme.
P2 : enzyme L is not used up / destroyed at the end of the process. 1

P1: enzim L sangat spesifik, ia bermakna ia hanya dapat memangkinkan

satu jenis enzim.
P2: Enzim L tidak digunakan / dimusnahkan pada akhir proses.
I P1 : molecule M will be oxidised by oxygen to produce energy 1 2
activities / movement.
P2 : muscle cells need molecule M to carry out cellular respiration to 1
produce energy.
P3 : muscle cells need to produce a lot of energy to carry out body 1

P1: molekul M akan dioksidakan oleh oksigen untuk menghasilkan tenaga

aktiviti / pergerakan.
P2: sel-sel otot memerlukan molekul M untuk menjalankan pernafasan sel
menghasilkan tenaga.
P3: sel-sel otot perlu menghasilkan banyak tenaga untuk menjalankan badan
TOTAL 9

NO CRITERIA SCORE
5(a) 10
P1: Nucleus contains DNA / genetic information 1
Nukleus mengandungi DNA / maklumat genetik

P2: for protein synthesis 1

untuk sintesis protein

1
P3: RNA copies the information from the DNA for the use in enzyme
synthesis.
RNA menyalin maklumat daripada DNA untuk kegunaan proses
sintesis protein

P4: The RNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes (on the
rough endoplasmic reticulum)
RNA meninggalkan nukleus dan melekat pada ribosom (pada 1
jalinan endoplasma kasar)

P5: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. 1

Ribosom ialah tapak bagi sintesis protein.

XII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P6: The proteins produced are transported into the rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
Protein yang terhasil akan diangkut ke dalam jalinan endoplasma
kasar 1
P7: The protein are then transported by the transport vesicles
Protein kemudian, diangkut oleh vesikel angkutan
1
P8: to Golgi apparatus.
ke jasad Golgi. 1

P9: In Golgi apparatus, the proteins are modified into enzymes

Dalam jasad Golgi, protein dimodifikasi/ubahsuai kepada enzim 1

P10: Enzymes are packed in secretory vesicles 1

Enzim dibungkus dalam vesikel rembesan

P11: to be transported to the plasma membrane to be released outside

the cell.
untuk diangkut ke membran plasma untuk dirembes keluar
daripada sel.
Any 10Ps

(b)(i) P1: Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of metabolic 1 4
reaction.
Enzim adalah pemangkin biologi yang meningkatkan kadar tindak
balas metabolisme.

P2: Allows many biochemical processes to occur. 1

Membolehkan banyak proses biokimia berlaku dalam sel

P3: Enzymes speed up the rate of biochemical reaction in the cells 1

Enzim mempercepatkan tindak balas biokimia dalam sel-sel

P4: Enzymes lower the activation energy, needed to start a 1

biochemical reaction.
Enzim menurunkan tenaga pengaktifan, yang diperlukan untuk
memulakan tindak balas biokimia.
P5: (This) allows biochemical reactions to take place quickly at a 1
moderate temperature in living organisms.
(Ini) membolehkan tindak balas biokimia berlaku dengan cepat
pada suhu sederhana dalam organisma hidup.

P6: The specificity of enzymes also allows biochemical reaction to 1

occur systematically / sequentially /in a controlled manner.
Enzim bersifat spesifik juga membolehkan tindak balas biokimia
berlaku secara sistematik / berturut-turut / secara terkawal.
Any 4Ps

(b)(ii) P1: Enzymes are very sensitive to changes in temperature. 1 6

Enzim sangat sensitif terhadap perubahan suhu.
P2: At low temperature, the rate of enzyme reaction takes place slowly. 1
Pada suhu rendah, kadar tindak balas enzim berlaku dengan
perlahan

XIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P3: As the temperature increases, the movement of substrate 1
molecules increases.
Apabila suhu meningkat, pergerakan molekul substrat meningkat.
P4: Increases their chances of colliding with one another and / with
active sites of the enzymes molecules. 1
Meningkatkan peluang enzim berlanggaran antara satu sama lain
dan / dengan tapak aktif molekul enzim.
P5: The reaction between substrates and enzymes is accelerated.
Tindak balas antara substrat dan enzim dipercepatkan / meningkat. 1

P6: At optimum temperature / 37oC, an enzyme catalyses a reaction at

the maximum rate.
Pada suhu optimum / 37oC, enzim memangkinkan tindak balas 1
pada kadar maksimum.
P7: Beyond the optimum temperature, any increase in temperature will
not longer increase the rate of reaction.
Melepasi suhu optimum, sebarang kenaikan suhu tidak lagi akan 1
meningkatkan kadar tindak balas.
P8: At high temperature, the bonds (that hold enzyme molecules
together) begin to break.
Pada suhu tinggi, ikatan (yang memegang molekul enzim 1
bersama) mula putus
P9: Altering the three-dimensional shape of enzymes // destroying their
active sites.
Mengubah bentuk tiga dimensi enzim // memusnuhkan tapak aktif 1
enzim
P10: The substrate can no longer fit into active sites of the enzymes
Substrate tidak lagi sepadan dengan tapak aktif enzim 1
P11 The enzymes loses their activities // are said to be denatured.
Enzim kehilangan aktiviti mereka // alami denaturasi / nyahasli 1
Any 6Ps
TOTAL 20

CELL DIVISION

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1. (a)(i) Able to name stage Q. 1

Answer
Anaphase 1

Anafasa
(a) (ii) Able to explain the chromosomal behaviour in stage S. 2

Sample answer :
P1: The spindle fibre holds on the centromere of the chromosomes (at both 1
sides)
P2 : The chromosomes are arranged / aligned at the equatorial plate / 1
metaphase plate.

Boleh menerangkan kelakuan kromosom di peringkat S.

Jawapan sampel:
P1: Serat spindle memegang centromere kromosom (di kedua-dua sisi)

XIV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P2: Kromosom disusun / disejajarkan di plat khatulistiwa / plat metafase.

1 (b) Able to state two mutagens that might cause cancer 2

Answer:
Carcinogen // chemical substances that cause cancer //any example of
carcinogen 1

Radiations // any example of radiation 1

(Extremely) high temperature 1

Any 2 2

Boleh menyatakan dua mutagen yang mungkin menyebabkan kanser

Jawapan: Karsinogen // bahan-bahan kimia yang menyebabkan kanser //

apa-apa contoh karsinogen

Radiasi // apa-apa contoh radiasi

(Sangat) suhu tinggi

1.(c) Able to explain another two preventive methods to prevent cancer. 4

Sample answer
F1: Avoid radiation exposure // Apply sunblock 1
P1: Radiations / UV has high penetration 1
P2: Changes the structure of gene 1

F2: Do not consume food containing preservatives/colouring / 1

flavouring/carcinogen // No smoking // Do not consume alcoholic drink
P3: (Preservatives/colouring / flavouring/carcinogen / chemical substance /
alcohol) diffuse into cell 1

F3: Do not being in an area that is (extremely) high temperature.

P4: Protein produced will be denatured. 1
1
Any 2F and 2P
Jawapan sampel 4
F1: Elakkan pendedahan radiasi // Guna sunblock
P1: Radiasi / UV mempunyai penembusan yang tinggi
P2: Perubahan struktur gen

F2: Jangan makan makanan yang mengandungi pengawet / pewarna / perasa /

karsinogen // Tidak merokok // Jangan gunakan minuman beralkohol
P3: (Pengawet / pewarna / perisa / karsinogen / bahan kimia / alkohol) meresap ke
dalam sel

F3: Jangan berada di kawasan yang sangat (sangat) suhu tinggi.

P4: Protein yang dihasilkan akan disengaja
1 (d) Able to name the treatment and explain how the treatment treats the patient 3

Sample answer
T1: Chemoteraphy
E1: Specific dosage of chemical substance 1
E2: damage / used to kill cancerous cells 1

XV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 1
T2: Radioteraphy
E3: Specific dosage of radiation / gamma ray 1
E4: radiated to the cancerous cells / part 1
E5: damage / used to kill cancerous cells 1
1
T3: Immunisation / Vaccination
E6: Specific dosage of vaccine / HPV vaccine 1
E7: given to a healthy individual / female teenager 1
E8: to stimulate the production of antibodies above level of immunity 1
1
T1 + E1 + E2
or T2 + Any 2E from E3 / E4 / E5
or T3 + Any 2E from E6 / E7 / E8 3
Mampu menamakan rawatan dan menerangkan bagaimana rawatan merawat pesakit

Jawapan sampel
T1: Chemoteraphy
E1: Dos tertentu bahan kimia
E2: kerosakan / digunakan untuk membunuh sel kanser

T2: Radioterapi
E3: Dos sinaran spesifik / sinar gamma
E4: dipancarkan ke sel-sel kanser / bahagian
E5: kerosakan / digunakan untuk membunuh sel kanser

T3: Imunisasi / Vaksinasi

E6: Dosis vaksin / HPV vaksin spesifik
E7: diberikan kepada remaja lelaki / wanita yang sihat
E8: untuk merangsang pengeluaran antibodi di atas tahap imuniti

Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
2 (a)(i) (Able to name stages X and Y . 2
Answer: X : Prophase I 1
Y : Metaphase I 1

X : Profasa I
Y : Metafasa I
(ii) Able to explain the differences in chromosomal behaviour at X and Y. 2

Mampu menjelaskan perbezaan dalam perilaku kromosom pada X dan Y

Sample Answer:
Prophase I // Profasa I
(Paired homologous
chromosomes) are arranged
randomly.
(Kromosom homolog
berkomputer) disusun secara
rawak.
Spindle fibre does not hold on
the centromere of the
chromosomes .
Metaphase I // Metafasa I 1
(Paired homologous
chromosomes) are arranged on
the metaphase plate / equatorial
plane.
1
(Kromosom homolog yang
sepasang) disusun pada plat
metafasa / kapal khatulistiwa.
Spindle fibre holds on the 1
centromere of the chromosomes.

XVI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Serat spindel tidak berpusat
pada sentromer kromosom.
(The homologous
chromosomes paired and)
crossing over take place.
Serat spindle memegang sentromer
kromosom
(The homologous chromosomes
paired) crossing over does not
take place.

(Kromosom homologous (Kromosom homologous

berpasangan dan) dipasangkan) melintasi tidak
menyeberangi tempat. berlaku.

Any 2
(b)(i) P1 : Four daughter cells formed 2
P2 : Each daughter cell has two chromosomes / haploid / n 1
1
P1: Empat sel anak terbentuk
P2: Setiap sel anak mempunyai dua kromosom / haploid / n
(ii) Able to state the chromosome number in the daughter cell and give reason 2
for the answer.
Six (chromosomes)
Reason: 1
(During meiosis) the daughter cell / n receives half
The number of chromosome from the parent cell / 2n // 1
Daughter cell haploid / n, daughter cell diploid / 2n 1

Boleh menyatakan nombor kromosom di sel anak dan memberi alasan untuk
jawapannya.
Enam (kromosom)
Sebab:
(Semasa meiosis) sel / anak menerima separuh
Bilangan kromosom dari sel induk / 2n //
Daun sel haploid / n, anak diploid / 2n

NO CRITERIA SCORE
2. (a)(i) Able to name phases K and M . 2

Answer:
K : Anaphase I 1
M : Metaphase I 1
(ii) Able to explain the differences in phases K and M.

K : Anafasa I
M : Metafasa I 2
1
Sample Answer:
K: Anaphase I // Anafasa I M: Metaphase I // Metafasa I
Homologous chromosomes Homologous chromosomes are
separated arranged / aligned / lined up on 1
the metaphase plate / equatorial
plane.
Spindle fibres contract and pull Spindle fibre holds on the 1
the centromere ( of the centromer of the chromosomes.
chromosomes ). 2
Chromosomes move to the Chomosomes do not move to the
2.(b) opposite poles opposite poles

XVII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Any 2 1
Able to explain the importance of chromosomal behavior in phase J that 1
leads to better survival of the spesies.
1
Sample answer: 1
P1 : Non sister chromatids of a homolog chromosome
P2: will undergo crossing over 1
P3: (non-sister chromatid) will receive new gene / genetic 2
information / genetic materials 2
P4: Leads to variation
P5: organisme can adapt better with the environment /
2. (c) accept any suitable explanation

Mampu menjelaskan betapa pentingnya tingkah laku kromosom dalam fasa J yang 1
membawa kepada kelangsungan hidup spesies yang lebih baik. 1
1
Jawapan sampel: 1
P1: Kromosom kromosom bukan kromosom homolog
P2: akan menjalani persimpangan 1
P3: (bukan kakak kromatid) akan menerima gen baru / genetik 1
maklumat / bahan genetik
P4: Memimpin kepada variasi
P5: organisme boleh menyesuaikan diri dengan alam sekitar / 4 4
menerima sebarang penjelasan yang sesuai
2.(d) Any 2

Able to explain how the changes during the formation of sperm or ovum that 1
forms the foetus lead to Patau’s syndrome. 1
1
Sample answer:
P1: During Anaphase II (Meiosis II) / Anaphase I (Meiosis I) 1
P2: sister chromatids /Homologous chromosomes 13 fail to separate
P3: due to exposure to mutagen // any example of mutagens 1
P4: produce a sperm / an ovum with extra one (1) chromosome 13 / with two
(2) chromosome 13 1
P5: this sperm / ovum fertilizes a normal ovum / sperm
P6: forms a zygote / embryo / foetus with extra one / trisomy chromosome 2
13. 2

Boleh menjelaskan bagaimana perubahan semasa pembentukan sperma

atau ovum yang membentuk janin membawa kepada sindrom Patau.

Jawapan sampel:
P1: Semasa Anaphase II (Meiosis II) / Anaphase I (Meiosis I)
P2: adik kromosom / kromosom Homologous 13 gagal untuk dipisahkan
P3: disebabkan pendedahan kepada mutagen // sebarang contoh mutagen
P4: menghasilkan sperma / ovum dengan tambahan satu (1) kromosom 13 /
dengan dua (2) kromosom 13
P5: sperma / ovum ini menimbulkan ovum / sperma biasa
P6: membentuk zigot / embrio / janin dengan tambahan satu / trisomi
kromosom 13.
Any 4
Able to explain one way to prevent genetic diseases in newborns

Sample answer
F1: Avoid radiation exposure // Apply sunblock

XVIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P1: Radiations / UV has high penetration
P2: Changes the structure of gene / chromosome //
causes mutation
F2: Do not consume food containing preservatives/colouring /
flavouring/carcinogen // No smoking // Do not consume alcoholic drink
P3: (Preservatives/colouring / flavouring/carcinogen / chemical substance /
alcohol) diffuse into cell
P4: Changes the structure of gene / chromosome //
causes mutation

Boleh menjelaskan satu cara untuk mencegah penyakit genetik pada bayi
yang baru lahir

Jawapan sampel
F1: Elakkan pendedahan radiasi // Guna sunblock
P1: Radiasi / UV mempunyai penembusan yang tinggi
P2: Mengubah struktur gen / kromosom // menyebabkan mutasi
F2: Jangan makan makanan yang mengandungi pengawet / pewarna /
perasa / karsinogen // Tidak merokok // Jangan gunakan minuman beralkohol
P3: (Pengawet / pewarna / perisa / karsinogen / bahan kimia / alkohol)
meresap ke dalam sel
P4: Mengubah struktur gen / kromosom // menyebabkan mutasi
F1 + P1 / P2 or F2 + P3 / P4
Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
3. (a) Metaphase I 1

Metafasa I
(b) The homologous chromosomes arrange themselves of the cell equator. 1

Kromosom homolog menyusun diri khatulistiwa sel.

