한국소성가공학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회 초록집

Voce 유동응력 모델의 고찰

모하마드카스완디라자리1 · 이라니 미쌈1 · 전만수#

Consideration of Voce’s flow stress model and its variants

M. K. Razali, M. Irani, M. S. Joun

Abstract
In this paper, conventional mathematical models of expressing flow stress curve at the elevated temperature are criticized
in terms of accuracy and applicability. A potentially promising approach is introduced which is still under developed. The
approached can describe the flow stress curve with applicable scheme of obtaining its associated parameters. The model has
six parameters that can be determined systematically. It is shown that the stress-strain curve acquired by this model are in
great concurrence with the experimental data.

Key Words: Voce Flow Stress Model (Voce 유동응력 모델), Dynamic Recrystallization (동적 재결정), Accuracy
(정확도)

1. Introduction dynamic recrystallization, i.e., the dominant

The understanding of deformation behaviors of
metals and alloys at the elevated temperature is of
great importance for process design engineers in
metal forming because it can give them some insights
on conceptual process design. During hot metal
forming, the materials are subjected to complex
deformation history under strain, strain rate and
temperature, which causes different metallurgical
phenomena [1] such as microstructural evolution and
heat treatment.
Plastic flow stresses at the elevated temperature are
too complicated to be revealed in a practical way by
the application engineers, for example, because the
hot materials are hardened at small strain below the
peak strain and softened at the larger strain due to
1. 경상대학교 대학원 기계공학과
# 경상대학교 기계항공공학부
E-mail:msjoun@gnu.ac.kr
restoration process in microstructural evolution.
Many researchers have suggested mathematical
models of the stress-strain curves of some selected
materials for a certain range of temperature and strain
rate. Among those previous works, Voce [2] attracted
more attention in the 1970s when analysis of large
strain curves gained interest. He formulated the flow
stress in terms of Zener-Hollomon parameter Z,
describing the combined influence of strain rate and
temperature. The flow stress divided into two terms,
whereby the first one describes the strain hardening
and the second describes softening by dynamic
recrystallization. This model is suitable to take into
account both for strain hardening and for dynamic
softening occurring during hot forming conditions.
Recently, Ebrahimi et al. [3] have improved the
Voce model and studied the flow behavior of a Ti-IF
steel.

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 200 Experiment temperature. It can be seen that Voce’s problem was
Hensel Spittel
Voce
Improved Voce by Ebrahimi
much improved by Ebrahmi et al.
160
900°C However, the proposed scheme is relatively
Stress (MPa)

120 complicated. Ebrahimi et al. model have 10 material

constants that need to be identify systematically from
1050°C
80 detailed observation over several characteristic
curves.
40 Based on the understanding of previous studies, the
Strain rate = 0.1 /s 1200°C authors are studying material characterization for two
0
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75
aims. The first aim is to improve the flow stress
Strain model for the higher accuracy and more systematic
Fig. 1: Comparison of Voce, Hensel-Spittel and easier way of determining the material
and Ebrahimi et al. with experiments parameters. The second aim of our study is to
200
Experiment generalize the model for covering wide ranges of
Improved Voce and Ebrahimi by the present author
strain rate and temperature to give flow stress
160
900°C information at any condition during metal forming.
Stress (MPa)

120 Fig. 2 involves our intermediate results of fitting the

flow stress curves for the same example with those in
1050°C
80 Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 2, our curves best fit the
experiments.
40
Strain rate = 0.1 /s 1200°C
3. Conclusion
0
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.75 In this paper, flow stress models of metal material
Strain at the elevated temperature including Voce’s model,
Fig. 2: Comparison of experiments with new model. Hensel-Spittel model, etc. were criticized and the
improvement direction was given with an application
In this paper, the Voce model and Ebrahimi et al.
example.
model are criticized in terms of accuracy

2. Voce model and improvements Acknowledgement

This work is supported by the BK 21 plus project
According to L. W. Meyer [2], Voce model reflects
and Korean SMBA.
well the flow stress of 20MoCrS4 material while
Hansel-Spittel does not give good results. The same
results were presented by P. Opěla [1].
References
[1] P. Opěla, I. Schindler, P. Kawulok, F. Vančura,
In this study we compared Voce, Hensel-Spittel and R. Kawulok, S. Rusz, and T. Petrek, 2015, Hot
Ebrahimi et al. with experiments, as shown in Fig. 1. flow stress models of the steel
It can be seen that no flow stress model can cover the C45, Metalurgija, 54(3), 469-472.
whole sampled temperatures. Especially 5-parameter [2] L. W. Meyer, A. Weise, and F. Hahn, 1997,
Hansen-Spittel model is the worst because it exhibits Comparison of constitutive flow curve relations
in cold and hot forming, Le Journal de Physique
distinct difference in flow stress especially in steady- IV, 7(C3), C3-13.
state condition at the higher strain. [3] R. Ebrahimi, S. H. Zahiri, and A. Najafizadeh,
Voce model predicts the flow stress with acceptable 2006, Mathematical modelling of the stress–
accuracy for the lowest temperature. However, it strain curves of Ti-IF steel at high
gives inaccurate flow stress for the other two temperature, Journal of Materials Processing
Technology, 171(2), 301-305.

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