Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Academic Training
By Civilax.com
1999
ACCELERATED TRAINING SAP 2000
1. INTRODUCTION
At present, many programs based on finite element method for MEF automatically calculate various
structures available. The engineer could thus ignore the principles of the MEF, it needs only to know
how to use computer programs and know the regulations in force. Only, that user would be unable
to realize the correction of the results given by the computer.
It is therefore essential that every engineer knows the basics of MEF, and also understand the process
of the solution phase. This skill can only be acquired by the analytical study of the concept of MEF
and knowledge of technology related to the use of these computational tools.
The training's goal is the presentation of the fundamentals of automatic calculation of a point
of view mainly physical while considering the computer code in its operating efficiency, ie as
a tool for the professional uses.
The latter can then taking into account the above considerations, formulate the problem of
computing structure and monitor results provided by the computer almost effortless.
The finite element method is a generalization of the method to the case of deformation structure
having planes or larger items. The method considers the solid liquid or gaseous medium, constituting
the structure as an assemblage of discrete finite elements. These are interconnected by nodes on the
boundaries of these elements. The actual structures are defined by an infinite number of nodes.
The structure is thus divided, it can be analyzed in a manner similar to that used in the beam theory
manner. For each type of elements, a function of deformation (depending on shape) of polynomial
form that determines the relationship between the deformation and the nodal force may be derived
based on the principle of minimum energy, this relationship is known as name of the stiffness matrix
of the element. A linear algebraic equation system can be established by imposing the balance of
each node, while considering as unknown deformations in the nival nodes. The solution is to
determine these deformations in following strengths and stresses can be calculated using the
stiffness matrices of each element.
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SAP 2000 is a software for calculating and designing engineering structures especially adapted to
buildings and civil engineering works. In the same environment it allows graphical entry of
construction works at a cell library approach allows the behavior of this type of structure. It offers
many possibilities for analysis of static and dynamic effects with complements the design and
verification of reinforced concrete structures, structural steel. The chart postprocessor available
greatly facilitates the interpretation and exploitation of results and formatting calculation notes and
explanatory reporting.
Modeling
The software allows the modeling steps (definition of the geometry, boundary conditions, loads of
structures, etc.) in a totally graphic, digital or combined, using the myriad tools available.
Indeed, a structure can be composed into sub patterns (porches, trellises, slab, sailing) each set in its
corresponding graph database, then assembled into final calculation scheme, while the compatibility
of connections automatically.
Furthermore, finite element, associated with a graphic pattern generation bases (base mesh gantry
frame beam, slab, or sailing hull, etc.), settings are directly (Figure 1) .
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The digital pre-processor that automatically translates the captured data graphically, provides
ongoing support for the extension or correction of records generated. This digital data is translated
into a file with an extension. $ 2K or S2K.
Analysis
Post - processor
SAP 200 software significantly facilitates the interpretation of results, including the ability to
visualize: the deformed system, diagrams of efforts and envelope curves, the stress fields, the natural
modes of vibration, etc. ..
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Coordinate system
To define a structure and system of loading, two types of coordinates are used. The global coordinate
system is an arbitrary system in space, it is used to define the coordinates of the nodes and to give
direction loads. The local coordinate system is associated with each element and is used for
specifying local loads and interpretation efforts and therefore results.
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The library elements specially adapted to facilitate construction works of the designer to make the
model more complex structures (flat or three-dimensional structures composed of bar elements,
plates or shells) in an optimal way for a static calculation or dynamics.
It is the one-dimensional element with six degrees of freedom at the nodes, 3 translations and 3
rotations to resume efforts and 3 times 3.
The beams and gantries elements can be inserted from the library structures using SAP 2000
"MODEL FROM TEMPLATE" statement
The models in the library SAP2000 on FRAME elements, post and beam type are as follows:
- Beam;
- Portal frame;
- Braced frame;
- Eccentric frame;
- Space frame;
- Perimeter frame.