(c) Daughter cells are genetically different from the parent cell 1

Sel-sel anak secara genetik berbeza dari sel induk

(d) 1. Crossing-over occurs in prophase 1 1
2. During metaphase I, the homologous chromosomes arrange themselves of
the cell equator and this causes the formation of gamates with different 1
genetic contents.

1. Persimpangan berlaku dalam profasa 1

2. Semasa metafasa I, kromosom homologous menyusun diri mereka dari
khatulistiwa sel dan ini menyebabkan pembentukan gamet dengan
kandungan genetik yang berbeza.
(e) Anaphase I 1

Anafasa I
(f)
3

XIX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 (g) The homologous chromovsomes separate and move to opposite poles. 1

The kromosom homologous terpisah dan bergerak ke kutub bertentangan.

(h) The spindle fibres contract and pull the chromosomes towards opposite 1
poles.

Kontrak serat spindel dan tarik kromosom ke arah kutub bertentangan.

(i) Two 1

Dua
Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
4. (a) Chiasma 1

Kiasma
(b) Crossing over 1

Menyeberangi
(c) Crossing over causes genetic variation. 1

Menyeberang penyebab variasi genetik.

(d) 3

(e) P: Prophase I 2
Q: Metaphase I
R: Anaphase I
S: Telophase I

P : Profasa I
Q : Metafasa I
R : Anafasa I
S : Telofasa
(f) The number of chromosome has been reduce by half. 1

Bilangan kromosom telah dikurangkan sebanyak separuh.

(g) Four 1

Empat
(h) E1: This genetic variation is required to increase the ability of a population to 1
survive. A greater genetic diversity would reduce the chances of inheritance
of deleterious traits in the population, and therefore, help increase the fitness
of the individuals of a population.

E2: An increased genetic variation would also mean a greater variation in 1

XX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 susceptibility to diseases. So, if there were to be an epidemic of a disease,
this variability would prevent the whole population from being wiped out.

E1: Variasi genetik ini diperlukan untuk meningkatkan keupayaan penduduk

untuk terus bertahan. Kepelbagaian genetik yang lebih besar akan
mengurangkan peluang warisan ciri-ciri yang merosakkan dalam populasi,
dan oleh itu, membantu meningkatkan kecergasan individu individu

E2: Perubahan genetik yang meningkat juga akan bermakna variasi yang
lebih besar dalam kerentanan terhadap penyakit. Oleh itu, jika terdapat
wabak penyakit, kepelbagaian ini akan menghalang seluruh penduduk
daripada dihilangkan.
Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
5. (a) Able to discuss how banana plant tissue culture can be carried out in the 10
school laboratory

Sample Answer:
P1: Shoot tip / Root tip / Small piece of leaf is taken from high quality banana 1
plant
Accept any explanation about high quality 1
P2: (Shoot tip / Root tip / Small piece of leaf) is sterilised 1
P3: by immersing in dilute sodium hypochlorite solution / chlorox (for 5 – 10
minutes)
P4: (Sterilised shoot tip / root tip / small piece of leaf) is cultured in a 1
(sterilised) culture medium
P5: in asuitable apparatus / test tube / beaker 1
P6: containing nutrients / hormones to promote cell division 1
P7: (The tissue culture) is incubated in an incubated at suitable temperature / 1
30oC – 35oC / for a few days/weeks
P8: until a callus is formed 1
P9: Callus is cut into small pieces 1
P10: (each piece) is cultured in (another) culture medium 1
P11: containing hormones to promote organ / shoot and / or root formation 1
P12: until plantets are formed
P13: (all plantlets) that are genetically identical with the parent plant // 1
clones. 1
P14: Plantlets / Clones will be transferred to the soil / polythene bags
1
Boleh membincangkan bagaimana kultur tisu tumbuhan pisang boleh
dijalankan di makmal sekolah 10

5.(b) Jawapan Sampel:

P1: Tangkap tip / Root tip / Daun kecil diambil dari tumbuhan pisang
berkualiti tinggi 10
Terima penjelasan mengenai kualiti yang tinggi
P2: (Ubat tip / Root tip / sekeping kecil daun) disterilkan
P3: dengan merendam larutan natrium hipoklorit cair / klorox (selama 5 - 10
minit) 1
P4: (Hujung pucuk / pucuk haus yang disterilkan / sekeping kecil daun)
dibiakkan dalam medium kultur (disterilkan)
P5: dalam alat / tiub ujian / bikar yang boleh dipercayai 1
P6: mengandungi nutrien / hormon untuk mempromosikan pembahagian sel

XXI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P7: (Kultur tisu) diinkubasi di dalam inkubasi pada suhu yang sesuai / 30oC -
35oC / selama beberapa hari / minggu 1
P8: sehingga kalus dibentuk
P9: Kalus dipotong menjadi kepingan kecil 1
P10: (setiap helai) dibiakkan dalam medium budaya lain
P11: mengandungi hormon untuk menggalakkan pembentukan organ /
pucuk dan / atau akar 1
P12: sehingga tanaman dibentuk
P13: (semua tumbuhan) yang genetik identik dengan tanaman induk // klon.
P14: Plantlets / Clones akan dipindahkan ke beg tanah / polythene 1
Any 10

1
Able to explain the differences between tissue culture banana plantation and
sucker banana plantation.

Boleh menerangkan perbezaan antara perladangan pisang tisu kultur dan 1

tanaman pisang daripada sulur.
Sample Answer:
Tissue Culture plantation Traditional Sucker plantation 1

Penanaman pisang tisu kultur Penanaman pisang ditanam

daripada sulur 1
D1: True to the type of mother D1:No possibility of assuring
plant characteristics

D1: Benar dengan jenis kilang ibu
D2: Crop growth is rapid and
Uniform
D1: Tidak ada kemungkinan 1
untuk memastikan ciri-ciri
D2: All suckers are different of
age and therefore are not
1
uniform

D3: Reduced labour cost D3: Increased labour costs

D2: Pertumbuhan tanaman adalah
pesat dan
Seragam
D3: Mengurangkan kos buruh
D4: Pest and disease free (at
the present time)
D5: Reduced costs of disease
and pest control
1
D2: Semua penyedut berbeza
umur dan oleh itu tidak seragam
1
D3: Kos pekerja meningkat
1
D4: Some suckers may be
diseased / infected
1
D5: Increased costs of disease
and pest control

D4: Perosak dan penyakit

percuma (pada masa ini)
D5: Mengurangkan kos
penyakit dan kawalan serangga
D6: Higher yield
D4: Sesetengah penyedut 1
mungkin berpenyakit / dijangkiti
D5: Peningkatan kos penyakit 10
dan kawalan serangga
D6: Yield is uncertain / lower

D7: the cells are selected from D7: Suckers are selected from

XXII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 mother plant with high yields
D6: hasil yang lebih tinggi
D7: sel dipilih dari kilang ibu
dengan hasil yang tinggi
D8: Shorter harvesting period
D9: First crop is ready for
harvest in 8-10 months from
planting
D10: Cost of plantation /
cultivation / irrigation is less
D8: Tempoh penuaian yang
lebih pendek
D9: Tanaman pertama siap
untuk menuai dalam 8-10 bulan
dari penanaman
D10: Kos perladangan /
penanaman / pengairan adalah
kurang
D11: All tissue culture plants
bear bunches
D12: They are genetically
identical
D11: Semua tumbuhan kultur
tisu menanggung tandan
D12: Mereka genetik identik
D13: Large quantities of
plantlets / clones could be
produced at any time
D14: Round the year planting is
possible
D15: No staggered harvesting
D13: Jumlah tanaman / klon
besar boleh dihasilkan pada
bila-bila masa
D14: Pusingan penanaman
tahun adalah mungkin
D15: Tiada penuaian
berperingkat
XXIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)
JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
different mother plants which
have a range of yield level
D6: Hasil tidak pasti / lebih rendah
D7: Penyedut dipilih dari kilang ibu
yang berlainan yang mempunyai
pelbagai peringkat hasil
D8: Longer harvesting period
D9: First crop is ready for
harvest in 15-16 months from
planting
D10: Costs of plantation /
cultivation / irrigation is more
D8: Tempoh penuaian yang lebih
lama
D9: Tanaman pertama siap untuk
menuai dalam 15-16 bulan dari
penanaman
D10: Kos perladangan / penanaman
/ pengairan lebih banyak
D11: Uncertain that plants bear
bunches.
D12: They are genetically
different
D11: Tidak menentu bahawa
tumbuhan menanggung tandan.
D12: Mereka berbeza genetik
D13: Quantities of suckers are
dependent on availability
D14: Round the year planting is
uncertain
D15: Leads to staggered
harvesting
D13: Kuantiti penyedut bergantung
kepada ketersediaan
D14: Penanaman tahun bulat tidak
pasti
D15: Menuju penuaian berperingkat
 D16: Have higher photosynthetic -D16: Photosynthetic rate is
rate( which leads to higher uncertain / lower
yields)

D17: Can meet the demand for D17: To meet the demand for
export export is uncertain

D16: Mempunyai kadar fotosintesis D16: Kadar fotosintesis tidak pasti /

yang lebih tinggi (yang membawa rendah
kepada hasil yang lebih tinggi)

D17: Boleh memenuhi permintaan D17: Untuk memenuhi permintaan

eksport untuk eksport tidak pasti

Any 10

Total 20

NO CRITERIA SCORE
6 Meiosis makes genetics variation possible in three ways. 1 1

Meiosis membuat variasi genetik mungkin dalam tiga cara.

F1: Crossing over 5
E1: Occurs during prophase I 1
E2: The chromatid of homologous chromosomes intersect with each other at 1
the chiasma. 1
E3: Parts of chromatids may break at the chiasma and then rejoin with
different chromatids, thus producing different combinations of genes 1

F1: Menyeberang
E1: berlaku semasa prophase I 1
E2: Kromatid kromosom homologus bersilang antara satu sama lain di chiasma.
E3: Bahagian kromatid boleh pecah di chiasma dan kemudian bergabung semula
dengan kromatid yang berbeza, sehingga menghasilkan kombinasi gen yang 1
berlainan

F2: Random assortment of chromosomes

E4: During metaphase I of meiosis, the pairs of homologous chromosomes
arrange themselves randomly on the cell equator and then distributed
randomly in the daughter cell. 1
E5: This random assortment of chromosomes produces haploid cells which
are genetically different as shown in following diagram.

F2: Pelbagai rawak kromosom

E4: Semasa metaphase I of meiosis, pasangan kromosom homologous
menyusun diri secara rawak di khatulistiwa sel dan kemudian diedarkan

XXIV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 secara rawak di dalam sel anak perempuan
E5: Pelbagai kromosom rawak ini menghasilkan sel haploid yang berbeza 1
secara genetik seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah berikut.

Methode 1:

Methode 2 1

XXV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 1

1
6

1
1
1
4

F3: Random fertilisation of ovum by sperms

E6: Meiosis produces haploid male and female gamete
E7: Male and female gametes fuse randomly to produces zygotes which
contain material of the two parents.

F3: Penyebaran secara rawak ovum oleh sperma

E6: Meiosis menghasilkan gamet lelaki dan perempuan haploid
E7: Gamet lelaki dan betina memusing secara rawak untuk menghasilkan zigot yang
mengandungi bahan kedua-dua ibu bapa.
Total 20

XXVI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 NUTRITION

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1 (a)(i) Protein 1 2
Lipid 1
Lactose 1
Any 2
(ii) P1 - Protein is digested into polypeptide 1
P2 - By enzyme pepsin 1
P3 - (Digestion takes place) in stomach 1
OR 3
P4 - Lipid is digested to fatty acid and glycerol 1
P5 - By enzyme lipase 1
P6 - (Digestion takes place) in duodenum /ileum 1
OR
P7 - Lactose is digested to glucose and galactose 1
P8 - By enzyme lactase 1
P9 - (Digestion takes place) in ileum 1

P1 - Protein dicerna ke dalam polipeptida

P2 - Dengan enzim pepsin
P3 - (Pencernaan berlaku) di dalam perut
ATAU
P4 - Lipid dicerna kepada asid lemak dan gliserol
P5 - Dengan enzim lipase
P6 - (pencernaan berlaku) dalam duodenum / ileum
ATAU
P7 - Laktosa dicerna kepada glukosa dan galaktosa
P8 - Dengan enzim lactase
P9 - (Pencernaan berlaku) di ileum
Any 3
(b) F1- milk can be kept longer 1
P1- because pasteurisation make the bacteria inactive 1 4
F2 – to increase commercial value 1
P2- make it look attractive 1
F3- to maintain the nutrient contents 1
P3- original taste of milk is retain 1
F4-to improve taste 1
P4- by adding flavouring 1

F1-susu boleh disimpan lebih lama

P1- kerana pasteurisasi membuat bakteria tidak aktif
F2 - untuk meningkatkan nilai komersial
P2- menjadikannya kelihatan menarik
F3 - untuk mengekalkan kandungan nutrient
P3 - rasa asal susu disimpan F4-untuk meningkatkan rasa
P4- dengan menambah perisa
Any 2 pairs of F and P
(c) P1 - Milk contain high calcium 1
P2 - Calcium is important to strengthen the mother’s bone 1 3
P3 - Calcium is important for formation of bone/teeth of 1
baby/foetus

XXVII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P1 - Susu mengandungi kalsium yang tinggi
P2 - Kalsium penting untuk menguatkan tulang ibu
P3 - Kalsium penting untuk pembentukan tulang / gigi bayi / janin

NO CRITERIA SCORE
2 (i) Able to define the process correctly

Sample Answer: 2
photosynthesis is a process where water and carbon dioxide is used by the 1
green plants to produce glucose and oxygen in the presence of light. 1

