B.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
1. RECOMMENDED ELECTRICAL SERVICES SYSTEM FOR PROPOSED HOTEL
AND MALL DEVELOPMENT

1.1. Electrical Supply Distribution System

In large buildings the type of distribution depends on the building type, dimension,
the length of supply cables, and the loads. The distribution system can be divided in
to:

 The vertical supply system (rising mains).

 The horizontal supply (distribution at each floor level).

Most of the time, a high voltage supply and transformer substation is required.
HV switchgear and substation transformers are installed at ground floor or basement
normally.

However, often there are appliances with large power demand installed on the
top floors like converters and motors for lifts, air-conditioning equipment and electric
kitchens.

As it is desirable to brining the high voltage supply as close as possible to the

load centers, transformers are installed at the top floor, or if required, additional ones
are installed on one of the intermediate floors. In such cases transformers with non-
inflammable insulation and cooling are used.

The arrangement of the rising mains depends on the size and shape of the
building and suitable size of shafts for installing cables and bus ducts must be provided
in coordination with the building architect.

http://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/depeee/lectures/4th/Electrical/Elective%20subject/p
art1.pdf

HIGH RISE BUILDING POWER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS:

o General Lighting & Power

light for general illumination, seeing tasks, decorative features, hallways and
stairways, power for appliances and office machines

o Heating, Ventilation & Air-conditioning (HVAC) System

 o air-conditioning for temperature control
o blowers and fans ventilation
o heaters for humidity control
o Transport System
o escalators and elevators
o conveyors, dumbwaiters, others
o Water Pump
o potable and non-potable water supply
o water sprinkle (fire suppression)
o pumps / drainage
o sewage ejectors
o Communication system
o Telephone system
o intercom
o Automatic doors
o Entrance and exit for pedestrians
o Garage and freight
o Central Compute system
o cpu and peripherals
o terminals
o Auxiliaries
o intrusion and hold-up control system
o fire suppression and alarm system
o background music and paging
o sound reinforcement and video facilities
o noise masking and acoustics, others

Electrical system design for high-rise building, Powerline review center inc.
1.1.1. Design Considerations

 Network configuration and sources of supply

The network configuration is determined dependent on the requirements

resulting from the building’s use. The required power output must be distributed
between different sources of supply. If redundancy is a system requirement, an
additional reserve must be considered in the planning.

 Technical equipment rooms

Aside from a proper component rating, another essential planning aspect is the
specification of the size and location of the equipment rooms required for electric
installations. The dimensions of these technical equipment rooms depend on the
dimensions of the components required and the relevant safety regulations.
Boundary conditions such as room ventilation, pressure relief in the event of an arc
fault, ceiling loads and access ways for moving items in must also be taken into
consideration when drawing up room and building plans. Over-dimensioned rooms
reduce the profitability of a building. On the other hand, under-dimensioned rooms
may prevent that a plant is erected in such a way that it can be approved, or at
least force the use of expensive custom solutions for the technology applied.

https://w3.siemens.com/powerdistribution/global/en/consultant-
support/download-center/tabcardpages/documents/planning-
manuals/planning_of_electric_power_distribution_technical_principles.pdf
 Substation
o It is desirable to locate the substation into the different structure apart
from the main building.
o But if it is necessary to house it within the building it should not be
installed above ground floor or below first basement (with height not less
than 3500mm)
o Some consideration that are to made for the location of the substation
are:
o Load Centre of the building (electrical load).
o If possible, geometrical Centre of the building.
o Highest level of floor in vicinity of DG and AC plant room.
o Direct access to the road and street independent of the main building
o Entrance Door opening outward.
o All doors should have adequate space and air passage along with proper
ventilation
 Transformer
 o The transformers should be placed at a plinth of height 450mm and if
placed inside the room the minimum floor to ceiling height should be 4
meters.
o All doors and windows should be openable outside.
o In multi-storey/ high rise structures, 2 transformers of equal capacity has
to installed so that 120% of the peak load can be catered by the single
transformer in case another is not working properly. This caters to the
continuity and stability of the system.
o If the transformer is oil filled, it should be installed at a minimum distance
of 6 meters from the adjoining building as a precautionary measure to
avoid the oil spillage (4.5- 5 meters).
 LT and HT Switch
o Minimum floor to ceiling height of the switch room has to be 3600 mm.
o HT switch room should not be clubbed along with the guard or other
service room near the entrance.
o LT Panel should be in separate room of building or near the entrance of
the building.
o Floor panels on the floor are to be located near the shaft.
 Shaft Design
o The width of the shaft can be calculated as: 4 times the width of the cable
X Total no. of cables
o With the minimum width of 450mm.
o The spacing between the cables will be equal to the diameter of the
widest cable.
o With the help of the cable size and spacing the length can be determined
with minimum criteria of 600mm.
 DB Location
o Easily accessible.
o Facilitate the worker to repair.
o Middle of the house and load center.
 Every circuit should have its separate earth and neutral wire.
 In a circuit live wire should be independent of other circuit
 For the three phase supply, separate conduit for separate circuit is mandatory.
  After the normal run of 15 meters, we should use junction box for
 Easy pulling
 Avoiding stress and strain on the wires
 Providing the drainage path to condensation
 Inspection box with suitable holes to be provided on cover plate to dissipate hot
gases and cooling the conductor temperature.