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After choosing the model of the structure of the library, you must specify the following
characteristics for structural dimensions.
A lattice bar means the bar can not take and pass the axial forces. Note that by declaring the item as
bar mesh saves computation time.
The software library contains the following types of systems lattice:
- Sloped truss;
- Vertical truss;
- Space truss.
The characteristics of the mesh model of the library are selected according to the geometry of the
structure to be modeled. These are:
- Number of bays ........................................................................................ Number of gantries
- Height of truss ............................................................................................... Height of lattice
- Truss bay length...................................................................................... Length gantry lattice
- Number of stories ......................................................................................... number of levels
- Story height............................................................................................................level height
- Top width along X (Y) .........................................................................greater width in X (Y)
- Bottom width along X (Y) ....................................................................... Less width in X (Y)
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They are used for modeling sails, blocks, and shells. The library contains the following models:
- Shear wall;
- Cylinder;
- Barrel;
- Dome.
barrel dome
The dimensions and the number of elements must be specified according to the type of structure to
be modeled. These data are entered into the menu of the selected model are the following:
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The software allow us to use files on other structures developed software like STAAD-III and
SAP90 in DXF format with an option to import files calculation.
However, SAP in 2000 with an option to export files in DXF format. Thus, it creates a digital input
S2K file format which can be used as a file of SAP 2000.
Fishier import
SAP90
SAP2000.S2K
SAP2000.JOB
.DXF
Export files
SAP2000.S2K
.DXF
The "EDIT" menu mainly contains instructions on changing the structural geometry of the structure
modeled.
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This instruction help facilitate the modeling of structures by automatic generation of the similar
elements in the linear radial direction. And a generation to mirror relative to a plan exists.
For linear generation must specify the number and distance units to three axes quadratic X, Y and
Z. However, the angle and the axis of rotation and the number of elements to be generated, must be
specified in the If a radial generation.
EXAMPLE
Gantry base
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This instruction permit to subdivide a FRAME several identical or non-members. However, the
FRAME element can be divided by the intersection with the grid selected automatically at the
beginning or obtained by instruction GRID EDIT DRAW menu.
Even preceding specifications, except that the plate member is subdivided in two directions thereof.
In addition to the plate member has a two-way division by the intersection with the selected grid,
can be subdivided into the mouse by selecting nodes where the element will be broken.
A beam element takes into account exactly all load cases that are imposed and there is therefore no
a priori accuracy problem. As against the size of plate elements directly affects the convergence of
the solution. In general the smaller the size of the element is small and the more refined analysis
results are accurate. However, the execution time (number of digital iterations) increases
significantly with the degree of refining discretizations. In the same model can be used different
sizes depending on the sensitivity of each region.
Another feature relating to the dimensions of the element is the ratio of the largest dimension to the
smallest dimension of the element. A ratio close to unity generally provides better results.
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The instructions in this menu provides an easy tool to capture geometrical and mechanical definition
of static and dynamic load characteristics.
This instruction permit introduction mechanical and elastic properties of the material of the elements
of the model structure.
The software assigns default characteristics of the two materials, concrete and steel that can be
changed according to your requirements.
Types of materials can be customized by inserting the following properties in the book this option
menu.
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- Steel yield stress, fy ........................... Elastic deformation of the metal profiles (E24 or E36)
STEEL CONCRETE
E (Mpa) 2.0 108 2.48 107
DENSITY (KN / m3) 76.80 23.56
Coeff. Poisson 0.3 0.2
Thermal Gradient 1.17 10-5 9.9 10-6
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The geometric characteristics of the elements must be specified for each group of elements of the
same size.
These properties can be introduced directly in terms of prismatic features: cross sectional area of
the rod, moments of inertia with respect to local axes 2 and 3, constant torsion bar heights according
to local axes 2 and 3 for taking into account deformations due to shear.