Mampu mentakrifkan proses dengan betul

2.(b)
Jawapan Sampel:
Fotosintesis adalah proses di mana air dan karbon dioksida digunakan oleh
tumbuhan hijau untuk menghasilkan glukosa dan oksigen di hadapan 1
cahaya. 1
1
Able to discuss photolysis of water and reduction of carbon dioxide 1
1
P1: there are 2 stages of photosynthesis-light reaction and dark 1
reaction 1
P2: light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll 1
P3:excites the electrons to higher energy level 1
P4:light energy is used to split water molecule 1
P5: to produce hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions 1
P6:hydrogen ions combine with electron to form hydrogen atom/ATP 1
P7:hydrogen atom/ATP are used in dark reaction 1
P8:hydrogen atom are used to fix carbon dioxide in a series of 10
enzymatic reaction
2(c) P9: to produce glucose
P10: water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen + water
P11:light reaction occurs in grana
P12:dark reaction occurs in the stroma
P13:light energy is converted to chemical energy 1
1
Boleh membincangkan fotolisis air dan pengurangan karbon dioksida 1
1
P1: terdapat 2 peringkat tindak balas fotosintesis-cahaya dan gelap
reaksi 1
P2: tenaga cahaya diserap oleh klorofil 1
P3: merangsang elektron ke tahap tenaga yang lebih tinggi 1 8
P4: tenaga ringan digunakan untuk membahagikan molekul air
P5: untuk menghasilkan ion hidrogen dan ion hidroksil 1
P6: ion hidrogen bergabung dengan elektron untuk membentuk atom hidrogen / ATP 1
P7: atom hidrogen / ATP digunakan dalam reaksi gelap
P8: atom hidrogen digunakan untuk membetulkan karbon dioksida dalam satu siri 1
reaksi enzim
P9: untuk menghasilkan glukosa 1
P10: air + karbon dioksida glukosa + oksigen + air 1
P11: tindak balas cahaya berlaku di grana
P12: tindak balas gelap berlaku di stroma
P13: tenaga cahaya ditukar kepada tenaga kimia

Any 10

XXVIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Able to discuss how suggest ways to increase crop yield

Sample Answer:

F1: need to increase rate of photosynthesis

F2: This will increase the production of glucose
F3:External factors that affect photosynthesis is light intensity and
concentration of carbon dioxide
F4:Light intensity can be control by placing light source at the farm
especially at night
F5: So the photolysis of water can occur continuously
F6:Concentration of carbon dioxide can be increase by adding
sources of carbon dioxide
F7:The tomato plant can be planted in a green house
F8:The temperature in the green house can be adjusted to the
optimum temperature
F9:The humidity in the green house can he controlled by using
automated sprinkler
F10:pest control can he easily done in green house
F11:extreme weather can he avoided when plant in green house

Boleh membincangkan bagaimana mencadangkan cara untuk meningkatkan hasil

tanaman

Jawapan Sampel:

F1: perlu meningkatkan kadar fotosintesis

F2: Ini akan meningkatkan pengeluaran glukosa
F3: Faktor luaran yang mempengaruhi fotosintesis adalah intensiti cahaya dan
kepekatan karbon dioksida
F4: Keamatan cahaya boleh dikawal dengan meletakkan sumber cahaya di ladang
terutamanya pada waktu malam
F5: Oleh itu fotolisis air boleh berlaku secara berterusan
F6: Kepekatan karbon dioksida boleh meningkat dengan menambah
sumber karbon dioksida
F7: Tumbuhan tomato boleh ditanam di rumah hijau
F8: Suhu di rumah hijau boleh diselaraskan ke
suhu optimum
F9: Kelembapan di rumah hijau dia boleh dikawal dengan menggunakan
pemercik automatik
F10: kawalan perosak boleh dilakukan dengan mudah di rumah hijau
F11: cuaca yang melampau boleh dielakkan apabila tumbuhan di rumah hijau

Any 8

NO CRITERIA SCORE
3 (a) Able to explain the effect on a child who is not given sufficient amounts of 10
any five nutrients in food for a long period of time, and suggest how to
overcome the problem.
Criteria:
F : Fact
S : Significance
C : Consequence

XXIX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Sample answers:
Protein:
F1 : A child who is deficient in protein (for a long period of time) may suffer
from kwashiorkor / marasmus 1
S1 : Protein is needed for normal growth / tissue repair
C1 : Lack in protein causes growth of the child to be stunted / physical / 1
growth retarded 1

Vitamin A:
F2 : A child who is deficient in vitamin A (for a long period of time) may suffer 1
from night blindness
S2 : Vitamin A is needed to promote / ensures healthy (rod cells) in the retina 1
C2 : Lack of vitamin A reduced ability to see in dim light
1
Vitamin D:
F3 : A child who is deficient in Vitamin D (for a long period of time) may suffer 1
from rickets
S3 : Vitamin D is needed for healthy development of bones 1
C3 : Lack of vitamin D causes bones to become soft and grow irregularly 1
Vitamin C:
F4 : A child who is deficient in Vitamin C (for a long period of time) may suffer 1
scurvy
S4 : Vitamin C is needed for healthy gum and skin 1
C4 : Lack of vitamin C causes swollen and bleeding gum 1

Dietary fibre:
F5 : A child who is deficient in roughage (for a long period of time) may suffer 1
constipation
S5 : Roughage is needed to stimulate peristalsis / increase the volume of 1
food / enhance the absorb of water
C5 : Difficulty in egesting faeces 1

Calcium:
F6 : A child who is deficient in calcium (for a long period of time) may suffer 1
osteoporosis
S6 : Calcium is needed to form bones and teeth 1
C6 : Lack of calcium causes the mass of the bones to decrease / bones 1
become porous and light

Iodine:
F7 : A child who is deficient in iodin (for a long period of time) may suffer 1
goiter / cretinism
S7 : Iodine is needed to produce thyroxine 1
C7 : Mental retarded / growth retarded / physical retarded 1

Carbohydrate:
F8 : A child who is deficient in carbohydrate(for a long period of time) may 1
suffer marasmus
S8 : Energy production for productivity 1
C8 : Weight loss / tiredness / weakness 1

Fat:
S9 : Energy production 1
C9 : Weight loss / unsufficient of fat 1

XXX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Mampu menjelaskan kesan pada seorang kanak-kanak yang tidak diberikan
cukup jumlah lima nutrien dalam makanan untuk jangka masa yang
panjang, dan mencadangkan bagaimana untuk mengatasi masalah ini.

Kriteria:
F: Fakta
S: Pentingnya
C: Akibat

Jawapan sampel:

Protein:
F1: Seorang kanak-kanak yang kekurangan protein (untuk jangka masa yang
panjang) mungkin mengalami kwashiorkor / marasmus
S1: Protein diperlukan untuk pembaikan pertumbuhan / tisu normal
C1: Kekurangan protein menyebabkan pertumbuhan kanak-kanak menjadi
terbantut / fizikal / pertumbuhan merosot

Vitamin A:
F2: Seorang kanak-kanak yang kekurangan vitamin A (untuk tempoh masa
yang lama) mungkin mengalami kebutaan malam
S2: Vitamin A diperlukan untuk menggalakkan / menjamin sihat (sel rod) di
retina
C2: Kurangnya keupayaan vitamin A yang dikurangkan untuk melihat
cahaya terang-benderang

Vitamin D:
F3: Seorang kanak-kanak yang kekurangan Vitamin D (untuk jangka masa
yang panjang) mungkin mengalami riket
S3: Vitamin D diperlukan untuk perkembangan tulang yang sihat
C3: Kekurangan vitamin D menyebabkan tulang menjadi lembut dan tumbuh
dengan tidak teratur

Vitamin C:
F4: Seorang kanak-kanak yang kekurangan Vitamin C (untuk jangka masa
yang panjang) boleh mengalami skurvi
S4: Vitamin C diperlukan untuk gusi dan kulit yang sihat
C4: Kekurangan vitamin C menyebabkan kelenjar bengkak dan pendarahan

Serat diet:
F5: Seorang kanak-kanak yang kekurangan kasar (untuk masa yang lama)
mungkin mengalami sembelit
S5: Roughage diperlukan untuk merangsang peristalsis / meningkatkan
jumlah makanan / meningkatkan penyerapan air
C5: Kesukaran memuji najis

Kalsium:
F6: Seorang kanak-kanak yang kekurangan kalsium (untuk jangka masa
yang panjang) boleh mengalami osteoporosis
S6: Kalsium diperlukan untuk membentuk tulang dan gigi
C6: Kekurangan kalsium menyebabkan jisim tulang menurun / tulang
menjadi berliang dan ringan

Iodin:
F7: Seorang kanak-kanak yang kekurangan iodin (untuk masa yang lama)
mungkin mengalami goiter / cretinism

XXXI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 S7: Iodin diperlukan untuk menghasilkan tiroksin
C7: Retarded / pertumbuhan mental retarded / retarded fizikal

Karbohidrat:
F8: Seorang anak yang kekurangan karbohidrat (untuk jangka waktu yang
lama) mungkin mengalami marasmus
S8: Pengeluaran tenaga untuk produktiviti
C8: Berat badan / kelesuan / kelemahan

Lemak:
S9: Pengeluaran tenaga
C9: Berat badan / tidak mencukupi lemak

(Any 5 nutrients)
(Maximum 10 marks)
(b) Able to justify the consequences of the eating habit to the boy’s health. 10

Sample answer:
The menu is unbalanced diet because,
1
F1 : Does not contain the 7 classes of food in the appropriate ratio
C1 : Leads to malnutrition 1
1
F2 : Does not contain sufficient dietary fibre / roughage
C2 : Leads to constipation 1
1
F3 : Contains only certain vitamin (refer table) (Any 2)
C3 : Causes deficiency diseases // blindness (Any 2) 2
2
Mampu menjustifikasikan akibat dari tabiat pemakanan kepada kesihatan anak lelaki
itu.

Jawapan sampel:
Menu adalah diet tidak seimbang kerana,

F1: Tidak mengandungi 7 kelas makanan dalam nisbah yang sesuai

C1: Menuju kekurangan zat makanan

F2: Tidak mengandungi serat / kasar makanan yang mencukupi

C2: Menuju sembelit

F3: Mengandungi hanya vitamin tertentu (rujuk jadual) (Mana-mana 2)

C3: Menyebabkan penyakit kekurangan // buta (Mana-mana 2)

Vitamins Effects of deficiency

Kesan kekurangan
A Blindness, dry and scaly skin 1
1
Kebutaan, kulit kering dan bersisik

XXXII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 B Beri-beri (damaged nervous system or paralysis) 1
Pellagra (a skin disease) 1

Beri-beri (sistem saraf atau lumpuh yang rosak) 1

Pellagra (penyakit kulit) 1
C Scurvy (bleeding gum)
Low resistance to cough, cold and flu

Scurvy (gusi pendarahan) Rintangan rendah terhadap 2

batuk, selesema dan selesema 2
D Rikets

Riket
E Sterility,poor circulatory of blood, poor muscle and
nerve functions

Perendakan, peredaran darah yang lemah, otot dan fungsi

saraf yang lemah
K Slow clotting of blood

Kelembapan darah

F4 : Contains high fat // contain less fat

C4 : Causes obesity / cardiovascular diseases // loss of weight / tiredness /
less energy
F5 : Contain high protein
C5 : Causes gout / increase in an acid uric level in blood / kidney / liver failure
// slow growth / slow tissue repair
F6 : Contain high carbohydrate // contain less carbohydrate
C6 : Causes obesity / diabetes mellitus / high blood sugar level // loss of
weight / tiredness

F4: Mengandungi lemak tinggi // mengandungi kurang lemak

C4: Menyebabkan penyakit obesiti / kardiovaskular // kehilangan berat
badan / kelesuan / kurang tenaga
F5: Mengandungi protein yang tinggi
C5: Menyebabkan gout / peningkatan paras urik asid dalam darah / buah
pinggang / kegagalan hati // perlahan pertumbuhan / pembaikan tisu
perlahan
F6: Mengandungi karbohidrat yang tinggi // mengandungi karbohidrat yang
kurang
C6: Menyebabkan obesiti / diabetes mellitus / paras gula darah tinggi //
kehilangan berat badan / keletihan

F7 : Contain less minerals C7 : Causes

Calcium Bone disease, blood cloth

Penyakit tulang, darah kain

Sodium Nerves / muscle cramp

Saraf / cramp otot

Phosphorus Osteoporosis / teeth decay

Osteoporosis / gigi reput

Iodine Goiter

XXXIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Beguk
Chloride Muscle cramp

Cramp otot
Ferum Anemia
Magnesium Weak muscle

Lemah otot
(Any 2 F7)
(Any 2 C7)
(Maximum 10 marks)

Total 20

NO CRITERIA SCORE
4 (a) Able to justify the menu whether it is suitable to be taken by teenagers and 5
elaborate the opinion.

Sample answers:
Justification 1
P1 : Suitable
F1 : Saves time 1
E1 : The time an individual has to spend in the kitchen, cooking a meal is 1
reduced 1

F2 : It is cost saving
E2 : It is cheaper to buy a meal at the supermarket instead of cooking it at 1
home 1

F3 : Can find some options on the menu of a fast food restaurant that could
be healthier 1
E3 : Order the boiled preparation / salads / fruit juices / low-fat milk / diet soda
(Any 5) 1
OR
Justification 2
P2 : Not suitable
F1 : Fast food is higher in calories / fat
E1a : Contributor to obesity 1
E1b : Cause complications like cardiovascular diseases 1
1
F2 : Contains higher amounts of salt 1
E2a : Cause the high blood pressure
E2b : Suffering from strokes 1
1
F3 : High in protein 1
E4 : Can cause gout
1
F4 : Contains various types of additives 1
E4 : Can cause cancer
1
Tidak dapat menjustifikasikan menu sama ada ianya sesuai untuk diambil 1
oleh remaja dan menghuraikan pendapat.

