Derivation of Equation

b
c fc

0.5fc bx
x

h d
z

As s
fs As
1 fs
Section Strain Stress / force

For equilibrium,

f s As  0.5 f c b x

fs 0 .5 b x
 (1)
fc As

From strain diagram,

c s

x d x

f c Ec f E
 s s
x dx

fc E dx dx
 s .  e . (2)
fs Ec x x

1
(1) and (2),

0.5 b x dx
 e .
As x

0.5 b x 2   e As (d  x)

As
  , x  x' d
bd

0.5 x' 2 b d 2   e  b d 2 (1  x' )

x' 2  2 e  (1  x' )

x' 2  2 e  x  2 e   0

 2 e   (2 e  ) 2  42 e  
x' 
2

x'    e    e  ( e   2)

2
Section subject to combined direct tension
and bending

Whole section under tension –

[When M/Th < 0.5(1-2a/h)2 ]

Derivation of Formula
b
a

As2 fs2
h/2
M
h
T

h/2
As1 fs1

Section Stresses

Steel ratio:
1 = As1/bh
2 = As2/bh

Axial cover = a , a1 = a/h

Resolve forces horizontally;

T = As1 fs1 + As2 fs2
T/bh = As1 fs1/bh + As2 fs2/bh
T/bh = 1 fs1 + 2 fs2 (1)

Taking moment about centerline of section;

M = (As1fs1 - As2fs2) x (0.5h – a)
2
M/bh = (As1fs1 - As2fs2) x (0.5h – a)/bh2
M/bh2 = (1 fs1 - 2 fs2) x (0.5 – a1) (2)

3
From (1); 2 fs2 = T/bh - 1 fs1

Into (2):

M/bh2 = [1 fs1 - (T/bh - 1 fs1)] x (0.5 – a1)

= [21 fs1 - T/bh] x (0.5 – a1)
M/bh2 = 21 fs1 (0.5 – a1) - T/bh (0.5 – a1)

21 fs1 (0.5 – a1) = M/bh2 + T/bh (0.5 – a1)

M T
Stress in steel 1, f s1  
2 b h 1 0.5  a / h 
2
2 b h 1

1 T 
Stress in steel 2, f s2     1 f s1 
2  b h 