However, these properties can also be specified in terms of the dimensions of the key section, and
the program (software) automatically calculates the necessary properties for analysis of the structure
and the structure of the verification.
SAP 2000 also presents possibilities for defining the geometrical characteristics from databases
(library metal sections) standard steel profiles or profiles with variable inertias. These types of
profiles can be imported from the following files: Aisc.pro, Cisc.pro and Sections.pro.
Different types of metal sections are:
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SHELL ELEMENT
They are used for modeling sails, boards and hulls. This type of element that will balance the
moments of axes tangent to the surface and perpendicular to the plane tangential forces. Three
degrees of freedom are taken into account in each node, two rotations in the tangent plane, a
translation perpendicular to the plane which are associated two times and strength.
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MEMBRANE ELEMENT
The membrane element is that the strength balance tangent to its surface, and therefore can not
transmit bending moments.
In practice, this type is used for thin items.
SHELL ELEMENT
This is the superposition of the plate element and membrane (assembly of the two schemes below).
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This allow to define multiple load cases and their types, such as, dead loads (DEAD), operations
(LIVE), seismic (QUAKE), wind (WIND), snow (SNOW) are distinguished and option other.
The own weight of the structure is taken into account by the coefficient 01 in the case of loads. This
coefficient can be changed as appropriate. For example, the own weight is canceled in the case of
which the operating load coefficient is replaced with 0.
The 2000 SAP software contains in its database response spectra defined by the American seismic
code (Uniform Building Code) and are UBC94S1, UBC94S2 and UBC94S33.
In Algeria the response spectrum is defined by the seismic code RPA99. The function of the design
spectrum is given by the following system of equations:
T Q
1.25 1 2.5 1 0 T T1
T1 R
2.51.25A R
Q T1 T T2
SA
2/3
g 2.51.25A Q T2 T2 T 3.0S
R T
2/3 5/3
2.51.25A Q T2 3 3.0S T
R 3 T
Along with:
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Figure 17: Example of the response Figure 18: Menu For data of the response
spectrum given by the RPA99. spectrum
This load case can take into account the structure of the modal response as a response spectrum
applied to the base. It is based on the modal superposition method which is described by the
following steps:
Formulation of coupled equations of motion by calculating the mass matrix, rigidity and damping.
Calculation of natural frequencies and modes.
M ²KA 0.
Calculate the mass matrix and generalized loading.
mr r Mr
T
pr r p t
T
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x Ni1 r y r
This statement is used to introduce load combinations by multiplying each load case by their
coefficient of increase given by the regulations of calculation.
These combinations can be specified for the calculation of design of reinforced concrete and
structural steel according to American codes by enabling the option USE FOR CONCRETE
(STEEL) DESIGN.
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The instructions in this menu are used to define the support conditions, the values of each load case,
etc.
The supports can be specified as articulated as built or as embedded with some relaxations. The
articulated support is considered to be released in rotation and locked in translation. SAP2000 also
lets you specify spring constants in translation or rotation, allowing the definition of elastic supports.
The user must specify the program in a number of modes of the node of the fixing structure with the
outside environment (support), and between these elements.
Generally the connection of two elements in a node may be a hinge, a locking recess or a few degrees
of freedom.
SAP in 2000, all nodes are recognizing rigid default nodes.
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This option allows us modeling the elastic supports specifying the stiffness of the node 'K'. These
nodes have been supported on springs stiffness 'K (KN / m)' in the direction of translation and
rotation.
For example, modeling the ground, neoprene, etc.
Z (3)
y (2)
X (1)
y (2)
X (1)
Figure 23: Menu concerning seizure rigidities elastic supports.
4.4.2 FRAME
4.4.2.1 SECTIONS
After defining all kinds of sections to be used in the structure, this instruction is to specify the type
of section for each element of the structure.
For example, the posts are FSEC1 type beams are FSEC2 type, etc.
