CELL RESPIRATION

SELRESPIRASIE
 Important definitions
Cellular respiration
Is a catabolic process that breaks
down organic compounds
(glucose) with the gradual release
of energy that is stored in ATP
molecules. Oxygen is required,
and carbon dioxide and water are
released as waste products
Belangrike definisies
Selrespirasie
Is ‘n kataboliese proses waar
organiese stowwe(glukose)
afgebreek word met ‘n geleidelike
vrystelling van energie wat in ATP
molekules gestoor word. Suurstof
is nodig en koolstofdioksied en
water word as afvalstowwe
vrygestel
• All living organisms are composed of cells.
• Alle lewende organismes word uit selle saamgestel.

• Cells constantly perform work and therefore require energy.

• Selle is konstant besig om werk te verrig en het daarom energie
nodig
• Organisms use energy for the following life processes:
• Organismes gebruik energie vir die volgende lewensprosesse:

- Growth - Groei
- Cell division - Seldeling
- Digestion - Vertering
- Movement - Beweging
- Transport of substances in - Vervoer van stowwe in die liggaam
the body
- Active transport against a - Aktiewe vervoer teen die konsentrasie
concentration gradient. gradient in.
 REQUIREMENTS PRODUCTS
VEREISTES PRODUKTE
Enzymes

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

Ensieme
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP
Raw materials required for respiration Rou materiaal benodig vir respirasie
 Glucose  Glukose
 Oxygen  Suurstof
Products of respiration Produkte van respirasie
 Carbon dioxide  Koolstofdioksied
 Water  Water
 ATP (energy) – the energy is not  ATP (energie) – die energie word
always used straight away. nie altyd dadelik gebruik nie.
It is temporarily stored in the energy Dit word tydelik gestoor in die
carrier, ATP. energie draer ATP
Places where cellular respiration takes place
The first phase takes place in the cytoplasm outside the mitochondrion
The second phases occur inside the stroma of the mitochondrion
The third phases occur inside the mitochondrion on the folded inner membrane
the cristae.

Plekke waar selrespirasie plaasvind

Eerste fase vind plaas in die sitoplasma buite die mitochondrion.
Die tweede fase vind plaas in die stroma van die mitochondrion
Die derde fase vind plaas in die mitochondrion op die gevoude binne membraan,
die krista.
Draw and label Teken en benoem

Outer membrane
mt DNA Inner membrane
Stroma /
Matrix
(Fluid inside)

Ribosome
Ribosoom
Cristae
Krista
Process of cellular respiration
- Aerobic respiration
(requires oxygen)
- Anaerobic respiration
(does not require oxygen)

Proses van selrespirasie

-Aërobiese respirasie
(Benodig suurstof)
- Anaërobiese respirasie
(Geen suurstof nodig nie)
Aerobic respiration
Type of respiration that requires
oxygen, and which results in the
complete breakdown of glucose and
the release of a lot of energy
Anaerobic respiration
Type of respiration that occurs in the
absence of oxygen, and the results is
incomplete breakdown of glucose and
the release of a small amount of energy
Aërobiese respirasie
Tipe respirasie wat suurstof benodig,
die resultaat is ‘n volledige afbreek van
glukose en daar word baie energie
vrygestel
Anaërobiese respirasie
Tipe respirasie wat in die afwesigheid
van suurstof plaasvind, die resultaat is
‘n onvolledige afbreek van glukose en
die vrystelling van ‘n klein hoeveelheid
energie.
 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
AȄROBIESE RESPIRASIE
Three stages can be distinguished:
- Glycolysis
- Kreb’s cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation

Drie stadiums kan onderskei word:

- Glikoliese
- Krebs-siklus
- Oksidatiewe fosforilasie
Glucose Carbondioxide Oxygen Water
Glukose Koolstofdioksied Suurstof Water

Glycolysis Pyruvic acid Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation

Glikoliese Pirodruiwesuur Krebs-siklus Oksidatiewe fosforilasie

2 ATP 36 ATP
NAD.H2
Energy rich hydrogen
released
Energie ryke waterstof word
afgegee One glucose molecule produce 38 ATP
Een glukose molekule produseer 38 ATP
Glycolysis
- Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside the mitochondrion.
- This phase requires no oxygen and is therefore an anaerobic phase.
- Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid.
- Energy rich hydrogen atoms are given off and is moved to the mitochondrion
to be used during oxidative phosphorylation
- Two ATP molecules are produced (little energy)
Glikoliese
- Vind plaas in die sitoplasma net buite die mitochondrion
- Hierdie fase benodig nie suurstof nie en is dus ‘n anaërobiese fase.
- Glukose word afgebreek na pirodruiwesuur.
- Energieryke waterstof atome word afgegee en beweeg in die mitochondrion in
waar dit in oksidatiewe fosforilasie gebruik word.
- Twee ATP molekules word geproduseer (min energie)
Kreb’s cycle
-Occurs inside the stroma of the mitochondrion.
- Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters the mitochondrion.
- Pyruvic acid is completely broken down into energy rich hydrogen atoms and
carbon dioxide
- The energy rich hydrogen atoms are used in oxidative phosphorylation
- Carbon dioxide is give off as a gas.
Krebs-siklus
- Vind plaas in die stroma binne in die mitochondrion
- Pirodruiwesuur vanaf glikoliese kom die mitochondrion binne
- Pirodruiwesuur word heeltemal afgebreek in energieryke waterstof atome en
koolstofdioksied.
- Die energieryke waterstof atome word gebruik in oksidatiewe fosforilasie
- Koolstofdioksied word afgegee as ‘n gas.
Oxidative phosphorylation
- It takes place in the cristae of the mitochondrion.
- This phase requires oxygen and is therefore an aerobic phase.
- Energy from the hydrogen atoms is used to make energy rich ATP
- Hydrogen lose energy and combine with oxygen to make water.
- Water is breathed out as water vapour or is excreted by the kidneys
Oksidatiewe fosforilasie
- Vind plaas in die krista van die mitochondrion.
- Hierdie fase benodig suurstof en is daarom ‘n aërobiese proses.
- Energie van die waterstofatome word gebruik om meer energieryke ATP te
maak.
- Waterstofatome verloor energie en bind met suurstof om water te vorm.
- Water word as waterdamp uitgeasem of uitgeskei deur die niere
HOME WORK
Solutions for all
pg 185 Act 1
pg 190 Act 2
HUISWERK
Almal verstaan
bl 185 Akt 1
bl 190 Akt 2
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Takes place in the absence of oxygen.
Glucose is only partially broken down and therefore less energy is released.

ANAȄROBIESE RESPIRASIE
Vind plaas in die afwesigheid van suurstof
Glukose word net gedeeltelik afgebreek en stel dus minder energie vry.
Anaerobic respiration in the muscles during exercise
• During vigorous exercise, the muscles do not receive enough oxygen.
• The muscle cells must therefore respire anaerobically.
• Only glycolysis takes place.
• Glucose is broken down and pyruvic acid is formed
• Only a small amount of energy is released
• Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid, which is released in the muscle cells
• This process is known as lactic acid fermentation.