Contoh jawapan:
justifikasi 1

XXXIV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P1: sesuai
F1: menjimatkan masa
E1: masa seseorang individu mempunyai untuk membelanjakan di dapur,
memasak hidangan dikurangkan

F2: ia adalah menjimatkan kos

E2: ia adalah lebih murah untuk membeli makanan di pasaraya dan
bukannya memasak di rumah

F3 : Boleh mencari beberapa pilihan pada menu restoran makanan segera

yang sihat
E3: perintah penyediaan rebus / salad / jus buah-buahan / rendah lemak
susu / diet soda

Atau
justifikasi 2
P2: tidak sesuai
F1: makanan segera lebih tinggi kalori / lemak
E1a: Contributo r untuk obesity
E1b: menyebabkan komplikasi seperti penyakit kardiovaskular

F2: mengandungi lebih garam

E2a: menyebabkan tekanan darah tinggi
E2b: mengalami angin ahmar

F3: tinggi protein

E4: boleh menyebabkan gout

F4: mengandungi pelbagai jenis aditif

E4: boleh menyebabkan cancer
(Any 5)
(b) Able to create a complete menu for a day to help a male tenager reducing his 10
body weight and explain the suggestion.
Criteria:
S : Suggestion
E : Explanation

Sample answer:
Breakfast:
S1 : 1 glass of skimmed milk / plain water
E1a : Provides protein 1
E1b : For new cell / repair damage cell / synthesis of enzyme 1
E1c : Provides water 1
E1d : To maintain blood osmotic pressure / body temperature 1
1
S2 : 2 pieces of wholemeal bread
E2a : Provides carbohydrate 1
E2b : For energy 1
E2c : For cellular activities 1
1
S3 : 1 orange / any fruit
E3a : Provides fibres 1
E3b : To avoid constipation 1
1
Lunch:
S4 : 1 glass of orange juice / plain water / any fruit juice

XXXV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 E4a : Provides vitamin C 1
E4b : To prevent scurvy 1
E4c : Provides water 1
E4d : To maintain blood osmotic pressure / body temperature 1
1
S5 : 2 scoop of brown rice
E5a : Provides carbohydrate 1
E5b : For energy 1
E5c : For cellular activities 1
1
S6 : Vegetables
E6a : Provides fibres 1
E6b : To avoid constipation 1
E6c : Provides vitamin (name one) 1
E6d : To avoid or for what (give suggestion) 1
E6e : Provides mineral (name one) 1
E6f : To avoid or for what (give suggestion) 1
1
S7 : ¼ of steamed chicken
E7a : Provides protein 1
E7b : For new cell / repair damage cell / synthesis of enzyme 1
1
Dinner:
S8 : 1 glass of plain water
E8a : Provides water 1
E8b : To maintain blood osmotic pressure / body temperature 1
1
S9 : 1 scoop of brown rice
E9a : Provides carbohydrate
E9b : For energy 1
E9c : For cellular activities 1
1
S10 : Steam vegetables
E10a : Provides fibres 1
E10b : To avoid constipation 1
E10c : Provides vitamin (name one) 1
E10d : To avoid or for what (give suggestion) 1
E10e : Provides mineral (name one) 1
E10f : To avoid or for what (give suggestion) 1
1
S11 : ¼ of steamed fish
E11a : Provides protein 1
E11b : For new cell / repair damage cell / synthesis of enzyme 1
1
S13 : No / very little sugar
S12 : No fried food / high fat food in the menu 1
1
Mampu mencipta menu lengkap untuk sehari untuk membantu seorang lelaki
bekerja mengurangkan berat badannya dan menerangkan cadangannya.
Kriteria:
S: Cadangan
E: Penjelasan

Jawapan sampel:
Sarapan pagi:
S1: 1 gelas susu skim / air kosong

XXXVI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 E1a: Menyediakan protein
E1b: Untuk sel baru / pembaikan kerosakan sel / sintesis enzim
E1c: Menyediakan air
E1d: Untuk mengekalkan tekanan darah / suhu badan osmotik

S2: 2 buah roti wholemeal

E2a: Menyediakan karbohidrat
E2b: Untuk tenaga
E2c: Untuk aktiviti selular

S3: 1 oren / buah apa pun

E3a: Menyediakan gentian
E3b: Untuk mengelakkan sembelit

Makan tengah hari:

S4: 1 gelas jus oren / air biasa / jus buah mana-mana
E4a: Menyediakan vitamin C
E4b: Untuk mengelakkan scurvy
E4c: Menyediakan air
E4d: Untuk mengekalkan tekanan darah / suhu badan osmotik

S5: 2 sudu beras merah

E5a: Menyediakan karbohidrat
E5b: Untuk tenaga
E5c: Untuk aktiviti selular

S6: Sayuran
E6a: Menyediakan gentian
E6b: Untuk mengelakkan sembelit
E6c: Menyediakan vitamin (nama satu)
E6d: Untuk mengelakkan atau untuk apa (memberi cadangan)
E6e: Menyediakan mineral (nama satu)
E6f: Untuk mengelakkan atau untuk apa (memberi cadangan)

S7: ¼ ayam kukus

E7a: Menyediakan protein
E7b: Untuk sel baru / pembaikan kerosakan sel / sintesis enzim

Makan Malam:
S8: 1 gelas air kosong
E8a: Menyediakan air
E8b: Untuk mengekalkan tekanan darah / suhu badan osmotik

S9: 1 sudu beras merah

E9a: Menyediakan karbohidrat
E9b: Untuk tenaga
E9c: Untuk aktiviti selular

S10: Sayuran wap

E10a: Menyediakan gentian
E10b: Untuk mengelakkan sembelit
E10c: Menyediakan vitamin (nama satu)
E10d: Untuk mengelakkan atau untuk apa (memberi cadangan)
E10e: Menyediakan mineral (nama satu)
E10f: Untuk mengelakkan atau untuk apa (memberi cadangan)

XXXVII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 S11: ¼ ikan kukus
E11a: Menyediakan protein
E11b: Untuk sel baru / pembaikan kerosakan sel / sintesis enzim

S13: Tidak ada / gula sedikit

S12: Tidak ada makanan goreng / makanan gemuk tinggi dalam menu

(No repeatition of any explanation / E)

(Maximum 10 marks)

(c) Able to predict the change in the level of glucose in the teenager’s blood and 5
give the reasons for the prediction, if the teenager consume only plain water
and steamed fish throughout the day.

P : The glucose level in his blood is drops 1

E1 : Less / no intake of carbohydrate / starch / sugar 1
E2 : Less usage of glucose in the cells / cellular respiration 1
E3 : Less energy / fatigue 1
E4 : More glucagon will be secreted by the pancreas 1
E5 : More glycogen in his body will be converted into glucose 1
E6 : (If no more glycogen,) fat will be converted into glucose 1

Boleh meramalkan perubahan dalam tahap glukosa dalam darah remaja dan
memberi alasan untuk ramalannya, jika remaja hanya mengambil air kosong
dan ikan kukus sepanjang hari.

P: Tahap glukosa dalam darahnya jatuh

E1: Kurang / tiada pengambilan karbohidrat / kanji / gula
E2: Kurang penggunaan glukosa dalam sel / pernafasan sel
E3: Kurang tenaga / keletihan
E4: Lebih banyak glukagon akan dirembes oleh pankreas
E5: Lebih glikogen di dalam tubuhnya akan diubah menjadi glukosa
E6: (Jika tidak ada lagi glikogen,) lemak akan ditukar menjadi glukosa
(Any 5)

Total 20

RESPIRATION

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1(a)(i) 1
(a) X: Intercostal muscles 1 2

Otot-otot intercostal
Y: Rib

Tulang rusuk
(b)(i) Inhalation 1 1

Penyedutan
(ii) - X will contract so that the rib cage moves upwards and outwards 1

XXXVIII|PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 - which then causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase. 1 2

- X akan berkontrak supaya sangkar rusuk bergerak ke atas dan ke luar

- yang kemudiannya menyebabkan jumlah rongga thoracic meningkat.
(c)(i) - to supply oxygen for cellular respiration. 1
- to excrete carbon dioxide produced by the cells. 1 2

- untuk membekalkan oksigen untuk pernafasan sel.

- untuk mengeluarkan karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan oleh sel-sel.
(ii) - large surface are 1
- thin wall 1 2

- permukaan yang besar adalah

- dinding nipis
(d)
- no change in the volume of the thoracic cavity. 1
1 3
-Tiada perubahan dalam bilangan rongga torasik. 1
- no change in the air pressure in the thoracic cavity.

-sebarang perubahan dalam tekanan udara dalam rongga torasik.

- no exchange of gases.

-Tiada Pertukaran gas.

TOTAL 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
2 (a) X – lungs 1
Y – gills 1 2

X – paru paru
Y - insang
(b) (i)

(b) (ii) P1 : The respiratory surfaces consist of a single layer of cells which allow the 1
gas to move across the surface
P2 : Moist respiratory surface allow the gases to dissolve in water before 1
diffusion takes place.
P3 : Many folds on the respiratory surfaces to increase the total surface area 1
for the exchange of gases
P4 : Covered with a dense network of blood capillaries to increase the 1
surface area for the diffusion of gas.

XXXIX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 2
P1: Permukaan pernafasan terdiri daripada satu lapisan sel yang
membolehkan gas bergerak melintasi permukaan
P2: permukaan pernafasan lembap membenarkan gas membubarkan di
dalam air sebelum berlaku penyebaran.
P3: Banyak lipatan pada permukaan respiratori untuk meningkatkan jumlah
permukaan permukaan untuk pertukaran gas
P4: Dilindungi dengan rangkaian padat kapilari darah untuk meningkatkan
kawasan permukaan untuk penyebaran gas.
(Any two)
(c) P1 : A lot of respiratory surface increase surface area ratio 1
P2 : Thin layer of cells of respiratory surface for diffusion process 1
2
P1: Banyak permukaan pernafasan meningkatkan nisbah permukaan
permukaan
P2: Lapisan nipis sel permukaan pernafasan untuk proses penyebaran
(d) P1 : Because each cell in the insect’s body has a tracheole system 1
P2 : to supply oxygen directly from the surrounding. 1
2
P1: Kerana setiap sel dalam tubuh serangga mempunyai sistem tracheol
P2: untuk membekalkan oksigen secara langsung dari sekitarnya.
(e) F1- X/human has a double circulatory system, whereas Y/fish has a single 1
circulatory system

P1- In X/human has blood flows directly to the body cells, whereas in Y/fish 1
the blood from the heart flows to the lungs and then to the body cells/not
directly //the blood pressure flow to the body cells in human is higher 2
compared to that in fish.

F1- X / manusia mempunyai sistem peredaran darah berganda, manakala Y / ikan

mempunyai satu sistem peredaran darah

P1- Dalam X / manusia mempunyai aliran darah terus ke sel-sel badan, sedangkan
dalam Y / ikan darah dari jantung mengalir ke paru-paru dan kemudian ke sel-sel
tubuh / tidak langsung // aliran darah ke sel-sel tubuh manusia lebih tinggi
berbanding dengan ikan.
TOTAL 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
3(a) Muscle cells 1 2
Yeast cells 1

Sel otot
Sel yis
(b)(i) Muscle cells : Aerobic respiration 1 2
Yeast cells: Anaerobic respiration 1

Sel otot : respirasi aerob

Sel yis : respirasi anerob
(b)(ii) 4
Muscle cells Yeast cells
Need the presence of oxygen Oxygen absent 1

Memerlukan kehadiran oksigen Oksigen hadir 1

1

XL| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Complete oxidation of glucose Incomplete oxidation of glucose
1
Lengkap pengoksidaan glukosa Tidak lengkap pengoksidaan
glukosa 1
Occurs in mitochondrion Occurs in cytoplasm

Berlaku dalam mitokondrian Berlaku dalam sitoplasma

More /2898 KJ energy Lesser / 210 KJ energy
produced produced

Menghasilkan lebih banyak Rendah / 210 KJ tenaga

tenaga KJ /2898 dikeluarkan
Carbon dioxide + Water + 2898 Carbon dioxide + Ethanol +
KJ Energy 210 KJ Energy

Karbon dioksida + air + 2898 Karbon dioksida + etanol + 210

KJ tenaga KJ tenaga
Any 4
(c) P1 : (Too much ethanol ) causes unsuitable medium / condition // 1 2
Toxic / poisonous medium / condition
P2 : for yeast cells to reproduced // yeast cells die 1

P1: (terlalu banyak etanol) menyebabkan medium / kondisinya tidak sesuai //

medium / keadaan toksik / beracun
P2: untuk sel-sel yis untuk menghasilkan semula sel-sel yis mati
(d) F : the person is panting / higher breathing rate 1 2
E1 : as he is in oxygen debt // anaerobic respiration 1
E2 : much lactic acid is produced (in his muscle cells) 1
E3 : causes muscle cramp 1

F: orang itu panting / kadar pernafasan yang lebih tinggi

E1: kerana dia berada dalam hutang oksigen // respirasi anaerobic
E2: banyak asid laktik dihasilkan (dalam sel ototnya)
E3: menyebabkan kekejangan otot
Any two
TOTAL 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
4(a) - Paramecium sp. does not have special structures to carry out respiration. 1
- gaseous exchange is carried out through diffusion across the plasma 1
membrane
- the concentration of oxygen is higher in the outside environment compared 1
to inside the cell. 5
- the oxygen diffuses into the cell by diffusion across the plasma membrane 1
- the concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the Paramecium sp. 1
compared to the outside environment
- carbon dioxide diffuses out through the plasma membrane by simple 1
diffusion.

- Paramecium sp. tidak mempunyai struktur khas untuk menjalankan

pernafasan.
- Pertukaran gas dilakukan melalui penyebaran merentas membran plasma
- kepekatan oksigen lebih tinggi di persekitaran luar berbanding di dalam sel.
- oksigen meresap ke dalam sel oleh penyebaran merentas membran plasma
- kepekatan karbon dioksida lebih tinggi dalam sp Paramecium. berbanding

XLI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 persekitaran luar
- Karbon dioksida tersebar melalui membran plasma dengan penyebaran
mudah.
- gas diffuses across membrane from high partial pressure to a low partial 1
(b)(i) pressure
- by simple diffusion 1
- the partial pressure of oxygen is low in the blood capillary 1
- oxygen diffuses out from the alveolus to blood capillary by simple diffusion 1 5
- blood capillary has high partial pressure of carbon dioxide compared to the 1
alveolus.
- carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillary into the alveolus 1

- gas meresap di seluruh membran dari tekanan separa yang tinggi ke tekanan separa
yang rendah
- dengan penyebaran mudah
- tekanan separa oksigen adalah rendah dalam kapilari darah
- Oksigen tersebar dari alveolus ke kapilari darah dengan penyebaran mudah
- Kapilari darah mempunyai tekanan separa karbon dioksida yang tinggi berbanding
dengan alveolus.
- karbon dioksida berlainan daripada kapilari darah ke alveolus
(b )(ii) - about 7% of the carbon dioxide is transported 1
- as dissolved carbon dioxide 1
- 23% carbon dioxide binds itself to hemoglobin 1
- and transported as a substance kwon as carbaminohaemoglobin 1 4
- 70% is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions 1

- Sekitar 7% daripada karbon dioksida diangkut

- sebagai karbon dioksida terlarut
- 23% karbon dioksida mengikat dirinya kepada hemoglobin
- dan diangkut sebagai bahan kwon sebagai carbaminohaemoglobin
- 70% diangkut dalam bentuk ion bikarbonat
(c) Organism X
- has branching fine tracheoles to increase the total surface area to volume 1
ratio.
- tracheoles have a moist wall to facilities dissolving of the gas. 1
- the wall of tracheoles is thin to speed up the process of gaseous exchange 1
- the number of tracheoles is numerous to provide a large surface area. 1 6
Organism Y
- the gill filaments have numerous projections to increase the surface area
- the thin membrane of the filament facilities diffusion of respiratory gases into 1
and out 1
- there are numerous blood capillaries in the gill filament to absorb oxygen
and eliminate carbon dioxide 1

Organisme x
- Mempunyai tracheol halus untuk meningkatkan jumlah permukaan ke
nisbah isipadu
- tracheoles mempunyai dinding lembap untuk kemudahan pembubaran gas.
- dinding tracheoles nipis untuk mempercepat proses pertukaran gas
- bilangan trakeol banyak untuk menyediakan kawasan permukaan yang
besar.