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4.4.2.2 Prestress
This statement frees some degree of freedom of the nodes to eliminate efforts in a given direction.
For example, a lattice bar system only allows the normal force and the shearing force, thus the
rotation is free to remove nodes times.
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After defining all kinds of sections to be used in the structure (DEFINE menu), this instruction is to
specify the type of section for each plate element of the structure.
The specification is to translate loads the nature of permanent loads, service or accidental in a set of
forces, moments, acceleration or displacement applied to the nodes of the elements. The program
includes tools for generating loads that define calculations without prior fillers such as different
cases of linear and planar distributed loads, own weight, thermal loads, prestressing, and also
equipped with generators of mobile charges, wind and seismic.
The fillers can be two types: point loads or distributed loads. Nodal point loads or expenses are
expenses that the user explicitly introduced on some nodes of the mesh, they can be applied as nodal
forces, displacements or rotations nodes (Figure 26).
Loads, forces or moments can be applied to any node of the structure. These loads are acting in the
directions of the global coordinate system. Several charges can be applied to each node, in which
case the charges are added at this point.
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Uniform Concentrated
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SAP in 2000 to specify the surface charges on the two-dimensional elements. The program provided
for this load to be evenly distributed per square meter depending on local or global axes.
The thermal load can be specified as a temperature gradient between the mounting conditions and
the conditions of service, resulting in a lengthening or shortening of the bar.
Ax + By + Cz + D
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A linear static analysis to determine the displacement field, recreation restraints, the internal forces
at the nodes and the stress field existing in a structure subjected to various static loads several
implicit assumptions are made:
- Linear elastic behavior of materials.
- Small deformations.
- Small rotations.
The linear static analysis is based on the displacement method of satisfying the balance of forces
and accounts of trips each node in the model structure. To achieve the full analysis of the structure,
the stiffness matrix is obtained by the superposition of contributions from different rigidities of the
bars and of the elements constituting the structure. The compound of the force vector and external
loads distributed to the nodes of the structure. The equation with several unknowns (displacement)
thus obtained is solved using the method of Cholesky decomposition that is well suited for this type
of problems.
ANALYSIS P-DELTA
Delta-P analysis, also known as a second order analysis, allows to take into account the effect of
axial loads on the bending behavior of the elements. SAP 2000 uses a simple and efficient algorithm
for calculation based on the reformation of the vector force versus deformation undergone by the
structure while keeping the constant stiffness matrix. The calculation steps is summarized in the
following:
- Calculation of deflections in the case of initial load.
- Calculation of secondary loads due to movements of the nodes associated with traditional
efforts. These vectors nival charges are added to the vectors of the initial charges.
- Calculation of deflections and deformations and effort with the same stiffness matrix as a
result of the force vector corrected.
This method is particularly useful for the consideration of the effects of gravity on the lateral
stiffness of the structures, as required by certain codes.
SAP 2000 also offers the possibility of a non-linear calculation taking into account the geometric
nonlinéairité. The algorithm for this analysis is based on the geometric correction of the stiffness
matrix and load vector simultaneously.
This type of analysis is generally suitable for structures that deform appreciably under the effect of
loads applied to them.
The calculation steps are:
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DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Dynamic analysis available in SAP 2000 includes modal analysis, spectral analysis and temporal
analysis.
MODAL ANALYSIS
Modal analysis is used to determine the natural modes and frequencies of structures.
Since there is no external force, the natural frequencies and natural modes are a direct function of
the rigidity and the mass distribution of the structures. Therefore, the calculation result of the
frequencies of the natural modes and can vary considerably depending on the modeling of the
masses.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
The spectral analysis is used to calculate the seismic response of a structure using a response
spectrum. The modal responses are combined using the method of the complete quadratic
combination CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination) or SSRS. The results of spectral analysis can
be combined with the static analysis results for the dimensioning of the structure. To account for the
reversibility of the seismic loads, load combinations can be created by including the contributions
of seismic design with the - / +.