Anaërobiese respirasie in spiere tydens oefening

• Tydens strawwe oefening kry spiere nie genoeg suurstof nie.
• Die spierselle respireer anaërobies
• Slegs glikoliese vind plaas
• Glukose word afgebreek en vorm pirodruiwesuur.
• Slegs ‘n klein hoeveelheid energie word vrygestel
• Pirodruiwesuur word in melksuur omgeskakel, wat in die spiere vrygestel word.
• Lactic acid is a toxin that leads to muscle stiffness and muscle pain.
• Oxygen is needed to convert the lactic acid back to pyruvic acid.
• Moderate exercise with deep breathing is needed to get rid of muscle stiffness.
(Warming down important)
• If there is sufficient oxygen, aerobic respiration takes place and pyruvic acid enters the
Kreb’s cycle.
• The oxygen needed to get rid of lactic acid which accumulates in the cells is called
oxygen debt.
• Melksuur is ‘n gifstof wat tot spierstyfheid en spierpyne lei
• Suurstof is nodig om melksuur terug te verander na pirodruiwesuur.
• Matige oefening en diep asemhaling is nodig om van die spierstyfheid ontslae te raak.
(Af warm belangrik)
• As daar genoeg suurstof is, sal aërobiese respirasie plaasvind en die pirodruiwesuur sal
die Krebs-siklus binne gaan.
• Die suurstof wat nodig is om van melksuur wat opgebou het ontslae te raak word
suurstofskuld genoem.
Anaerobic respiration in plants / Fungi (e.g. yeast) / Bacteria
• Only glycolysis occurs
• Glucose is broken down and pyruvic acid is formed
• Only a small amount of energy is released
• Pyruvic acid is broken down further
• Carbon dioxide is formed and released
• Alcohol (ethanol) is formed.
• This process is known as alcoholic fermentation
Anaërobiese respirasie in plante / Fungus (bv. gis) / Bakterie
• Slegs glikoliese vind plaas
• Glukose word afgebreek en pirodruiwesuur word gevorm.
• Slegs ‘n kleinhoeveelheid energie word vrygestel
• Pirodruiwesuur word nog verder afgebreek.
• Koolstofdioksied vorm en word vrygestel
• Alkohol (etanol) word gevorm
• Die proses staan bekend as alkoholiese fermentasie
The role of anaerobic respiration in industry
( Biotechnology – use of living organisms in food industry)
• Yeast cells and other fungi respire anaerobically and are used to produce alcoholic
beverages, such as beer and wine.
• Yeast cells are also used to cause bread to rise during the baking process.
• Certain bacteria can be used to produce cheese, yoghurt and sour milk under
anaerobic conditions in the presence of sugar (lactose).

Die rol van anaërobiese respirasie in die industrie

(Biotegnologie – gebruik van lewende organisms in die voedsel industrie)
• Gisselle en ander swamme respireer anaërobies en word gebruik alkoholiese
drankies, soos bier en wyn te maak.
• Gisselle word ook gebruik om brood te laat rys tydens die bakproses
• Sekere bakterieë kan onder anaërobiese toestande in die teenwoordigheid van
Red wine from red /dark grapes – skin,
seeds and stems left inside the juice
during fermentation giving it the red
colour.
White wine from white or red grapes-
only juice used, nothing to change the
colour.
CO2 makes
the dough rise
 Comparison between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Vergelyking tussen aerobiese en anaerobiese respirasie

Similarities
- Glucose is needed for both processes.
- CO2 is released in both processes.
- Energy is released in both processes.

Ooreenkomste
- Glukose is nodig vir albei prosesse
- CO2 word vrygestel tydens albei prosesse.
- Energie word vrygestel by albei prosesse.
 Differences
Verskille
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Aërobiese respirasie Anaërobiese respirasie
Oxygen is needed No oxygen is needed
Suurstof word benodig Geen suurstof word benodig
Glucose broken down completely Glucose partially broken down
Glukose volledig afgebreek Glukose gedeeltelik afgebreek.
Products are CO2 and H2O Products are CO2 and Alcohol (plants)
Produkte is CO2 en H2O or CO2 and Lactic acid (animals)
Produkte is CO2 en alcohol (plante) of CO2
melksuur (diere)

Lots of energy released (38 ATP) Small amount of energy is released (2 ATP)
Baie energie word vrygestel (38 ATP) Min energie word vrygestel (2 ATP)
HOME WORK
Solutions for all
pg 192 Act 3

HUISWERK
Almal verstaan
bl 192 Akt 3
Experiments See page 197 - 202 Study Master & Notes
Eksperimente Kyk bl 197 - 202 Ken en verstaan & Notas

CO2 is formed
during respiration

Helder Kalkwater –
word melkerig
Clear lime water –
turns milky
Heat energy is released during respiration
Hitte energie word vrygestel tydens respirasie
Respirometer
Om te bewys dat suurstof
gebruik word tydens respirasie.
Can also measure the effect of
different factors on the rate of
aerobic respiration.
HOME WORK
Solutions for all
pg 198-199 Q 4 & 5 & 7

HUISWERK
Almal verstaan
bl 198-199 Vrae 4 & 5 & 7