Organisme Y
- filamen insang mempunyai banyak unjuran untuk meningkatkan kawasan
permukaan

XLII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 - membran tipis dari filamen kemudahan menyebarkan gas pernafasan
masuk dan keluar
- terdapat banyak kapilari darah dalam filamen insang untuk menyerap
oksigen dan menghilangkan karbon dioksida
TOTAL 20

NO CRITERIA SCORE
5(a) P1 : Stage Q is exhalation (stage). 1 4
P2 : inner intercostal muscle contract// outer intercostal muscle relax 1
P3 : diaphragm relax// curve upward //dome shape 1
P4 : rib cage move downward /inward 1
P5 : volume of thoracic cavity/rib cage decrease 1
P6 : pressure in rib cage increase 1

P1: Tahap Q adalah nafas (panggung).

P2: Kontrak otot intercostal dalaman // berehat otot intercostal luar
P3: diafragma berehat // curve ke atas // bentuk kubah
P4: sangkar rusuk bergerak ke bawah / ke dalam
P5: jumlah kuantiti rongga toraks / rusuk menurun
P6: tekanan dalam peningkatan tulang rusuk
Any 4P
Lungs
(b) R1 : The rate of breathing/respiration (of student) increase 1
R2 : Need to take in more oxygen 1 6
R3 : for oxidation of glucose/cellular respiration/ to produce more energy 1
Heart
S1 : The rate of heartbeat increase 1
S2: to supply/ transport more oxygen / glucose to (muscle) tissue 1
Adrenal gland:
T1 : (adrenal gland) secretes adrenaline hormone 1
T2 : To increase rate of heartbeat and breathing rate 1

Paru-paru
R1: Kadar pernafasan / pernafasan (pelajar) meningkat
R2: Perlu mengambil lebih banyak oksigen
R3: untuk pengoksidaan glukosa / pernafasan sel / untuk menghasilkan lebih banyak
tenaga
Jantung
S1: Kadar kenaikan denyutan jantung
S2: untuk membekalkan lebih banyak oksigen / glukosa kepada tisu (otot)
Kelenjar adrenal:
T1: (kelenjar adrenal) merembeskan hormon adrenalin
T2: Meningkatkan kadar degupan jantung dan pernafasan
(c ) P1 : (at high altitude/ top of mountain), the atmospheric pressure decrease 1
P2 : Partial pressure oxygen decrease 10
P3 : this cause a drop of oxygen level in blood. 1
P4 : peripheral chemoreceptor/aortic body/carotid body are stimulated 1
P5 : impulse is sent to respiratory center 1
P6 : in medulla oblongata 1
P7 : respiratory muscle/intercostal muscle/diaphragm contract and relax 1
faster 1
P8 : (as a result) breathing rate /ventilation rate increase
P9 : more oxygen is inhaled 1
P10 : Oxygen content return to normal level. 1
1

XLIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P1: (di ketinggian / puncak gunung yang tinggi), penurunan tekanan atmosfera
P2: Pengurangan tekanan separa oksigen
P3: ini menyebabkan penurunan tahap oksigen dalam darah.
P4: badan chemoreceptor / badan aorta / badan karotid dirangsang
P5: dorongan dihantar ke pusat pernafasan
P6: dalam medulla oblongata
P7: otot pernafasan / otot intercostal / diafragma dan berehat lebih cepat
P8: (akibatnya) kadar pernafasan / kenaikan kadar pengudaraan
P9: lebih banyak oksigen dihidupkan
P10: Kandungan oksigen kembali ke tahap normal.
TOTAL 20

DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

NO CRITERIA SCORE
P : legume/peanut plant
Q : nitrate
R : denitrifying bacteria 1
(a) 1
P: kilang kacang / kacang tanah 1
Q: nitrat
R: denitrifying bakteria
(b) Rhizobium sp. 1
Decomposer such as saprophytic bacteria/fungi
(c) (i) 1
Decomposer seperti bakteria/kulat saprophytic
E1: Decompose large nitrogen compound
E2: such as protein into small molecule such as ammonium compound.
1
(ii)
1
E1: Menguraikan sebatian nitrogen yang besar
E2: seperti protein ke dalam molekul kecil seperti sebatian ammonium.
Able to construct a food web showing the interaction of four organisms.

Mampu untuk membina sebuah rantai makanan yang menunjukkan interaksi

dengan empat organisma.

(d) (i) 2

Lost to atmosphere as heat energy// Used to decompose dead matter // Used

to carry out metabolism reaction in cells// respiration// execretion//
defaecation.
(ii) ANY 2
Tewas kepada suasana tenaga haba / / digunakan untuk menghuraikan
perkara mati / / digunakan untuk menjalankan tindak balas metabolisma

XLIV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 dalam sel-sel / / pernafasan / / execretion / / defaecation.
F : Deforestation / logging/ open burning
E1: Extinction/ destroy of flora/fauna
E2: Loss of biodiversity
E3: Disruption of food chain/web
E4: Landslides/ soil erosion/ water pollution// flash flood.
(e) ANY 1
F: Pembasmian hutan / pembakaran / pembakaran terbuka
E1: Kemusnahan / pemusnahan flora / fauna
E2: Kehilangan biodiversiti
E3: Gangguan rantai makanan / web
E4: Tanah runtuh / hakisan tanah / pencemaran air // banjir kilat.

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1 (a)(i) E1 : The aerial roots / pneumotophore (in zone P) collect sediments / organic 1 4
matter
E2 : from decaying plants / rubbish / etc. 1
E3 : the soil becomes compact / firm /drier 1
E4 : (as times passes) the prop roots (in zone R)trap silt / mud 1
E5 : creating the firmer soil structure // the ground becomes higher 1
E6 : buttress roots (in zone Q)trap more silt / mud 1
E7: modifies / change the soil (gradually) becomes terrestrial land 1

E1: Akar udara / pneumotofor (dalam zon P) mengumpul sedimen / bahan

organic
E2: dari tumbuhan mereput / sampah / dsb.
E3: tanah menjadi padat / tegas / kering
E4: (seperti masa berlalu) akar prop (dalam zon R) perangkap lumpur /
lumpur
E5: mewujudkan struktur tanah yang lebih teguh // tanah menjadi lebih tinggi
E6: akar buttress (dalam zon Q) perangkap lebih banyak lumpur / lumpur
E7: mengubah / mengubah tanah (secara beransur-ansur) menjadi tanah
daratan
(Any 4)

(ii) 6
Problem faced by Adaptations Functions
mangrove (P) (A) (F)

Masalah yang Penyesuaian (A) Fungsi (F) 1,1

dihadapi oleh bakau
(P)
P1: Soft muddy soil A1: Avicennia sp. F1: To support
have long, branced themselves,
P1: Tanah berlumpur underground cable // These roots anchor
lembut roots the plants to the 1,1
// the Rhizophora sp. muddy soil.
have prop roots
F1: Menyara, / / akar
A1: Avicennia sp. ini memantapkan
telah lama, akar tumbuh-tumbuhan ke
kabel bawah tanah tanah berlumpur. 1,1
branced / /
Rhizophora sp.
mempunyai akar

XLV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 prop
P2: Waterlogged A2: Avicennia sp. F2: Allow gaseous 1,1
conditions of the soil has breathing roots / exchange to take
decrease the amount pneumatophores place.
of oxygen // pores / lenticels
found on the bark of F2: Membolehkan
P2: Syarat-syarat mangrove trees. Pertukaran gas
tanah yang mengambil tempat.
ditenggelami air A2: Avicennia sp.
mengurangkan mempunyai
jumlah oksigen pernafasan akar /
pneumatophores / / 1,1
liang-liang / lenticels
ditemui di pokok
bakau.
P3: Direct exposure A3: A thick layer of F3: Reduce
to the sun leads to a cuticle covers the transpiration
high rate of leaves. // // To stored water
transpiration The leaves are thick
/ succulent. F3: Mengurangkan
P3: Pendedahan transpiration / / air
langsung kepada A3: Lapisan tebal disimpan
matahari yang kutikula merangkumi
membawa kepada daun. Daun yang
kadar tinggi tebal / lazat.
transpiration
P4: The surrounding A4: the cell sap of F4:To ensure that
water in the soil is the roots cells has a the roots do not lose
hypertonic as higher osmotic water by osmosis.
compared to the cell pressure than the // Excrete the excess
sap of the root cells soil water that salt (in the
surrounds them. hypertonic water of
P4: Sekitar air dalam // Have hydathodes / the soil which diffuse
tanah adalah pores at the edges of into the roots).
hypertonic the leaves.
berbanding sap sel F4: untuk
sel-sel akar A4: sap sel sel-sel memastikan bahawa
akar memiliki akar tidak kehilangan
tekanan osmotic air oleh osmosis.
lebih tinggi daripada Mengeluarkan bahan
air tanah yang garam berlebihan (di
mengelilingi mereka. dalam air hypertonic
Mempunyai tanah yang meresap
hydathodes / liang- ke dalam akar).
liang di tepi daun.
P5: Seeds which fall A5: Seeds have F5: Can float //
onto the ground die vivipary secure vertically onto
(because they are characteristic // the the soil.
submerged within seed are able to
the soft and germinate while still F5: Boleh terapung /
waterlogged soil). attached to the / selamat menegak
parent plant. ke tanah.
P5: Benih yang jatuh
ke tanah mati A5: Benih
(kerana mereka akan mempunyai ciri-ciri
tenggelam dalam vivipary / / biji akan

XLVI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 tanah lembut dan berupaya untuk
ditenggelami air). bercambah
walaupun masih
melekat pada pokok
induk.

(Any 2 pair of P, A and F)

(Maximum 6 marks)

(b) E1 : Act as (shore) protection // barrier against strong coastal winds / waves / 1 10
tides
E2 : to prevent soil/coastal erosion / landslide / flash flood 1
E3 : roots trap sediment / soil / rubbish / garbage 1
E4 : thus, maintaining water quality 1
E5 : maintaining / increasing biodiversity 1
E6 : as a site for breeding / feeding of fauna / aquatic animals // serving as 1
valuable nursery area for organisms
E7 : as a habitat for fauna / animal 1
E8 : preventing extinction of species 1
E9 : allow longer life span for aquatic organisms 1
E10 : maintain dynamic ecosystem 1
E11 : sources of raw material for construction industry // any explanation 1
E12 : as an eco-tourism // recreation // any explanation
E13 : maintaining weather to normal // explanation 1
E14 : prevent / reduce greenhouse effect // explanation 1
1
E1: Bertindak sebagai perlindungan (pantai) // penghalang terhadap angin pantai /
gelombang / pasang surut yang kuat
E2: untuk mencegah hakisan tanah / pantai / tanah runtuh / banjir kilat
E3: perangkap akar sedimen / tanah / sampah / sampah
E4: dengan itu, mengekalkan kualiti air
E5: mengekalkan / meningkatkan biodiversiti
E6: sebagai tapak untuk pembiakan / pemakanan haiwan fauna / akuatik / berkhidmat
sebagai kawasan semaian yang berharga bagi organisma
E7: sebagai habitat untuk fauna / haiwan
E8: menghalang kepupusan spesis
E9: membenarkan jangka hayat yang lebih lama untuk organisma akuatik
E10: mengekalkan ekosistem dinamik
E11: sumber bahan mentah untuk industri pembinaan // sebarang penjelasan
E12: sebagai rekreasi eko-pelancongan // sebarang penjelasan
E13: mengekalkan cuaca ke penjelasan / normal
E14: mencegah / mengurangkan kesan rumah hijau // penjelasan
(Any 10)
Total 20

ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

NO CRITERIA SCORE

XLVII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
1(a) F1: as a source of food 1 10
E1: fish / any suitable example has a high protein content / any suitable food 1
class content
F2 : as a source of oxygen supply 1
E2: the green plants undergo photosynthesis ( during photosynthesis 1
oxygen is produced )
F3 : as a source of carbon dioxide supply 1
E4 : the organism undergo respiration (during respiration carbon dioxide is 1
produced )
E5 : a balanced carbon cycle 1
F4 : as a source of clean water supply 1
E6 : the dead organism are decomposed by the bacteria/fungi 1
F5 : interaction between plants and animals 1
E7 : the consumers depend on the producer for food 1
E8 : in the food chain / food web 1
E9 : energy flow from one tropic level to another tropic level 1
F6 : as a habitat for plant /animals /any suitable example 1
E10 : the suitable conditions allow the organism to breed / increase the 1
population / varieties
E11: resulting in biodiversity 1
E12 : a balanced ecosystem 1

F1: sebagai sumber makanan

E1: ikan / contoh yang sesuai mempunyai kandungan protein tinggi / mana-mana
kandungan kelas makanan yang sesuai
F2: sebagai sumber bekalan oksigen
E2: tumbuhan hijau menjalani fotosintesis (semasa fotosintesis
oksigen dihasilkan)
F3: sebagai sumber bekalan karbon dioksida
E4: organisme menjalani pernafasan (semasa respirasi karbon dioksida dihasilkan)
E5: kitaran karbon seimbang
F4: sebagai sumber bekalan air bersih
E6: organisma mati diuraikan oleh bakteria / kulat
F5: interaksi antara tumbuhan dan haiwan
E7: pengguna bergantung kepada pengeluar makanan
E8: dalam rantaian makanan / web makanan
E9: aliran tenaga dari satu tahap tropik ke paras tropika yang lain
F6: sebagai habitat untuk tumbuhan / haiwan / contoh yang sesuai
E10: keadaan yang sesuai membolehkan organisme membiak / meningkatkan
populasi / varieti
E11: menghasilkan biodiversiti
E12: ekosistem yang seimbang
Any 10
(b) F1: ( CFC ) causes depletion of ozone layer 1 10
E1: Penetration of excess/more UV rays 1
E2: Skin cancer/melanoma/sunburns/cataract // Any suitable example 1
E3: Reduces body immune system 1
E4: Leaf cells and chlorophyll are easily damaged // Lower rate of 1
photosynthesis
E5: Kill microorganisms / phytoplankton 1
E6 : Disruption/destruction of food chain/web 1
E7 : Climatic changes // Any suitable example 1
E8 : Surrounding temperature increases 1
F2: ( Combustion of fossil fuel ) causes acid rain // air pollution 1
E7: Factories release a large amount of nitrogen 1
oxide/nitrogen dioxide/sulphur dioxide/carbon monoxides / dust in the

XLVIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 atmosphere.
E8: Acid rain – soil become acidic (so less suitable for 1
the cultivation of certain crops) // lower yield
E9: Disruption of food chain / food web 1
E10: Photosynthetic tissues are destroyed// Roots damaged and cannot 1
absorb minerals/water//lower rate of photosynthesis
E11: Metal railings / bridges corrode/ any suitable example 1
E12: Health problem: asthma/bronchitis/ and suitable respiratory problem 1
E13: Skin and eye irritation / conjunctivitis
1
F1: (CFC) menyebabkan penipisan lapisan ozon
E1: Penembusan lebihan / lebih banyak sinar UV
E2: Kanser / melanoma / sunburns / katarak kulit // Sebarang contoh yang sesuai
E3: Mengurangkan sistem imun badan
E4: Sel daun dan klorofil mudah rosak // Kadar fotosintesis yang rendah
E5: Bunuh mikroorganisma / fitoplankton
E6: Gangguan / pemusnahan rantaian makanan / web
E7: Perubahan iklim // Contoh yang sesuai
E8: Peningkatan suhu sekitar
F2: (Pembakaran bahan api fosil) menyebabkan hujan asid / pencemaran udara
E7: Pabrik melepaskan sejumlah besar nitrogen
oksida / nitrogen dioksida / sulfur dioksida / karbon monoksida / habuk di
atmosfera.
E8: Hujan asid - tanah menjadi berasid (jadi kurang sesuai untuk
penanaman tanaman tertentu) // hasil yang lebih rendah
E9: Gangguan rantaian makanan / web makanan
E10: Tisu fotosintesis musnah // Akar rosak dan tidak dapat menyerap mineral / air //
kadar fotosintesis yang lebih rendah
E11: Pagar logam / jembatan corrode / contoh yang sesuai
E12: Masalah kesihatan: asma / bronkitis / dan masalah pernafasan yang sesuai
E13: Kerengsaan kulit dan mata / konjunktivitis
Any 10
TOTAL 20

NO CRITERIA SCORE
2(a) P1: The phenomena is greenhouse effect 1 5
P2: Much carbon dioxide released ( from the factories / car / 1
burning of fossil fuel )
P3: Increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere 1
P4: forms a layer of carbon dioxide 1
P5 : traps more heat 1
P6 : prevents more of the heat escaping from the earth 1
P7 : cause arise in the Earth’s temperature 1
P8 : Leads to global warming 1
P9: Leads to melting of polar ice / rise in the
sea level 1
P10 : Leads to floods / drought/change in climate 1

P1: Fenomena ini adalah kesan rumah hijau

XLIX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P2: Banyak karbon dioksida yang dikeluarkan (dari kilang / kereta /
pembakaran bahan api fosil)
P3: Meningkatkan kepekatan karbon dioksida di atmosfera
P4: membentuk lapisan karbon dioksida
P5: perangkap lebih panas
P6: menghindarkan lebih banyak haba melarikan diri dari bumi
P7: menyebabkan timbul di suhu bumi
P8: Memimpin kepada pemanasan global
P9: Menuju pencairan ais / kutub kutub di paras laut
P10: Menuju banjir / kemarau / perubahan iklim
Any five
(b)(i) P1: The release of nitrogen oxides / sulphur 1 5
dioxides leads to the formation of acid rain
P2 : the gases dissolve in the rain water 1
P3 : Acid rain causes damage on the leaves / chloroplast 1
P3 : Lower rate of photosynthesis 1
P4 : Leads to stunted growth / death of plants//population reduced 1
P5 : Acid rain lowers pH of the pond// more acidic 1
P6 : causes death to aquatic organisms /fishes 1
P7 : pH of soil lower//more acidic 1

P1: Pembebasan nitrogen oksida / sulfur dioksida membawa kepada

pembentukan hujan asid
P2: gas larut dalam air hujan
P3: Hujan asid menyebabkan kerosakan pada daun / chloroplast
P3: Kadar fotosintesis yang lebih rendah
P4: Menuju pertumbuhan / kematian tumbuhan yang terhantam / penduduk
dikurangkan
P5: Hujan asam menurunkan pH kolam / lebih berasid
P6: menyebabkan kematian kepada organisma akuatik / ikan
P7: pH tanah lebih rendah // lebih berasid
Any 5
(ii) P1 : Producer (trees ) carry out photosynthesis 1 10
P2 : produce glucose / organic food for the consumer 1
P3 : in food chain/food web 1
P4 : produce oxygen for respiration of organism 1
P5 : ensure a balanced in the carbon cycle 1
P6 : The roots of the trees hold the soil structure 1
P7 : avoid soil erosion/any suitable disaster 1
P8 : Trees is a natural water catchment area 1
P9 : Provides habitat // breeding places for organisms 1
P10 Contributes to biodiversity of flora / fauna 1
P11: Source of major sources of food / traditional herbs / 1
Medicinal plants.
P12: Trees carry out transpiration/water loss to the 1
environment
P13 : Ensure a balance water cycle 1
P14- Trees provide canopy for the forest which provide 1
shades to prevent direct sunlight

P1: Pengeluar (pokok) menjalankan fotosintesis

P2: menghasilkan glukosa / makanan organik untuk pengguna
P3: dalam rantaian makanan / web makanan
P4: menghasilkan oksigen untuk pernafasan organisma
P5: memastikan seimbang dalam kitaran karbon
P6: Akar pokok memegang struktur tanah

L| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P7: elakkan hakisan tanah / apa-apa bencana yang sesuai
P8: Pokok adalah kawasan tangkapan air semula jadi
P9: Menyediakan habitat // tempat pembiakan untuk organisma
P10 Menyumbang kepada biodiversiti flora / fauna
P11: Sumber sumber utama makanan / herba tradisional /
Tumbuhan perubatan.
P12: Pokok melakukan pengalihan / kehilangan air ke
persekitaran
P13: Pastikan kitaran air keseimbangan
P14- Pokok memberikan kanopi untuk hutan yang disediakan
warna untuk mengelakkan cahaya matahari langsung
Any 10

TOTAL 20

LI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 NO CRITERIA SCORE
1 (a) A : Semilunar valve 1
B : Tricuspid valve 1 2
(b) P1: Both valve A and B prevents back flow of blood. 1
P2 : Allow only one way direction of blood flow. 1 2
(c)
D1: Double circulation//systemic 1
D1: Single circulation
and pulmonary circulation
D2: Has a two chambered heart D2: Has a four chambered heart 1
1
D3: Blood flows through heart D3: Blood flows through heart
once twice
D4: Blood circulatory D4: Blood circulatory 1
system/heart has 1 atria and 1 system/heart has 2 atria and 2
ventricle ventricles
D5: Oxygenated blood from the D5: Oxygenated blood from the 1
heart pump to the gills. heart is pump to the lung.
D6: Oxygenated blood is 1
D6: Oxygenated blood flow from
pumped from the heart to body
gills to body cells.
cells. 1
D7: Oxygenated blood has lower D7: Oxygenated blood has
pressure. higher pressure. 1 4
D8: Gaseous exchange occured D8: Gaseous exchange occured
at gills/lamela/filaments. at lungs/alveolus.
(d)(i) X : arrow on 4th month 1
Y : arrow right before the second day 1 2
(ii) F1 : The first dose usually induces a low level of antibody concentration 1
E1 : which is often insufficient to protect a person against the disease.
F2 : A second injection is necessary to increase the antibody production to a 1
level above the immunity level 1
E2 : to protect the person against the disease.
1 2

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1 (a) P : Red Blood cell / erythrocyte 1
Q: White blood cells/leucocytes/neutrophil 1 2

(b) P1 : (When the blood vessel is damaged), (blood flows) 1

platelets produce thrombokinase enzyme. 3
P2 : Thrombokinase converts prothrombin to thrombin 1
P3 : Thrombin converts fribrinogen to fibrin 1
P4 : Fibrins traps erythrocytes ,scab formed 1
(Scab dried , wound is healed ) 1

(c) P1: R is granulocyte, S is agranulocyte 1

P2 : R is neutrophil, S is lymphocyte/monocyte 1 2
P3 : R has lobed nuclei, S has non-lobed nucleus 1

(d)(i) P1 : Body defence mechanism is lowered/impaired 1

P2 : because leukaemia is the cancer of white blood cell 1
P2 : The cancer caused the number of red blood cells to 1
decrease
P3 : the number of white blood cell/leucocyte increases 1

LII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P4 : the bone marrow produce abnormal white blood 1
cells/leucocyte
P5 : the WBC does not function normally 1
P6 : neutrophils cannot carry out phagocytosis 1
P7 : lymphocytes cannot produced antibodies 1 3

( ii) P1 : uncontrolled mitosis 1

P2 : cells multiply rapidly/at faster rate 1 2
P3 : cells take over the function of the normal cell 1
TOTAL 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
2(a)(i) Antiserum 1 1

(a)(ii) P1 : The antibody increase above the immunity level immediately 1

after the injection is given. 2
P2 : The quantity of antibody in blood last for only two weeks/ does 1
not last long
(b) P1 : She obtained natural active immunity. 1 3
P2 : After she recovered, memory B cells stored information on the 1
measle virus.
P3 : If the same virus attack her body, lymphocytes able to produce 1
antibodies quickly and at a faster rate.

(c)(i) P1 : Natural passive immunity 1

P2 : Because breast milk contain antibody 1
P3 : Antibody destroys pathogen 1 3
P4 : The protection is short lived 1
Any three

(c )(ii) P1 : Foetus also obtained natural passive immunity. 1

P2 : Antibodies from the mother cross the placenta to the foetus 1 2
P3 : To protect the baby against disease. 1

TOTAL 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
3(a)(i) P1 : Process P shows the second line of defence 1 6
P2 : the process is by phagocytosis 1
P3 : Neutrophils engulf the pathogen 1
P4 : then the pathogen fused with lysosome and digested by the 1
lysozyme
P5 :Neutrophils become phagocytes that can destroy pathogens in 1
the blood
P6 : Phagocytes can move out of blood vessels into the intercellular 1
spaces and in the lymphatic vessel
Any 3

P7 : Process Q shows the third line of defence 1

P8 : Antibodies caused agglutination of pathogens 1
P9 : the antibodies is called aglutinin 1
P10 : the clumped pathogens becomes inactive 1
Any 3

LIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 (b)(i) P1 : Artery of Individual Y shows narrower lumen 1 6
P2 : deposition of plaques / cholesterol / fats / minerals / calcium // 1
any suitable example
P3 : at the inner wall of the artery 1
P4 : ( The hard plaques/ deposition ) hardened the artery 1
P5 : Artery unable to dilate 1
P6: Blood flows at high pressure 1
P7: (Platelet sticks to the plaques and )caused blood clot 1
P8 : Blocked the oxygen to be flowing / transported to the heart 1
P9 : less oxygen supplied to the heart ( tissues ) 1
P10 :caused high risk of cardiovascular disease / atherosclerosis / 1
arteriosclerosis./ heart attack / any suitable example
Any 6
(b)(ii) P1 : treatment for blocked artery 1
P2 : to increase the lumen of narrow artery 1 4
P3 : to ensure blood flows normally to the brain 1
P4 : to prevent stroke 1
(c) P1 : The defect cause back flow of blood into the left ventricle 1
P2 : blood cannot flow in one direction out of the heart through aorta 1 5
P3 : less oxygenated blood is transported to the whole body 1
P4 : blood pressure decreases 1
P5 : heart has to work harder to pump blood out of the heart 1
P6 : cause heart muscle is enlarged and thickens 1
P7 : heart muscle loose elasticity and efficiency 1
Any 5
Total 20

NO CRITERIA SCORE
4 (a) F1 - P transport of water by root pressure 1
E1 – soil solution is hypotonic compared to the cell sap// high in 1 10
concentration compared to the soil solution.
E2- Water (molecule) diffuse into the cell sap of the root hair cell 1
E3 – By Osmosis
E4 – which cause water to be push into thexylem vessels 1
F2- Q- capillary action 1
E1 – There is cohesion force (between water molecule and water molecule) 1
and adhesion force (between water molecule and xylem wall) 1
E2 – Against gravitational pull
E3 – xylem- continuous vessels /hollow/narrow /dead cytoplasm (which
cause water to be transported through the xylem.) 1
E4 – Transpiration in leaves cause water being pulled from the xylem vessel 1
in the stem to the xylem vessel in the leaves.
F3 – R – transpirational pull 1
E1 – water evaporates from the mesophyll cells 1
E2 – water is pulled from the xylem in the leaf into the mesophyll cell by 1
osmosis 1
E3- continous loss of water vapour through the stoma will cause water to
pull up 1
Any 2
(b)(i)P1 : 10% of the interstitial fluid diffuse into the lymphatic capillary 1
P2 : to form lymph 1 5
P3 : The lymph will flow into larger lymphatic vessel 1
P4 : the lymph will flow through the lymph nodes 1
1
P5 : that finally returns back to the blood circulation

LIV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 (ii) P1 : Growing fetus in uterus put pressure on the pelvic vein/blood 1
vessel 5
P2 : the pressure slows the return of blood to circulation 1
P3 : cause pooling of the blood 1
P4 : which force fluid to accumulate in the tissues 1
P5 : that cause oedema 1
TOTAL 20

LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1 (a)(i) Type of muscle in an earthworm : Smooth muscle 1
Type if muscle in a bird : Skeletal muscle 1 2

(a)(ii) 1. Circular smooth muscle 1

2. Longitudinal smooth muscle 1 2

(a)(iii)
P1 : When circular smooth muscle contracts, the longitudinal smooth 1
muscle relaxes
P2: The body / segment is elongated and slim / projected forward. 1
P3: When longitudinal smooth muscle contracts, the circular smooth 1
muscle relaxes
P4: The body / segment is shortened and fattened 1
P5: bristles / chaetae penetrate / anchor into the ground 1
P6: to gain support 1
Any 3 3

(b)(i)
1 1

(b) (ii) P1: The bird cannot fly 1

P2: It cannot perform wing downstroke 1
P3: Major pectoralis muscle cannot contract / is less contracted. 1
P4: Humerus cannot be pulled downward 1
P5: Wing flapping is ineffective / less carried out 1
(Any 3 3
(c) P1: brittle bones // bones are easily broken // porous bones // 1 1
less density bones
Total 12

LV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 NO CRITERIA SCORE
2 (a) ● Skull 2
● Humerus
● Vertebral column
● Tibia
All 4 correct = 2 marks
Less than 3 correct =1 mark
(b) ● Yes 1 3
Because
P1 : Gives shape 1
P2 : Muscle attachment 1
P3 : Gives support 1
P4 : Helps in movement of the organism 1
P5 : Protects the internal organs 1
P6 : Site for production of blood cells 1
P7 :Storage for phosphate and calcium 1
Any 3
(c )( i) ● Cervical vertebrae 1 2
● Lumbar vertebrae 1
(c)(ii)
Cervical vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae
Thinner centrum Thicker centrum 1
Has a pair of vertebraterial canal Has no verterartery canal 1
Supports neck and head Supports body weight 1
Small spinous process Big / broad spinous process 1
Small transverse process Big / broad transcerse process 1

Any 2 2
(d) P1 : Muscles of the arm are attached to the bones 1 3
P2 : Biceps muscles and triceps muscles acts antagonistically 1
P3 : Biceps muscles contracts( while triceps relaxes ) 1
P4 : Tendon pulls radius up 1
P5 : So the arm is bend 1
Any 3
Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
3 a An athlete must do a warming up before an event

P1: to increase temperature of body / muscle 1

P2 : enabling more efficient use of energy 1
P3 : more / efficient / rapid glucose oxidation 1
P4 : increase blood circulation / increase heartbeat 1
P5 : supply oxygen faster / rapidly 1
P6 : prevent injuries to muscle 1
P7 : muscle can contract more / efficiently / rapidly 1
P8 : ligaments can be stretched more / easily 1

LVI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P9 : prevent muscle cramp 1
Any 5 5
Elderly people experiences pain at their joint.