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ACCELERATED TRAINING SAP 2000
In cases where a deterministic analysis study temporal dynamics is required, SAP 2000 has the
possibility of calculating the response of a structure under the effect of a dynamic load applied to
any node or ground movement ( at the base). The calculation method is based on the modal
superposition, which gives the response of the structure.
The procedure is to first calculate the modes and frequencies of the system to calculate the matrix
of generalized mass and generalized load vector, which will then be used for decoupling of the
differential equations of motion. The modal response to imposed loading is calculated by the
numerical integration method using the algorithm Wilson- with a constant time interval selected
by the user in the order of 0.1T (T being the period of the highest mode to be included in the answer).
Finally the answer is expressed in terms of geometric coordinates efforts in the elements and support
reactions.
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For dynamic analysis, one must specify the number of modes used in the calculation in a way one
must have a mass greater than 90% participation.
Regarding the P-Delta analysis, we have to specify the number of iterations and tolerance made in
the calculation of forces and displacements.
Figure 31: Menu For data to be specified for the P-Delta analysis and dynamic.
The 2000 SAP greatly facilitates the interpretation of results, including the ability to display:
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ACCELERATED TRAINING SAP 2000
The instruction INPUT SHOW TABLES allows digital display loads and geometric coordinates of
the different elements of the structure.
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Deformed eigenmodes can be illustrated and animated for a better understanding and control modes
of the structures in space.
Many features and commands allow the scaling of the image, fragmentation, zoom, digital indexing,
etc. As well as a video file (AVI) can be created that contains the animation of the mode shape.
Bending moment
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MODELING STEPS
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Definition of groups
IPE450-1 TRAVERS
IPE450-2
IPE450-3 HEA600
IPE450-4 IPE450-1
TRAVERS
TREILL IS IPE450-2 IPE450-3
CONT-H
IPE450-4
CONT-V
HEA600
PTR-ROOF LATTICE
PTR
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CONT-H TRAVERS
PTR-ROOF
PTR
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G, Q, V, N, Ex, Ey, T
Where:
G: dead load.
Q: operating expense.
V: wind load.
N: snow load.
Ex, y: spectral seismic loads in the x, y.
T: load due to temperature.
These load cases are introduced by the command '' Static loads boxes'.
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Specification supports
- Selecting only the nodes of support by 'SET
LIMITS'.
- Type specification supports using the button
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Item selection is made by selecting the groups, then the type specification section of the selected
elements is set from the ASSIGN menu.
For example:
Same procedure for the other elements as before using the item selection by groups or by other
selection options (SET LIMITS for example).
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6m 6m 5m 5m 4m 5m 5m
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STAGES OF MODELING
-1m
Using the MOVE command to change the
length of intermediate span 4m to 5m.
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Beams IPE360
HEA 340 Beams IPE200
posts
Tq:
G: dead load.
Q: operating expense.
Ex1 (y1) equivalent static load in X (Y)
Ex2 (y2): spectral dynamic load in X (Y)
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Introduction of the masses of floors for spectral dynamic calculation in horizontal direction X,
Y.
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W = Wp + Q
Wp = own weight.
= 0.2
Q = operating expense.
Each floor is 18 knots. Therefore, the above values will be divided on 18 and gave the following
values:
Dead load G:
Floor deck G = 5 kN / m²
Current G Floor = 4 KN / m²
Charges farms Q:
Floor deck Q = 1 KN / m²
Q = current floor 2.5 KN / m²
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ADQ
v W
R
where:
Load Distribution:
V Ft
Fi n
Wi H i
W H
j 1
j j
f1 = 314.60KN
f2 = 276.50KN
f3 = 236.00KN
f4 = 195.40KN
f5 = 154.90KN
f1 / node = 17.50KN
f2 / node = 15.36KN
f3 / node = 13.11KN
f4 / node = 10.86KN
f5 / node = 08.60KN
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