Electrical Distribution System In Office Building, Apurva Anand

1.1.2. Options

The vertical supply system are implemented in several ways, some of which are :

 Single Rising Main

Fig. __ Single Rising main supply system

Applications: Where high supply security is not important.

Advantages:

o The different loads of individual floors are balanced out

o Only a small main L.V board is required
o Simple in construction and operation

Disadvantages: Low supply security (a fault in the rising mains effect all floors).
 Fig. __Rising mains with laterals for each floor in a multi-storey building

 Grouped Supply

Fig.__ Grouped Supply system

Applications : High rise building with high load concentration.

Advantages :

o Easier mounting.
o Smaller size for rising mains.

Disadvantages :
 o A fault in any rising mains effect several floors (relatively low security).
o Loads are balanced only within each group.
o Larger power distribution board.
 Individual Floor system

Fig. __ Individual Floor system

Applications : In high rise buildings were stories are let separately (metering is at
central point at ground floor).

Advantages :

o Smaller size of cables can be used (easy installation).

o In the case of a fault in arising main, only one story is effected.

Disadvantages:-

o Different loading of the individual floors cannot be balanced out.

o The rising main must be rated for the peak load of each floor.
o Uneconomical – large number of cables and the size of the rising main
shaft is quite large.
o Large low voltage distribution board with numerous circuits
 Fig. __Typical Arrangement of an individual Floor Supply System

 Ring Main supply

Fig. __ Ring main supply system

Applications : In large buildings when relatively higher security is required.

Advantages :

o Higher power supply security ( in the event of a fault, it is possible to switch off
the faulty part and leave the majority of the building operational )
o A small low voltage distribution board is required.
o The differing loading of individual floor are balanced out ( smaller sizes for
rising mains )
  Double Feed supply

Fig. __ Double Feed Supply

Applications: In large buildings with relatively large loads at the top floors (lifts,
kitchen, air-conditioning).

Advantages :

o Higher power supply security.

o The differing loading of individual floors are balanced out.
o Smaller L.V. distribution board required.

http://www.uotechnology.edu.iq/depeee/lectures/4th/Electrical/Elective%20subject/p
art1.pdf

2. INNOVATIONS ON ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

 Micro-hydro schemes

Improvements in technology and incentives have made micro-hydro schemes

more attractive for owners of buildings with access to rivers or streams. Typical
schemes can produce between about 5 kW to 10,000 MW.

Blenheim Palace, one of the largest buildings in the UK, has begun to generate its
own power from water. Highly efficient, the scheme’s turbine is designed to utilize up
to 87 percent of the energy produced from the falling water. This scheme will reduce
carbon emissions by more than 42,000 kgs (93,000 lbs) a year and provide the estate
with a financial benefit worth around $28,000 – $38,000 per annum.

 On site generators

This technology is expected to cut the store’s energy bills by around 30%, and has the
potential to revolutionize supermarkets’ approach to thermal energy use across the
world. The technology known as “geoexchange” uses a series of closed loop
boreholes drilled 200 m (656 ft) underground to access natural heat from within the
Earth. The boreholes will capture and store waste heat, which will later be released to
provide heating, hot water and cooling for refrigeration on demand.

https://www.eniday.com/en/education_en/self-sufficient-buildings-in-power-needs/

 Solar Collectors with Colored Absorbers

The solar collectors with absorbers of different colors than black could be an
interesting solution for the wider application of solar energy systems. These colored
collectors have lower absorptance and hence operate with lower thermal efficiency
than that of the usual black type collectors but they are more interesting to architects
for applications on traditional or modern buildings. Regarding cost, an additional
amount of about 20% to increase the collector area, can be considered to overcome
their lower thermal output compared to the collectors with black absorber of the same
type. The application of blue collectors in white buildings in islands, or red brown
collectors in buildings with inclined roof and traditional architecture and of other color
on modern buildings, could contribute to a wider use of solar thermal collectors.

 Unglazed Solar Collectors

The optical annoyance from reflected light, the use of glass coatings that diffuse
reflected light is the most appropriate solution. More often and to avoid the problems
from the glare, it is considered worthy to use uncovered or unglazed solar collectors
for low temperature applications (swimming pools, preheating of water, etc).

Renewable energy technologies for sustainable development of energy efficient

building, Arvind C., Geetanjali K.