F1: Osteoarthritis occurs 1

P1: cartilage has become thinner 1
P2: cartilage is unable to cushions the joint / absorbs shock 1
F2 : Rheumatoid arthritis occurs 1
P3 : small amount of synovial fluid produced 1
P4 : by the inflamed synovial membrane 1
P5 : thus increase friction between the end of the bones 1
E5 : result in stiff / painful / swollen joint 1
E6 : difficulty in movement 1
Any 5 5

Total 10
(b)
F1: Pitching 1
P1: Fish has tendencies to dive uncontrollably 1
P2: overcome using pectoral fins and pelvic fins 1
P3: act as brakes to stop moving / swimming 1
P4: (next) act as rudders to start moving / swimming

F2: Rolling 1
P5: Fish cannot maintain its vertical position 1
P6: cause by (strong) water resistance / currect 1
P7: Overcome using ventral fin and dorsal fin 1
P8: help to increase the total surface area 1
P9: to reduce the effect of water resistance 1

F3: Yawing 1
P10: Fish is unable to swim forward in a straight manner 1
P11: Overcome using all fins / pectoral fins, pelvic fins, ventral fin and 1
dorsal fin
P12: pectoral fins and pelvic fins become brakes to stop swimming // 1
pectoral fins and pelvic fins become rudders to start swimming
P13: ventral fin and dorsal fin increase total surface area to reduce the 1
water resistances
(F1, F2, F3 + Any 7 P) 10

Total 20

LVII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 NO CRITERIA SCORE
4 a F1 :Has small head 1
P1 :The head is small and therefore very light 1
F2 : Deep chest 1
P2 : The deep chest makes it able to expand its lungs more and 1
therefore take in more oxygen during a chase 1
F3 : Streamlined body 1
P3 : Reduce the air resistance 1
F4 : Has a long tail 1
P4 : It works as a balance check when the cheetah is at top speed 1
F5 : Has a flexible vertebral column 1
P5 : Allowing it to have a longer stride when running as it can space 1
its legs much further apart// which enable it to straighten its back and
stretch fore limb and hind limbs to a full spread/ then arch the spine so
that the hind legs reach forwards in advance of the forelegs
F6 : Has small paws 1
P6 : Are light and easily controlled 1
F7 : Has very small teeth 1
P7 : Provides more space ,more oxygen to enter the mouth quickly 1
F8 : Has very strong muscles ( at the hind limb/ forelimb/vertebral 1
column )
P8 : For contraction and relaxation for the forward/upward thrust 1
F9 : Has an oversized, powerful heart 1
P9 : Able to pump huge amounts of blood 1
F10 : Has extra long eyes 1
P10 : Can get a fast, wide-angle view of their surroundings even at top 1
speed//any suitable characteristics 1
Any 10 10

(b) Usain St Leo Bolt is unable to challenge the cheetah as the fastest 1
land mammal in the world

Possible opinions
P1 : Usain St Leo Bolt best speed is only 9.58 seconds for 100 meters 1
but the cheetah’s speed is 3 seconds for 96–120 km/h
P2 : Because Usain St Leo Bolt does not have a very flexible vertebral 1
column which can be stretched and straightened the fore limb and
hind limbs / arch the vertebral column/spine
P3 : does not have a very long tail to act as a balance check 1
P4 : does not have a streamline body to reduce the air resistance 1
P5 : does not have a light body weight for the muscles to carry it 1
P6 : does not have a small head /flattened rib cage/long thin legs 1
/small teeth to reduce the body weigh/mass
P7 : does not have an oversized powerful heart pumps huge amounts 1
of blood / large lungs / nostrils allow for fast and deep air intake
P8 : does not have a very strong skeletal muscle at the fore and hind 1
limbs allow the animal to achieve a stride of 25 feet (7.6 meters)
P9 : only use his two legs for running unlike the cheetah using 4 1
limbs//any suitable opinions
Any 5 5

LVIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
(c) P1 : The proposal may include suggestions as below 1
Studying the animals in the field to track population trends, measure
the level of human persecution, identify and address additional
threats, and gather other important data
P2 : Understanding cheetah behaviour within a natural ecosystem is 1
an important step for their conservation.
P3 : Data obtained on migration patterns, food selection, social 1
behaviour, population size and hazards such as diseases, bushfires
and poaching helps scientist gain valuable information on these
animals
P4 : Developing a cooperative outreach strategy with local livestock 1
farmers and other land users to reduce the killing of cheetah;
P5 : Working with local schools to educate students about cheetahs 1
and other native wildlife;
P6 : Supporting children’s centers to provide out-of-school education 1
programs to promote wildlife conservation among future generations;
P7 : Building the capacity of students and community members to 1
become cheetah conservation leaders; and,
P8 : Partnering with suitable agency to strengthen cheetah protection 1
policies.// or any other suitable proposal
P9 : Measures are taken and projects are drawn to sensitize 1
conversation animal centres, not only in Africa, but also on the
international stage.
Any 5 5
Total 20

COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1.a Phototropism 1
The plant shoot grows/bends 1 3
Towards light 1
b (i) Auxins stimulates / promotes cell elongation at shoot tip 1
More auxin is distributed/accumulated at lower side of the shoot tip 1
compared to upper side due to gravity/light 3
Higher concentration of auxin at lower side causes the cell to elongate 1
more/rapidly than the upper side
The shoot tip grows/bends upwards/towards light/away from gravity 1
Any 3

(ii) High concentration of auxin on the lower side of root tip/ radicle inhibit 1
cell elongation
More auxin is distributed/ accumulated at lower side of root tip 1 3
compared to upper side
The rate of cell elongation at lower side is slower than the upper side 1
The root tip grows/bends downwards towards gravity/away from light 1
Any 3

LIX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 c At the shoot tip, high concentration of auxins stimulates cell 1 1
elongation but at the root tip, high concentration of auxins
inhibits cell elongation.
d Positive phototropism // Negative geotropism 1
Enables the plant to receive maximum amount of sunlight for 1 2
photosynthesis
OR
Negative phototropism // Positive geotropism 1
Enables the root hair to absorb nutrient/ mineral salts from the soil 1
2.a (i) It is ductless because it secretes hormones directly 1
into the blood rather than through a duct. 1 4
It is the master gland because it controls the production 1
and secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands 1
The glands which are controlled by the pituitary gland are thyroid 1
gland, adrenal glands, mammary glands,testes and ovary
Any 4
(ii) Condition X
● Goitre 1
● .Under secretion / lack of/deficiency in thyroxine hormone in adult 1 8
● Due to lack of iodine 1
● Causes the enlargement of the thyroid gland 1
● Causes an increase in the metabolic rate 1
Any 4
Condition Y
● Dwarfism 1
● Under secretion / lack of/deficiency of growth hormone 1
● Causes slow bone growth rate 1
AND
● Gigantism 1
● Over secretion of growth hormone during childhood 1
● Causes abnormal/increase in the length of bones 1
Any 4
An impulse from neurone P/afferent neurone is in a form of electrical 1
b signal/nerve impulse.
The nerve impulse arrives at the axon terminal (presynaptic) of 1 8
neurone P. 1
This causes the synaptic vesicles to move towards the (presynaptic)
membrane and fuse with the membrane. 1
Neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcoline) molecules are released from the
synaptic vesicles. 1
The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft into
the postsynaptic knob/dendrite of neurone R.
The neurotransmitter molecules bind to specific receptor sites in the 1
postsynaptic knob.
The binding triggers/generates a new nerve impulse. 1
The impulse then moves along the postsynaptic neurone. 1
The release of neurotransmitters is in one direction, from the synaptic 1
knob to the postsynaptic neurone.
Any 8
Total 20

LX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
3a P1 : Cool the body 1 5
P2 : Maintain his body temperature back to normal ( 37° C ) 1
P3 : Sweat gland active 1
P4 : More sweat released 1
P5 : Vasodilation 1
P6 : More blood flow / more heat transport in blood vessel /capillary 1
P7 : More heat released by radiation 1
P8 : Erector muscles relax 1
P9 : Hair fall 1
P10 : Less heat trapped 1
Any 5
b P1 : Drink more water//Consume less sodium 1 5
P2 : Blood osmotic pressure lower( than normal range) 1
P3 : Hypothalamus detect the change/ lower blood osmotic pressure 1
P4 : Less ADH// more Aldosteron produced 1
P5 : Distal convoluted tubule less permeable to water // more 1
permeable to sodium 1
P6 : Urine less concentrated 1
Any 5
Total 10

NO CRITERIA SCORE
4 (a) Reflex Action 1 2
Reason
Stimulus / sharp pin /hammer/boo//prevent injury 1
(b) A : Nucleus 1 4
B : Cytoplasm 1
C : Axon 1
D : Myelin shealth 1
(c)(i) Answer : No 1 2
Because the action is harmful // needs automatic action 1
(c)(ii) P1 : Heat receptor detects the stimulus and converts it into electrical 1 3
impulse 1
P2 : Transmitted by the afferent neuron into the spinal cord 1
P3 : Transmitted to interneuron then 1
P4 : to efferent
P5 : out to effector for response
Any three
Total 11

NO CRITERIA SCORE
5 (a) 1 5
P1 : The desert is hot and dry 1
P2 : Camel lacking water 1
P3 : so camel has to drink little water 1
P4 : So water has to be reabsorb from kidney to blood 1
capillary 1
P5 : So nephron of camel must be very long 1
P6 : To ensure that that rate of reabsorption is slower 1

LXI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P7 : Maybe longer loop of Henle 1
P8 : Urine produced is concentrated 1
P9 : less water
Any 5
b Answer 5
● Fight and Flight Response 1

P1 : When a threat is perceived 1

P2 : The autonomic nervous system automatically puts body on
alert 1
P3 : The adrenal cortex automatically releases stress
hormones. 1
P4 : The heart automatically beats harder and more rapidly. 1
P5 : Breathing automatically becomes more rapid. 1
P6 : Thyroid gland automatically stimulates the metabolism 1
P7 : Larger muscles automatically receive more oxygenated 1
blood.
Importance
P1 : prepares the body to "fight" or "flee" from perceived attack, harm
or threat to our survival 1
P2 : protect us from bodily harm
Any 5 1
Total 10

REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1(a)(i) 2
P : Oestrogen / estrogen 1
Q : Progesterone / progesteron 1
(ii) 2
P : Promotes repair and /growth of the endometrium 1
Menggalakkan pemulihan dan/ pertumbuhan endometrium

Q : Increases the thickening of the endometrium 1

// maintains thickness of endometrium
Meningkatkan penebalan endometrium
//mengekalkan ketebalan endometrium
(b)(i) 2
X : Secondary oocyte / oosit sekunder 1
Y : Corpus luteum / korpus luteum 1
(ii) F: Ovulation 1 2
Ovulasi / Pengovulan 1
P1: X / Secondary oocyte is released from the ovary (into Fallopian
tube)
X / Oosit sekunder dibebaskan dari ovari (ke dalam tiub Fallopio) 1
P2: to be fertilised by sperm
untuk disenyawakan oleh sperma

LXII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 (c)(i) P1: Endometrium will be thicker 1 3
Endometrium menjadi lebih menebal 1
P2: (because) structure Y/ corpus luteum will continue to grow / does
not degeneration
(kerana) struktur Y /korpus luteum akan terus membesar / tidak 1
merosot
P3: secretes progesterone (and oestrogen) 1
merembes progesterone (dan estrogen)
P4: to maintain the thickness of endometrium (during the early
pregnancy)
untuk mengekalkan ketebalan endometrium (semasa kehamilan
awal)
(ii) Implantation of embryo / blastocyst cannot take place 1 1
Penempelan embrio / blastosista tidak boleh berlaku.
TOTAL 12

2(a)(i) P1 : The size of the follicle P change from small to big /increased 1 2
P2 : Primary follicle developed into secondary / Graafian follicle // 1
Primary oocyte developed into secondary oocyte.

(ii) P1 : The thickness of the endometrial wall increases. 1 1

(b) P1 : Menstruation 1 2
P2 : Endometrium wall breaks down and discarded as blood 1

(c) (i) P1 : When structure Q disintegrate the endometrial wall / uterine lining 1 2
decreases.
P2 : because the level of progesterone decreases. 1

(c) (ii) 1
1

**Cell P developed to form a secondary oocyte. The number of

chromosomes in the secondary oocyte is half the number in cell P.

(c) (iii) P1 : The corpus luteum / placenta developed. 1 2

P2 : The corpus luteum / placenta released progesterone (and 1
oestrogen).
(c) (iv) The thickness of the endometrial wall increases / is maintained. 1 1

LXIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
(d) Increase the chance of implantation / development of embryo 1 1
/blastocyst.
(e) P1 : donating to other infertile couples 1 4
P2 : donating to medical research 1
P3 : thawing and discarded as bio waste 1
P4 : postponing the decision 1
P5 : the promise of stem cell research 1
P6 : infertile couples will benefit the frozen embryos for them 1
P7 : donate the embryos for medical research, as a gesture of 1
gratitude to a system that had given them their dreams.
P8 : many couples find donating to research a middle ground that 1
gives the embryos a status somewhere between born
children and simple clumps of cells.
P9 : although the embryos will not survive, giving to science can 1
be a very caring act
P10 : destroying the unused frozen embryos is against some 1
religions belief because fertilized eggs have a right to life.
P11 : destroying the unused frozen embryos because they are not 1
consider to be human beings at all. "A frozen embryo
doesn't mean life, because it has to sustain itself through the
mother
P12 : embryonic stem cells have the unique potential to become 1
any type of cell in the body and may hold promise for treating
conditions such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, spinal-cord
injuries, and others that involve the death of brain cells and
other nerve tissue.

TOTAL 16

3(a) 4
P1: Allows the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between 1
the foetus and the mother’s blood
Membenarkan pertukaran oksigen dan karbon dioksida antara
fetus dan darah ibu
P2: for foetal respiration 1
untuk respirasi fetus berlaku
P3: Removes nitrogenous waste products 1
Menyingkir bahan buangan bernitrogen
P4: Supply nutriens to the foetus 1
Membekalkan nutrient kepada fetus
P5: Acts as an endocrine organ 1
Bertindak sebagai organ endokrin
P6: that secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy 1
yang merembeskan progesteron untuk mengekalkan
kehamilan
Any 4Ps

LXIV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 (b) Similarities / Persamaan: 8
S1: Both fetus develop in the uterus 1
Kedua-dua fetus berkembang di dalam uterus
S2: Both fetuses require a placenta for fetal development
Kedua-dua fetus memerlukan plasenta untuk perkembangan 1
fetus
S3: Both fetuses have their own an umbilical cord
Kedua-dua fetus masing-masing mempunyai tali pusat
sendiri
S4: Both fetuses receive oxygen from the mother's blood 1
Kedua-dua fetus menerima oksigen daripada darah ibu
P5: Waste products from the blood of both fetuses are removed
through the blood of the mother
Bahan kumuh daripada darah ke dua-dua fetus disingkir 1
melalui darah ibu
P6: The mother's blood is separate from the blood of both
fetuses
Darah ibu terpisah daripada darah kedua-duan fetus 1

Differences / Perbezaan:
Twins M Twins N
Kembar M Kembar N
F Identical twins Non-identical twins
Kembar seiras Kembar tak seiras 1
D1: An/one ovum is fertilized by Two ova are fertilized by two
a/one sperm different sperm 1
Satu ovum disenyawakan Dua ovum disenyawakan oleh
oleh satu sperma dua sperma yang berlainan
D2: The embryo divides Embryonic does not divide
Embrio membahagi dua Pembahagian embrio tidak 1
berlaku
D3: Share one placenta Has its own placenta
Berkongsi satu plasenta Mempunyai plasenta sendiri 1
D4: Same sex Same sexes or different sex
Jantina sama Jantina sama atau tidak sama
jantina 1
D5: Have the same genetic Have the different genetic
content content
Mempunyai kandungan Mempunyai kandungan 1
genetik yang sama genetik yang tidak sama
D6: Same physical Different physical
characteristic // same facial characteristic // different facial 1
features features
Ciri fizikal sama // Ciri fizikal sama //
Sama rupa paras Rupa paras tidak sama
F + Any 7 (S + D) 1

LXV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 (c) . 8
P1: When a pollen grain reaches the stigma, the secretion of 1
sucrose solution on the stigma
Apabila butir debunga tiba di stigma, rembesan larutan
sukrosa pada stigma
P2: stimulates the pollen grain to germinate
merangsang butir debunga untuk bercambah
P3: form a pollen tube. 1
membentuk tiub debunga
P4: The pollen tube grows down the style towards the ovary. 1
Tiub debunga tumbuh dalam stil ke arah ovari.
P5: The tube nucleus (in pollen tube) controls the direction of
growth of the pollen tube. 1
Nukleus tiub (dalam tiub debunga) mengawal arah
pertumbuhan tiub debunga. 1
P6: (During the growth of the pollen tube) the generative nucleus
divides by mitosis
(Semasa pertumbuhan tiub debunga) nukleus penjana
membahagi secara mitosis 1
P7: to produce two male gametes nuclei.
menghasilkan dua nukleus gamet jantan yang hsploid
P8: The two male gametes nuclei follow the tube nucleus down
the pollen tube until they reach embryo sac
Dua gamet nukleus lelaki mengikuti nukleus tiub dalam tiub 1
debunga sehingga sampai ke pundi embrio
P9: The tube nucleus disintegrates, then two male gametes 1
nuclei enter the embryo sac through micropyle.
Nukleus tiub terurai, dua nukleus gamet jantan masuk ke
dalam pundi embrio melalui mikropil.
P10: One male gamete nucleus fuses with the egg cell to form a
diploid zygote (2n). 1
Satu nukleus gamete jantan bergabung dengan sel telur
untuk membentuk zigot diploid (2n)
P11: The other male gamete nucleus fuses with the two polar
nuclei to form a triploid nucleus (3n). 1
Nukleus gamete jantan yang lain bergabung dengan dua
nukleus polar untuk membentuk nukleus triploid (3n)
P12: The process is known as double fertilisation.
Proses ini dikenali sebagai persenyawaan ganda
Any 8Ps 1

1
TOTAL 20

LXVI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 INHERITANCE

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1(a) 1 4

(b)(i) Heterozygous: P, Q 1 2
Homozygous: R, S 1

(ii) F1: Yes. 1 3

P1: The heterozygous female would produce gene B and gene b 1
P2: and the homozygous male would produce only gene b in sperms. 1
P3: Similarly, the combination would produce equal propotions of 1
heterozygous and homozygous individuals in the F1generation.

(c) (i) Bb x Bb 1 3
(ii) BB and Bb 1
Ratio : All are black 1
(iii) BB, Bb and bb 1
Ratio: 3 black : 1 white 1
Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
2 (a) Able to explain the crossbreed based on the following criteria. 10
C1 – The traits of the parent plants in the crossbreed.
C2 – The gametes formed.
C3 – The random fertilisation of the gametes.
C4 – The products of the crossbreed / offsprings / F1.

Sample answer:
C1:
P1 – The crossbreed involves 2 traits of the pea plants // It is a 1
dihybrid cross.
P2 – The first traits is the shape of the pea seed // The characteristics 1
are smooth and wrinkle.
P3 – The second traits is the colour of the pea seed // The 1
characteristics are green and yellow. 1
P4 – Smooth and green are the dominant characteristics.
P5 – The smooth and green pea seed is heterozygous dominant in 1
both traits. 1

LXVII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P6 – Wrinkle and yellow are the recessive characteristics.
P7 – The wrinkled and yellow pea seed is homozygous dominant in 1
both traits. 5
(Any 5 of P1 to P7)
C2:
P8 – The smooth and green pea seed plant produced 4 types of
gametes / shown in the crossbreed diagram or in the Punnet 1
Square.
P9 – The wrinkled and yellow pea seed plant produced 2 types of 1
gametes / shown in the crossbreed diagram or in the Punnet
Square. 1
(Any 1 of P8 and P9)
C3:
P10 – Fertilisation of the gametes occurs randomly / any gametes of
one pea plant can fertilise any gametes of the other pea plant / 1
shown in the crossbreed diagram or in the Punnet Square.
C4:
P11 – 4 genotypes of offsprings (F1) / shown in the crossbreed 1
diagram or in the Punnet Square.
P12 – 4 Phenotypes of offsprings (F1) are produced / Smooth and
green pea seed, smooth and yellow pea seed, wrinkled and
green pea seed, and wrinkled and yellow pea seed / shown in
the crossbreed diagram or in the Punnet Square. 1
P13 – Phenotype / genotype ratio is 1:1:1:1 / shown in the crossbreed
diagram or in the Punnet Square. 1
(Any 3 of P10 to P13) 3

Crossbreed diagram:

Smooth Wrinkled
and green and yellow
Parent: SsGg X ssgg

Gamete: SG sG Sg sg sg P8 / P9

Fertilization P10

Offspring: SsGg ssGg Ssgg ssgg P11

Smooth Wrinkled Smooth Wrinkled

Green Green Yellow Yellow P12

1 : 1 : 1 : 1 P13

LXVIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 Punnet Square: P8 / P9

F1 / Offsprings
Gametes SG sG Sg Sg P11

SsGg ssGg Ssgg Ssgg P12

Sg
Smooth Wrinkled Smooth Wrinkled 1
Green Green Yellow Yellow

SS (Synthesising skill): Any 3 of C1, C2, C3 and C4.

2(b)(i) 5
All 4 correct 2
2 or 3 correct 1

Explaining the inheritance of albinism in the family using a schematic

diagram of inheritance based on the following criteria:
C1 – Parents genotype
C2 – Meiosis
C3 – The gametes formed.
C4 – The random fertilisation of the gametes.
C5 – The genotype of the crossbreed / offsprings / F1
C6 – The phenotype of the crossbreed / offsprings / F1

Parents: Mr. Jay , normal X Mrs. Jay, normal

Aa Aa C1

Meiosis C2

Gametes: A a A a C3

Fertilization C4

Offspring: genotype AA Aa Aa aa C5

Phenotype Normal Normal Normal Albino C6

Any 3 from C1 to C6 3

2(b) (ii) Able to explain how to control the inheritance of albinism to the next 5
generation of Mr. Jay’s family, based on the following criteria.

C1 – The inheritance of albinism if the albino daughter / son marry an

albino person.
C2 – The inheritance of albinism if the albino daughter / son marry an

LXIX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 albino carrier person.

Sample answer:
C1:
P1 – Albino daughter / son must not marry an albino person.
P2 – Both partners will produce gametes with recessive gene / a. 1
P3 – If the (recessive) gametes undergo fertilization, albino offspring
will be produced // The chance to get albino offspring is 100%. 1

Albino Albino 1
Parent: aa X aa

Gamete: a a

Offspring: aa
100% albino P2
C1:
P4 – Albino daughter / son must not marry an albino carrier person. P3
P5 – Both partners are able to produce gametes with recessive gene /
a.
P6 – If the recessive gametes undergo fertilization, albino offspring
will be produced // The chance to get albino offspring is 50% / 1
1:1.
1
Albino Carrier
Parent: aa X Aa 1

Gamete: a A a

Offspring: Aa aa
50% albino 50% normal
1 : 1
(Any 4 of P1 to P6)
P5
ES (Evaluating skill): Any P from C1 + Any P from C2
P6

1
TOTAL 20

NO CRITERIA SCORE
3(a) P1: Parent’s genotype is Bb and Bb (any representative of alphabet 1 10
are accepted)
P2: during meiosis 1
P3: each gamete receive allele B, b 1
P4: during fertilization 1
P5: zygote/offspring( genotypes ) are BB, Bb, Bb and bb 1

LXX| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P6: the zygote/offspring with( genotype ) BB is black coloured wing 1
P7: because of the presence of two dominant allele 1
P8: the zygote/offspring with ( genotype ) Bb is black coloured wing 1
P9: because of the presence of one dominant allele 1
P10: the zygote/offspring with ( genotype ) bb is pale coloured wing
P11: because of the presence of two recessive allele 1
P12: the presence of dominant allele in the zygote/offspring will 1
express the trait / black coloured wing
P13: homozygous dominant / heterozygous is black coloured wing 1
P14: homozygous resessive is pale coloured wing 1
1
Parents: Black male X Black female
Bb Bb
P1
Meiosis
P2
Gametes: B b B b
P3
Fertilization
P4
Offspring: genotype BB Bb Bb bb
phenotype Black Black Black Pale P5

Any 10
10

P1: Hemophilia is a sex / X- linked disease

2(b) P2: Hemophilia is caused by the presence of a recessive allele 1
P3 : in the X chromosome 1
P4: Recessive allele on X chromosome is represented by Xh 1 8
P5. Male has only one X chromosome 1
P6 . If the male has Xh 1
P7 : the male has hemophilia 1
P8.Female has two XX chromosomes 1
P9. If the female has Xh X 1
P10 : The female is normal , she is only a carrier 1
P11 : The female has hemophilia if she has both Xh Xh 1
1
Any 8
8
2(b)(ii) P1. By avoiding marriage of the cousin / close relatives who are 1
carriers through a few generations 2
P2. By avoiding marriage with the carrier female 1
P3. By avoiding marriage with the person that has hemophilia 1

Any 2
TOTAL 20

LXXI| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 VARIATION

NO CRITERIA SCORE
1(a)(i) X : curly hair 1
Y : straight hair 1 2
(ii) Genetic factor 1 1
(iii) - Crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous 1
chromosomes 2
- Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during 1
meiosis produce different combinations of alleles.

(b)(i) Continuous variation 1 1

(ii) - No intermediate values among individuals 1
- Qualitative 1 2
(c)(i) - The difference in type of blood group are clear and distinct whereas 1
the difference in height are not distinct
- The difference in type of blood group are shows discrete distribution 1 3
whereas the difference in height are normal distribution 1
- The difference in type of blood group are shows intermediate
whereas the difference in height are no intermediate
(ii) Diagram 1.3 : The tongue - rolling ability 1 1

NO CRITERIA SCORE
2(a ) ● Stage A : prophase I 1 2
● Stage B : metaphase I 1
(b) P1 : Pairs of homologous chromosomes align on metaphase plate 1 2
P2 : Spindle fibre holds on centromere of each chromosome 1
Total 4

NO CRITERIA SCORE
3 (a) ● 44 + XO 1 1
(b) ● Turner Sindrome 1 1
(c)(i) P1 : Mutation / Chromosomal mutation 1 3
P2 : Lacking one sex chromosome ( x chromosome ) 1
P3 : Due to mutagen// X ray/gamma ray/ chemicals 1
(c)(ii) No 1 3

P1: No menstrual periods 1

P2 : No development of breast 1
P3 : Webbed neck 1
P4 : Short stature 1
P5 : Swollen hands and feet at birth 1
P6 : Heart defects 1
Any 3
(d) Yes
Treatment
P1 : Growth hormone may help a child with Turner syndrome
P2 : To grow taller 1
1

LXXII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 P3 :. Estrogen replacement therapy is often started when the girl is 12 1
or 13 years old.
P4 : This helps trigger the growth of breasts, pubic hair, and other
1
sexual characteristics.
P5 ; hormone replacement therapy can be given so that girls
1
P6 : will develop secondary sexual characteristics
1
P7 : Women with Turner syndrome who wish to become pregnant may
1
consider using a donor egg.
Any 4 4
Total 12

NO CRITERIA SCORE
4(a) - The differences in the flowers are due to environment factors 1
- light intensity 1
- the rate of photosynthesis increases as the light intensity increases. 1
- more glucose or photosynthesis products are produce 1
- more energy / ATP for growth 1
- more flowers are produced 1
- large flowers are produced 1 10
- soil fertility, the more fertile the soil, the more the growth 1
- the Chinese primrose changes colour when grown in different 1
temperature
- careful cultivation may also produce rainbow-coloured flowers by 1
controlling the acidity of the soil the plant grow
(b)
Continuous Variation Discontinuous Variation
Variasi selanjar Variasi tidak selanjar
No distinct characteristics Has distinct characteristics
Tiada perbezaan yang ketara Mempunyai perbezaan yang
ketara 2
Influenced by environmental Influenced by genetic factor
factors and genetic factor Dipengaruhi oleh faktor
Dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik
persekitaran dan faktor 2
genetik 4

(c) - in gene mutation, there is a change in the nucleotide sequence of 1

the DNA molecule. 1
- changes in the bases of DNA 1
- can cause changes in the bases of mRNA 1 6
- changes in amino acids of proteins 1
- the protein structure and its function will change as well 1
- change the cell function
Total 10

LXXIII| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR
 NO CRITERIA SCORE
5 Due to Genetic factor 10
P1 : New techniques // any suitable answers related to diagram and 1
illustration
P2 : genetic recombination 1
P3 : by crossing over during meiosis 1
P4 : Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes 1
P5 : During anaphase I 1
P6 : Random fertilisation 1
P7 : of gametes from parents 1

Due to environmental factors

P8 : nutrients / temperature/any suitable environmental factors 1

Advantages of variation 1

P1 : Increase diversity 1
P2 ; More varieties 1
P3 : better adaptation to changes in environment 1
P4 : higher body resistance against disease 1
P5 : longer life span 1
P6 : better chance of survival 1
P7 : prevents extinction 1
Any 10

Total 10

LXXIV| PROGRAM LONJAKAN UNTUK LULUS SPM (LULuS) SELANGOR (BIOLOGI)

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR