Solution Manual for Manufacturing

Processes for Engineering Materials 6th

Edition Kalpakjian Schmid 0134290550
9780134290553

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engineering-materials-6th-edition-kalpakjian-schmid-0134290550-9780134290553/
Chapter 2

Fundamentals of the Mechanical Behavior

of
Materials
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QUESTIONS
2.1 Can you calculate the percent elongation of materials
based only on the information given in Fig. 2.6? Ex-
plain.
Recall that the percent elongation is defined by Eq. (2.6)
on p. 35 and depends on the original gage length (lo ) of
the specimen. From Fig. 2.6 on p. 39, only the necking
strain (true and engineering) and true fracture strain
can be determined. Thus, we cannot calculate the per-
cent elongation of the specimen; also, note that the
elongation is a function of gage length and increases
with gage length.
2.2 Explain if it is possible for stress-strain curves in ten-
sion tests to reach 0% elongation as the gage length is
increased further.
The percent elongation of the specimen is a function of
the initial and final gage lengths. When the specimen is
being pulled, regardless of the original gage length, it
will elongate uniformly (and permanently) until neck-
ing begins. Therefore, the specimen will always have
a certain finite elongation. However, note that as the
specimen’s gage length is increased, the contribution
of localized elongation (that is, necking) will decrease,
but the total elongation will not approach zero.
2.3 Explain why the difference between engineering strain
and true strain becomes larger as strain increases. Is
this phenomenon true for both tensile and compressive
strains? Explain.
The difference between the engineering and true
strains becomes larger because of the way the strains
are defined, respectively, as can be seen by inspecting
Eqs. (2.1) and (2.9). This is true for both tensile and
compressive strains.
2.4 Using the same scale for stress, the tensile true-stress-
true-strain curve is higher than the engineering stress-
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
strain curve. Explain whether this condition also holds
for a compression test.
During a compression test, the cross-sectional area
of the specimen increases as the specimen height de-
creases (because of volume constancy) as the load is in-
creased. Since true stress is defined as ratio of the load
to the instantaneous cross-sectional area of the speci-
men, the true stress in compression will be lower than
the engineering stress for a given load, assuming that
friction between the platens and the specimen is negli-
gible.
2.5 Which of the two tests, tension or compression, re-
quires a higher capacity testing machine than the
other? Explain.
The compression test requires a higher capacity ma-
chine because the cross-sectional area of the specimen
increases during the test, which is the opposite of a ten-
sion test. The increase in area requires a load higher
than that for the tension test to achieve the same stress
level. Furthermore, note that compression-test spec-
imens generally have a larger original cross-sectional
area than those for tension tests, thus requiring higher
forces.
2.6 Explain how the modulus of resilience of a material
changes, if at all, as it is strained: (a) for an elastic, per-
fectly plastic material, and (b) for an elastic, linearly
strain-hardening material.
Recall that the modulus of resilience is given by
Eq. (2.5) on p. 34 as Sy2 /(2E). (a) If the material is
perfectly plastic, then the yield strength does not in-
crease with strain - see Fig. 2.7c on p. 42. Therefore, the
modulus of resilience is unchanged as the material is
strained. (b) For a linear strain hardening material, the
yield strength increases with plastic strain. Therefore
the modulus of resilience will increase with strain.
 2.7 If you pull and break a tensile-test specimen rapidly,
where would the temperature be the highest? Explain
why.
Since temperature rise is due to the work input, the
temperature will be highest in the necked region be-
cause that is where the strain, hence the energy dissi-
pated per unit volume in plastic deformation, is high-
est.
2.8 Comment on the temperature distribution if the speci-
men in Question 2.7 is pulled very slowly.
If the specimen is pulled very slowly, the temperature
generated will be dissipated throughout the specimen
and to the environment. Thus, there will be no ap-
preciable temperature rise anywhere, particularly with
materials with high thermal conductivity.
2.9 In a tension test, the area under the true-stress-true-
strain curve is the work done per unit volume (the spe-
cific work). Also, the area under the load-elongation
curve represents the work done on the specimen. If
you divide this latter work by the volume of the spec-
imen between the gage marks, you will determine the
work done per unit volume (assuming that all defor-
mation is confined between the gage marks). Will this
specific work be the same as the area under the true-
stress-true-strain curve? Explain. Will your answer be
the same for any value of strain? Explain.
If we divide the work done by the total volume of the
specimen between the gage lengths, we obtain the av-
erage specific work throughout the specimen. How-
ever, the area under the true stress-true strain curve
represents the specific work done at the necked (and
fractured) region in the specimen where the strain is a
maximum. Thus, the answers will be different. How-
ever, up to the onset of necking (instability), the specific
work calculated will be the same. This is because the
strain is uniform throughout the specimen until neck-
ing begins.
2.10 The note at the bottom of Table 2.4 states that as tem-
perature increases, C decreases and m increases. Ex-
plain why.
The value of C in Table 2.4 on p. 46 decreases with tem-
perature because it is a measure of the strength of the
material. The value of m increases with temperature
because the material becomes more strain-rate sensi-
tive, due to the fact that the higher the strain rate, the
less time the material has to recover and recrystallize,
hence its strength increases.
2.11 You are given the K and n values of two different mate-
rials. Is this information sufficient to determine which
material is tougher? If not, what additional informa-
tion do you need, and why?
Although the K and n values may give a good esti-
mate of toughness, the true fracture stress and the true
strain at fracture are required for accurate calculation
2
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of toughness. The modulus of elasticity and yield stress
would provide information about the area under the
elastic region; however, this region is very small and is
thus usually negligible with respect to the rest of the
stress-strain curve.
2.12 Modify the curves in Fig. 2.7 to indicate the effects of
temperature. Explain your changes.
These modifications can be made by lowering the slope
of the elastic region and lowering the general height of
the curves. See, for example, Fig. 2.9 on p. 43.
2.13 Using a specific example, show why the deformation
rate, say in m/s, and the true strain rate are not the
same.
The deformation rate is the quantity v in Eqs. (2.16)
and (2.17). Thus, when v is held constant during de-
formation (hence a constant deformation rate), the true
strain rate will vary (l increases), whereas the engineer-
ing strain rate will remain constant. Hence, the two
quantities are not the same.
2.14 It has been stated that the higher the value of m, the
more diffuse the neck is, and likewise, the lower the
value of m, the more localized the neck is. Explain the
reason for this behavior.
As discussed in Section 2.2.7, with high m values, the
material stretches to a greater length before it fails; this
behavior is an indication that necking is delayed with
increasing m. When necking is about to begin, the
necking region’s strength with respect to the rest of the
specimen increases, due to strain hardening. However,
the strain rate in the necking region is also higher than
in the rest of the specimen, because the material is elon-
gating faster there. Since the material in the necked re-
gion becomes stronger as it is strained at a higher rate,
the region exhibits a greater resistance to necking. The
increase in resistance to necking thus depends on the
magnitude of m. As the tension test progresses, neck-
ing becomes more diffuse, and the specimen becomes
longer before fracture; hence, total elongation increases
with increasing values of m. As expected, the elonga-
tion after necking (postuniform elongation) also increases
with increasing m. It has been observed that the value
of m decreases with metals of increasing strength.
2.15 Explain why materials with high m values, such as hot
glass and silly putty, when stretched slowly, undergo
large elongations before failure. Consider events tak-
ing place in the necked region of the specimen.
The answer is similar to Answer 2.14 above.
2.16 Assume that you are running four-point bending tests
on a number of identical specimens of the same length
and cross-section, but with increasing distance be-
tween the upper points of loading (see Fig. 2.19b).
What changes, if any, would you expect in the test re-
sults? Explain.
 As the distance between the upper points of loading
in Fig. 2.19b increases, the magnitude of the bending
moment decreases. However, the volume of material
subjected to the maximum bending moment (hence to
maximum stress) increases. Thus, the probability of
failure in the four-point test increases as this distance
increases.
2.17 Would Eq. (2.10) hold true in the elastic range? Explain.
Note that this equation is based on volume constancy,
i.e., Ao lo = Al. We know, however, that because the
Poisson’s ratio ν is less than 0.5 in the elastic range, the
volume is not constant in a tension test; see Eq. (2.47)
on p. 71. Therefore, the expression is not valid in the
elastic range.
2.18 Why have different types of hardness tests been devel-
oped? How would you measure the hardness of a very
large object?
There are several basic reasons:
1. The overall hardness range of the materials
2. The hardness of their constituents; see Chapter 3;
3. The thickness of the specimen, such as bulk ver-
sus foil
4. The size of the specimen with respect to that of the
indenter
5. The surface finish of the part being tested.
2.19 Which hardness tests and scales would you use for
very thin strips of material, such as aluminum foil?
Why?
Because aluminum foil is very thin, the indentations
on the surface must be very small so as not to affect
test results. Suitable tests would be a microhardness
test such as Knoop or Vickers under very light loads
(see Fig. 2.20 on p. 54). The accuracy of the test can
be validated by observing any changes in the surface
appearance opposite to the indented side.
2.20 List and explain the factors that you would consider in
selecting an appropriate hardness test and scale for a
particular application.
Hardness tests mainly have three differences:
1. type of indenter,
2. applied load, and
3. method of indentation measurement (depth or
surface area of indentation, or rebound of inden-
ter).
2.21 In a Brinell hardness test, the resulting impression is
found to be an ellipse. Give possible explanations for
this result.
There are several possible reasons for this phe-
nomenon, but the two most likely are anisotropy in the
material and the presence of surface residual stresses
in the material.
3
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2.22 Referring to Fig. 2.20, the material for testers are either
steel, tungsten carbide, or diamond. Why isn’t dia-
mond used for all of the tests?
While diamond is the hardest material known, it
would not, for example, be practical to make and use
a 10-mm diamond indenter because the costs would
be prohibitive. Consequently, a hard material such as
those listed are sufficient for most hardness tests.
2.23 What role does friction play in a hardness test? Can
high friction between a material and indenter affect a
hardness test? Explain.
The effect of friction has been found to be minimal. In
a hardness test, most of the indentation occurs through
plastic deformation, and there is very little sliding at
the indenter-workpiece interface; see Fig. 2.23 on p. 58.
2.24 Describe the difference between creep and stress relax-
ation, giving two examples for each as they relate to
engineering applications.
Creep is the permanent deformation of a part that is
under a load over a period of time, usually occurring at
elevated temperatures. Stress relaxation is the decrease
in the stress level in a part under a constant strain. Ex-
amples of creep include:
1. turbine blades operating at high temperatures,
and
2. high-temperature steam linesand furnace compo-
nents.
Stress relaxation is observed when, for example, a rub-
ber band or a thermoplastic is pulled to a specific
length and held at that length for a period of time. This
phenomenon is commonly observed in rivets, bolts,
and guy wires, as well as thermoplastic components.
2.25 Referring to the two impact tests shown in Fig. 2.26,
explain how different the results would be if the speci-
mens were impacted from the opposite directions.
Note that impacting the specimens shown in Fig. 2.26
on p. 61 from the opposite directions would subject
the roots of the notches to compressive stresses, and
thus they would not act as stress raisers. Thus, cracks
would not propagate as they would when under ten-
sile stresses. Consequently, the specimens would basi-
cally behave as if they were not notched.
2.26 If you remove the layer ad from the part shown in
Fig. 2.27d, such as by machining or grinding, which
way will the specimen curve? (Hint: Assume that
the part in diagram (d) is composed of four horizontal
springs held at the ends. Thus, from the top down, we
have compression, tension, compression, and tension
springs.)
Since the internal forces will have to achieve a state of
static equilibrium, the new part has to bow downward
(i.e., it will hold water). Such residual-stress patterns
 can be modeled with a set of horizontal tension and
compression springs. Note that the top layer of the ma-
terial ad in Fig. 2.27d, which is under compression, has
the tendency to bend the bar upward. When this stress
is relieved (such as by removing a layer), the bar will
compensate for it by bending downward.
2.27 Is it possible to completely remove residual stresses in a
piece of material by the technique described in Fig. 2.29
if the material is elastic, linearly strain hardening? Ex-
plain.
By following the sequence of events depicted in
Fig. 2.29 on p. 64, it can be seen that it is not possi-
ble to completely remove the residual stresses. Note
that for an elastic, linearly strain hardening material,
σc will never catch up with σt .
0 0
2.28 Referring to Fig. 2.29, would it be possible to elimi-
nate residual stresses by compression? Assume that
the piece of material will not buckle under the uniaxial
compressive force.
Yes, by the same mechanism described in Fig. 2.29 on
p. 64.
2.29 List and explain the desirable mechanical properties
for (a) an elevator cable; (b) a bandage; (c) a shoe sole;
(d) a fish hook; (e) an automotive piston; (f) a boat pro-
peller; (g) a gas-turbine blade; and (h) a staple.
The following are some basic considerations:
(a) Elevator cable: The cable should not elongate elas-
tically to a large extent or undergo yielding as the
load is increased. These requirements thus call for
a material with a high elastic modulus and yield
stress.
(b) Bandage: The bandage material must be compli-
ant, that is, have a low stiffness, but have high
strength in the membrane direction. Its inner sur-
face must be permeable and outer surface resis-
tant to environmental effects.
(c) Shoe sole: The sole should be compliant for com-
fort, with a high resilience. It should be tough so
that it absorbs shock and should have high fric-
tion and wear resistance.
(d) Fish hook: A fish hook needs to have high
strength so that it doesn’t deform permanently
under load, and thus maintain its shape. It should
be stiff (for better control during its use) and
should be resistant the environment it is used in
(such as salt water).
(e) Automotive piston: This product must have high
strength at elevated temperatures, high physical
and thermal shock resistance, and low mass.
(f) Boat propeller: The material must be stiff (to
maintain its shape) and resistant to corrosion, and
also have abrasion resistance because the pro-
peller encounters sand and other abrasive parti-
cles when operated close to shore.
4
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(g) Gas turbine blade: A gas turbine blade operates
at high temperatures (depending on its location in
the turbine); thus it should have high-temperature
strength and resistance to creep, as well as to oxi-
dation and corrosion due to combustion products
during its use.
(h) Staple: The properties should be closely parallel
to that of a paper clip. The staple should have
high ductility to allow it to be deformed without
fracture, and also have low yield stress so that it
can be bent (as well as unbent when removing it)
easily without requiring excessive force.
2.30 Make a sketch showing the nature and distribution of
the residual stresses in Figs. 2.28a and b before the parts
were cut. Assume that the split parts are free from any
stresses. (Hint: Force these parts back to the shape they
were in before they were cut.)
As the question states, when we force back the split
portions in the specimen in Fig. 2.28a on p. 63, we in-
duce tensile stresses on the outer surfaces and com-
pressive on the inner. Thus the original part would,
along its total cross section, have a residual stress dis-
tribution of tension-compression-tension. Using the
same technique, we find that the specimen in Fig. 2.28b
would have a similar residual stress distribution prior
to cutting.
2.31 It is possible to calculate the work of plastic deforma-
tion by measuring the temperature rise in a workpiece,
assuming that there is no heat loss and that the temper-
ature distribution is uniform throughout? If the spe-
cific heat of the material decreases with increasing tem-
perature, will the work of deformation calculated us-
ing the specific heat at room temperature be higher or
lower than the actual work done? Explain.
If we calculate the heat using a constant specific heat
value in Eq. (2.62), the work will be higher than it ac-
tually is. This is because, by definition, as the specific
heat decreases, less work is required to raise the work-
piece temperature by one degree. Consequently, the
calculated work will be higher than the actual work
done.
2.32 Explain whether or not the volume of a metal specimen
changes when the specimen is subjected to a state of
(a) uniaxial compressive stress and (b) uniaxial tensile
stress, all in the elastic range.
For case (a), the quantity in parentheses in Eq. (2.47)
on p. 71 will be negative, because of the compressive
stress. Since the rest of the terms are positive, the prod-
uct of these terms is negative and, hence, there will be
a decrease in volume (This can also be deduced intu-
itively.) For case (b), it will be noted that the volume
will increase.
2.33 It is relatively easy to subject a specimen to hydrostatic
compression, such as by using a chamber filled with a
liquid. Devise a means whereby the specimen (say, in
 the shape of a cube or a round disk) can be subjected
to hydrostatic tension, or one approaching this state of
stress. (Note that a thin-walled, internally pressurized
spherical shell is not a correct answer, because it is sub-
jected only to a state of plane stress.)
Two possible answers are the following:
1. A solid cube made of a soft metal has all its six
faces brazed to long square bars (of the same cross
section as the specimen); the bars are made of a
stronger metal. The six arms are then subjected to
equal tension forces, thus subjecting the cube to
equal tensile stresses.
2. A thin, solid round disk (such as a coin) and made
of a soft material is brazed between the ends of
two solid round bars of the same diameter as that
of the disk. When subjected to longitudinal ten-
sion, the disk will tend to shrink radially. But be-
cause it is thin and its flat surfaces are restrained
by the two rods from moving, the disk will be sub-
jected to tensile radial stresses. Thus, a state of tri-
axial (though not exactly hydrostatic) tension will
exist within the thin disk.
2.34 Referring to Fig. 2.17, make sketches of the state of
stress for an element in the reduced section of the tube
when it is subjected to (a) torsion only; (b) torsion while
the tube is internally pressurized; and (c) torsion while
the tube is externally pressurized. Assume that the
tube is a closed-end tube.
These states of stress can be represented simply by re-
ferring to the contents of this chapter as well as the rel-
evant materials covered in texts on mechanics of solids.
2.35 A penny-shaped piece of soft metal is brazed to the
ends of two flat, round steel rods of the same diameter
as the piece. The assembly is then subjected to uniax-
ial tension. What is the state of stress to which the soft
metal is subjected? Explain.
The penny-shaped soft metal piece will tend to contract
radially due to Poisson’s ratio; however, the solid rods
to which it attached will prevent this from happening.
Consequently, the state of stress will tend to approach
that of hydrostatic tension.
2.36 A circular disk of soft metal is being compressed be-
tween two flat, hardened circular steel punches of hav-
ing the same diameter as the disk. Assume that the
disk material is perfectly plastic and that there is no
friction or any temperature effects. Explain the change,
if any, in the magnitude of the punch force as the disk
is being compressed plastically to, say, a fraction of its
original thickness.
Note that as it is compressed plastically, the disk
will expand radially, because of volume constancy.
An approximately donut-shaped material will then be
pushed radially outward, which will then exert ra-
dial compressive stresses on the disk volume under
5
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
the punches. The volume of material directly between
the punches will now subjected to a triaxial compres-
sive state of stress. According to yield criteria (see
Section 2.11), the compressive stress exerted by the
punches will thus increase, even though the material
is not strain hardening. Therefore, the punch force will
increase as deformation increases.
2.37 A perfectly plastic metal is yielding under the stress
state σ1 , σ2 , σ3 , where σ1 > σ2 > σ3 . Explain what
happens if σ1 is increased.
Consider Fig. 2.32 on p. 70. Points in the interior of
the yield locus are in an elastic state, whereas those on
the yield locus are in a plastic state. Points outside the
yield locus are not admissible. Therefore, an increase
in σ1 while the other stresses remain unchanged would
require an increase in yield stress. This can also be de-
duced by inspecting either Eq. (2.38) or Eq. (2.39).
2.38 What is the dilatation of a material with a Poisson’s ra-
tio of 0.5? Is it possible for a material to have a Pois-
son’s ratio of 0.7? Give a rationale for your answer.
It can be seen from Eq. (2.47) on p. 71 that the dilatation
of a material with ν = 0.5 is always zero, regardless of
the stress state. To examine the case of ν = 0.7, consider
the situation where the stress state is hydrostatic ten-
sion. Equation (2.47) would then predict contraction
under a tensile stress, a situation that cannot occur.
2.39 Can a material have a negative Poisson’s ratio? Give a
rationale for your answer.
Solid material do not have a negative Poisson’s ratio,
with the exception of some composite materials (see
Chapter 10), where there can be a negative Poisson’s
ratio in a given direction.
2.40 As clearly as possible, define plane stress and plane
strain.
Plane stress is the situation where the stresses in one of
the direction on an element are zero; plane strain is the
situation where the strains in one of the direction are
zero.
2.41 What test would you use to evaluate the hardness of a
coating on a metal surface? Would it matter if the coat-
ing was harder or softer than the substrate? Explain.
The answer depends on whether the coating is rela-
tively thin or thick. For a relatively thick coating, con-
ventional hardness tests can be conducted, as long as
the deformed region under the indenter is less than
about one-tenth of the coating thickness. If the coat-
ing thickness is less than this threshold, then one must
either rely on nontraditional hardness tests, or else
use fairly complicated indentation models to extract
the material behavior. As an example of the former,
atomic force microscopes using diamond-tipped pyra-
mids have been used to measure the hardness of coat-
ings less than 100 nanometers thick. As an example of
 the latter, finite-element models of a coated substrate 1. There is a smaller range for metals than for non-
being indented by an indenter of a known geometry metals;
can be developed and then correlated to experiments. 2. Thermoplastics, thermosets and rubbers are or-
ders of magnitude lower than metals and other
2.42 List the advantages and limitations of the stress-strain non-metals;
relationships given in Fig. 2.7.
3. Diamond and ceramics can be superior to others,
Several answers that are acceptable, and the student is but ceramics have a large range of values.
encouraged to develop as many as possible. Two pos-
sible answers are: 2.44 A hardness test is conducted on as-received metal as a
quality check. The results show indicate that the hard-
1. There is a tradeoff between mathematical com- ness is too high, indicating that the material may not
plexity and accuracy in modeling material behav- have sufficient ductility for the intended application.
ior The supplier is reluctant to accept the return of the ma-
2. Some materials may be better suited for certain terial, instead claiming that the diamond cone used in
constitutive laws than others the Rockwell testing was worn and blunt, and hence
the test needed to be recalibrated. Is this explanation
2.43 Plot the data in the inside front cover on a bar chart, plausible? Explain.
showing the range of values, and comment on the re-
sults. Refer to Fig. 2.20 on p. 54 and note that if an inden-
ter is blunt, then the penetration, t, under a given load
By the student. An example of a bar chart for the elastic will be smaller than that using a sharp indenter. This
modulus is shown below. then translates into a higher hardness. The explanation
is plausible, but in practice, hardness tests are fairly
Metallic materials reliable and measurements are consistent if the test-
ing equipment is properly calibrated and routinely ser-
Tungsten viced.
Titanium
2.45 Explain why a 0.2% offset is used to obtain the yield
Stainless steels strength in a tension test.
Steels
The value of 0.2% is somewhat arbitrary and is used
Nickel to set some standard. A yield stress, representing the
Molybdenum transition point from elastic to plastic deformation, is
difficult to measure. This is because the stress-strain
Magnesium
curve is not linearly proportional after the propor-
Lead tional limit, which can be as high as one-half the yield
Copper strength in some metals. Therefore, a transition from
elastic to plastic behavior in a stress-strain curve is dif-
Aluminum ficult to discern. The use of a 0.2% offset is a con-
0 100 200 300 400 500 venient way of consistently interpreting a yield point
Elastic modulus (GPa) from stress-strain curves.

Non-metallic materials 2.46 Referring to Question 2.45, would the offset method be
Spectra fibers
necessary for a highly strained hardened material? Ex-
plain.
Kevlar fibers
Glass fibers The 0.2% offset is still advisable whenever it can be
used, because it is a standardized approach for deter-
Carbon fibers mining yield stress, and thus one should not arbitrarily
Boron fibers abandon standards. However, if the material is highly
Thermosets cold worked, there will be a more noticeable ‘kink’ in
Thermoplastics the stress-strain curve, and thus the yield stress is far
more easily discernable than for the same material in
Rubbers the annealed condition.
Glass
2.47 Explain why the hardness of a material is related to a
Diamond
multiple of the uniaxial compressive stress, since both
Ceramics involve compression of workpiece material.
0 200 400 600 800 1000
1200 The hardness is related to a multiple of the uniaxial
compressive stress, not just the uniaxial compressive
Elastic modulus (GPa)
stress, because:

Typical comments regarding such a chart are:

6
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 1. The volume of material that is stressed is different
- in a hardness test, the volume that is under stress
is not just a cylinder beneath the inventor.
2. The stressed volume is constrained by the elas-
tic material outside of the indentation area. This
often requires material to deform laterally and
counter to the indentation direction - see Fig. 2.21
2.48 Without using the words “stress” or “strain”, define
elastic modulus.
This is actually quite challenging, but historically sig-
nificant, since Thomas Young did not have the benefit
of the concept of strain when he first defined modu-
lus of elasticity. Young’s definition satisfies the project
requirement. In Young’s words:
The modulus of the elasticity of any substance is a column
of the same substance, capable of producing a pressure on its
base which is to the weight causing a certain degree of com-
pression as the length of the substance is to the diminution
of the length.
There are many possible other definitions, of course.

PROBLEMS
2.49 A strip of metal is originally 1.0 m long. It is stretched l0=1;
in three steps: first to a length of 1.5 m, then to 2.5 m, l1=1.5;
and finally to 3.0 m. Show that the total true strain is l2=2.5;
the sum of the true strains in each step, that is, that l3=3;
the strains are additive. Show that, using engineering etot=(l1-l0)/l0+(l2-l0)/l0+(l3-l0)/l0;
strains, the strain for each step cannot be added to ob- efin=(l3-l0)/l0;
tain the total strain. epstot=log(l1/l0)+log(l2/l1)+log(l3/l2);
epsfin=log(l3/l0);
The true strain is given by Eq. (2.9) on p. 36 as

l 2.50 A paper clip is made of wire 1.00 mm in diameter. If

= ln
lo the original material from which the wire is made is a
rod 15 mm in diameter, calculate the longitudinal and
Therefore, the true strains for the three steps are: diametrical engineering and true strains that the wire
has undergone during processing.
1.5

1 = ln = 0.4055 Assuming volume constancy, we may write

1.0

2 2
lf do 15
2.5 = = = 225
2 = ln = 0.5108 lo df 1.00
1.5

3.0 Letting lo be unity, the longitudinal engineering strain

3 = ln = 0.1823 is e1 = (225 − 1)/1 = 224. The diametral engineering
2.5 strain is calculated as
The sum of these true strains is = 0.4055 + 0.5108 + 1 −15
0.1823 = 1.099. The true strain from step 1 to 3 is ed = = −0.933
15

3 The longitudinal true strain is given by Eq. (2.9) on

= ln = 1.099
1 p. 36 as

l
Therefore the true strains are additive. Using the same = ln = ln (224) = 5.412
lo
approach for engineering strain as defined by Eq. (2.1),
we obtain e1 = 0.5, e2 = 0.667, and e3 = 0.20. The sum The diametral true strain is
of these strains is e1 + e2 + e3 = 1.367. The engineering 1
strain from step 1 to 3 is d = ln = −2.708
15
l−lo 3 −1

e= = =2 Note that this is not equal to the sum of the

lo 1
engineering strains for the individual steps. The
following Matlab code can be used to
7
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
demonstrate that this is generally true, and not just a
conclusion for the specific deforma- tions stated in the
problem.
Note the large difference between the engineering and
true strains, even though both describe the same phe-
nomenon. Note also that the sum of the true strains
(recognizing that the radial strain is r = ln 0.515
=
−2.708) in the three principal directions is zero, indi-
cating volume constancy in plastic deformation.
The following Matlab code is useful:

8
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 d=0.001; and
d0=0.015; Aneck = Ao e−0.25 = 0.779Ao
l0=1;
Consequently,
lf=(d0/d)ˆ2*l0;
e1=(lf-l0)/l0; Sut = (212)(0.779) = 165 MPa.
ed=(d-d0)/d0;
epsilon=log(lf/l0);
epsilon_d=log(d/d0); 2.54 A material has a strength coefficient K = 700 MPa. As-
suming that a tensile-test specimen made from this ma-
2.51 A material has the following properties: Sut = 350 MPa terial begins to neck at a true strain of 0.20, show that
and n = 0.20. Calculate its strength coefficient, K. the ultimate tensile strength of this material is 415 MPa.

Note from Eq. (2.11) on p. 36 that Sut,true = K n = Knn The approach is the same as in Example 2.1 on p. 41.
because at necking = n. From Fig. 2.3, Sut = APo , Since the necking strain corresponds to the maximum
where P is the load at necking. The true ultimate ten- load and the necking strain for this material is given
sile strength would be as = n = 0.20, we have, as the true ultimate tensile
strength:
Ao
Sut,true = P/A = Sut .
A Sut,true = (700)(0.20)0.20 = 507 MPa.

From Eq. (2.10),

The cross-sectional area at the onset of necking is ob-
Ao tained from
ln = = 0.20
A Ao
ln = n = 0.20.
Therefore, Aneck
Ao
= exp(0.2) = 1.2214 Consequently,
A

Substituting into the expression for true ultimate

Aneck = Ao exp(−0.20)
strength,
Sut,true = (350 MPa) (1.2214) = 427 MPa. and the maximum load, P , is

The strength coefficient, K, can then be found as P = σA = Sut,true Ao exp(−0.20)

427 = (507)(0.8187)(Ao ) = 415 × 106 Ao
K = = 589 MPa.
0.20.2 Since Sut = P/Ao , we have Sut = 415 MPa. This is
confirmed with the following Matlab code.
2.52 Based on the information given in Fig. 2.6, calculate the
ultimate tensile strength of 304 stainless steel.
K=700e6; n=0.2;
From Fig. 2.6 on p. 39, the true stress for 304 stainless Sut_true=K*nˆn;
steel at necking (where the slope changes; see Fig. 2.7e) P=Sut_true*exp(-n)
is found to be about 900 MPa, while the true strain is
about 0.4. We also know that the ratio of the original to
necked areas of the specimen is given by 2.55 A cable is made of four parallel strands of different ma-
terials, all behaving according to the equation σ = K n ,
Ao
ln = 0.40 where n = 0.20. The materials, strength coefficients
Aneck
and cross-sections are as follows:
or
Aneck
= e−0.40 = 0.670 Material A: K = 450 MPa, Ao = 7 mm2 ;
Ao

Thus, Material B: K = 600 MPa, Ao = 2.5 mm2 ;

Sut = (900)(0.670) = 603 MPa. Material C: K = 300 MPa, Ao = 3 mm2 ;
2

2.53 Calculate the ultimate tensile strength (engineering) of In this problem, K = 300 MPa and n = 0.25.
a material whose strength coefficient is 300 MPa and Following the same procedure as in Example 2.1
that necks at a true strain of 0.25. on p. 41, the true ultimate tensile strength is

9
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 σ = (300)(0.25)0.25 = 212 MPa Material D: K = 750 MPa, Ao = 2 mm ;

(a) Calculate the maximum tensile force that this ca-

ble can withstand prior to necking.
(b) Explain how you would arrive at an answer if the
n values of the three strands were different from
each other.

10
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 (a) Necking will occur when = n = 0.20. At the ‘kink’ in the stress-strain curve). The original cross-
this point the true stresses in each cable are, from sectional area is Ao = π(0.006 m)2 /4 = 2.827×10−5 m2 .
Eq. (2.11) on p. 36, Since n = 0.4, a procedure similar to Example 2.1 on
p. 41 demonstrates that
σA = (450)0.20.2 = 326 MPa
Ao
σB = (600)0.2 0.2
= 435 MPa = exp(0.4) = 1.49
Aneck
σC = (300)0.20.2 = 217 MPa Thus

σD = (760)0.20.2 = 543 MPa 900

Sut = 1.49 = 604 MPa
The areas at necking are calculated from Aneck =
Hence the maximum load is
Ao e−n (see Example 2.1 on p. 41):

AA = (7)e−0.2 = 5.73 mm2 P = (Sut )(Ao ) = (604)(2.827 × 10−5 )

or P = 17.1 kN. The following Matlab code is helpful

AB = (2.5)e−0.2 = 2.04 mm2
to investigate other parameters.
AC = (3)e−0.2 = 2.46 mm2
AD = (2)e−0.2 = 1.64 mm2 n=0.4;
Sut_true=900e6;
Hence the total load that the cable can support is A_0=pi*d0*d0/4;
Sut=Sut_true/exp(n);
P = (326)(5.73) + (435)(2.04) P=Sut*A_0;
+(217)(2.46) + (543)(1.64)
= 4180 N. 2.57 Using the data given in the inside front cover, calculate
the values of the shear modulus G for the metals listed
The following Matlab code is helpful: in the table.
K_A=450e6; The important equation is Eq. (2.24) which gives the
K_B=600e6; shear modulus as
K_C=300e6;
K_D=750e6; E
G=
A0_A=7/1e6; 2(1 + ν)
A0_B=2.5/1e6;
A0_C=3/1e6; The following values can be calculated (mid-range val-
A0_D=2/1e6; ues of ν are taken as appropriate):
n=0.20;
s_A=K_A*nˆn; Material E (GPa) ν G (GPa)
s_B=K_B*nˆn; Al & alloys 69-79 0.32 26-30
s_C=K_C*nˆn; Cu & alloys 105-150 0.34 39-56
s_D=K_D*nˆn; Pb & alloys 14 0.43 4.9
A_A=A0_A*exp(-1*n); Mg & alloys 41-45 0.32 15.5-17.0
A_B=A0_B*exp(-1*n); Mo & alloys 330-360 0.32 125-136
A_C=A0_C*exp(-1*n); Ni & alloys 180-214 0.31 69-82
A_D=A0_D*exp(-1*n); Steels 190-200 0.30 73-77
P=s_A*A_A+s_B*A_B+s_C *A_C+s_D*A_D; Stainless steels 190-200 0.29 74-77
Ti & alloys 80-130 0.32 30-49
(b) If the n values of the four strands were differ- W & alloys 350-400 0.27 138-157
ent, the procedure would consist of plotting the Ceramics 70-1000 0.2 29-417
load-elongation curves of the four strands on the Glass 70-80 0.24 28-32
same chart, then obtaining graphically the maxi- Rubbers 0.01-0.1 0.5 0.0033-0.033
mum load. Alternately, a computer program can Thermoplastics 1.4-3.4 0.36 0.51-1.25
be written to determine the maximum load.
Thermosets 3.5-17 0.34 1.3-6.34

2.56 Using only Fig. 2.6, calculate the maximum load in ten-
sion testing of a 304 stainless-steel specimen with an
original diameter of 6.0 mm.
Observe from Fig. 2.6 on p. 39 that necking begins at
a true strain of about 0.4 for 304 stainless steel, and
that Sut,true is about 900 MPa (this is the location of
11
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2.58 Derive an expression for the toughness of a material
n
represented by the equation σ = K ( + 0.2) and
whose fracture strain is denoted as f .
Recall that toughness is the area under the stress-strain
curve, hence the toughness for this material would be

exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 or a modulus of resilience for steel of 1.81 MN-m/m3 .
given by
For copper,
Z f
Toughness = σd
2
Z0 Sy2 520 ×106
f Modulus of Resilience = =
= K ( + 0.2) d
n 2E 2(124 × 109 )
0

K h
= ( f + 0.2)
n +1
2.59 A cylindrical specimen made of a brittle material 50
mm high and with a diameter of 25 mm is subjected to
a compressive force along its axis. It is found that frac-
ture takes place at an angle of 45◦ under a load of 130
kN. Calculate the shear stress and the normal stress,
respectively, acting on the fracture surface.
Assuming that compression takes place without fric-
tion, note that two of the principal stresses will be zero.
The third principal stress acting on this specimen is
normal to the specimen and its magnitude is
130, 000
σ3 = − = −264 MPa
(π/4)(0.025)2
The Mohr’s circle for this situation is shown below.
n+1
i or a modulus of resilience for copper of 1.09 MN-
− 0.2n+1 m/m3 .
Note that these values are slightly different than the
values given in the text. This is due to the fact that
(a) highly cold-worked metals such as these have a
much higher yield stress than the annealed materials
described in the text; and (b) arbitrary property values
are given in the statement of the problem.
2.61 Calculate the work done in frictionless compression of
a solid cylinder 40 mm high and 15 mm in diameter
to a reduction in height of 50% for the following mate-
rials: (a) 1100-O aluminum; (b) annealed copper; (c)
annealed 304 stainless steel; and (d) 70-30 brass, an-
nealed.
The work done is calculated from Eq. (2.59) where the
specific energy, u, is obtained from Eq. (2.57) on p. 73.
Since the reduction in height is 50%, the final height is
20 mm and the absolute value of the true strain is
40
= ln = 0.6931
20

2 =90 K and n are obtained from Table 2.3 as follows:

°
Material K (MPa) n
1100-O Al 180 0.20
Cu, annealed 315 0.54
The fracture plane is oriented at an angle of 45◦ , corre-
sponding to a rotation of 90◦ on the Mohr’s circle. This 304 Stainless, annealed 1300 0.30
corresponds to a stress state on the fracture plane of 70-30 brass, annealed 895 0.49
−σ = τ = 264/2 = 132 MPa. u is then calculated from Eq. (2.57). For example, for
1100-O aluminum, where K is 180 MPa and n is 0.20, u
2.60 What is the modulus of resilience of a highly cold- is calculated as
worked piece of steel with a hardness of 280 HB? Of
n+1 1.2
3
a piece of highly cold-worked copper with a hardness K (180)(0.6931)
u= = = 96.6 MN/m
of 175 HB? n +1 1.2

Referring to Fig. 2.22 on p. 57, the value of c in Eq. (2.31) The volume is calculated as
is approximately 3.2 for highly cold-worked steels and
around 3.4 for cold-worked aluminum. Therefore, ap- V = πr 2 l = π(0.0075)2 (0.04) = 7.069 × 10−6 m3
proximate c = 3.3 for cold-worked copper. From
The work done is the product of the specific work, u,
Eq. (2.31),
and the volume, V . Therefore, the results can be tabu-
H 280 2
lated as follows.
Sy,steel = = = 87.5 kg/mm = 858 MPa
3.2 3.2
u Work
H 175 2 Material (MN/m3 ) (Nm)
Sy,Cu = = = 53.0 kg/mm = 520 MPa
3.3 3.3 1100-O Al 96.6 682

From the inside front cover, Esteel = 200 GPa and late
ECu = 124 GPa. The modulus of resilience is calcu- 304 Stainless, annealed 620 4389
d from Eq. (2.5) on p. 34. For steel: 12 70-30 brass, annealed 348 2460
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Cu, annealed 168 1186
2
Sy2 858 ×106 The following Matlab code can be used to confirm re-
Modulus of Resilience = = sults:
2E 2(200 ×
109 )

13
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 h0=0.040; 2.64 In a disk test performed on a specimen 50 mm in di-
d0=0.015; ameter and 2.5 mm thick, the specimen fractures at a
stress of 500 MPa. What was the load on it at fracture?
hf=0.020;
epsilon=log(h0/hf); Equation (2.22) is used to solve this problem. Noting
K=180e6; that σ = 500 MPa, d = 50 mm = 0.05 m, and t = 2.5
n=0.20; mm = 0.0025 m, we can write
u=K*epsilonˆ(n+1)/(n+1);

V=pi*d0ˆ2/4*h0; 2P σπdt
Work=u*V; σ= → P =
πdt 2

2.62 A tensile-test specimen is made of a material repre- Therefore

sented by the equation σ = K( + n)n . (a) Determine (500 × 106 )π(0.05)(0.0025)

the true strain at which necking will begin. (b) Show P = = 98 kN.
2
that it is possible for an engineering material to exhibit
this behavior. The following Matlab code allows for variation in pa-
rameters for this problem.

(a) In Section 2.2.4 on p. 40, it was noted that insta- d=0.050;

bility, hence necking, requires the following con- t=0.0025;
dition to be fulfilled: sigma=500e6;
dσ P=sigma*pi*d*t/2;
=σ
d
2.65 In Fig. 2.29a, let the tensile and compressive residual
Consequently, for this material we have stresses both be 70 MPa, and the modulus of elasticity
n−1 n
of the material be 200 GPa with a modulus of resilience
Kn ( + n) = K ( + n) of 225 kN-m/m3 . If the original length in diagram (a)
is 500 mm, what should be the stretched length in dia-
This is solved as n = 0; thus necking begins as gram (b) so that, when unloaded, the strip will be free
soon as the specimen is subjected to tension. of residual stresses?
(b) Yes, this behavior is possible. Consider a tension-
Note that the yield stress can be obtained from Eq. (2.5)
test specimen that has been strained to necking
on p. 34 as
and then unloaded. Upon loading it again in ten-
sion, it will immediately begin to neck. Sy2
Mod. of Resilience = MR =
2E
2.63 Take two solid cylindrical specimens of equal diame-
ter, but different heights. Assume that both specimens Thus,

are compressed (frictionless) by the same percent re- p p × ×

duction, say 50%. Prove that the final diameters will be Sy = 2(MR)E = 2 (225 103 ) (200 109 )

the same.
or Sy = 300 MPa. The strain required to relieve the

Identify the shorter cylindrical specimen with the sub- residual stress is:

script s and the taller one as t, and their original diam- σc Sy 70 ×106 300 ×106
eter as D. Subscripts f and o indicate final and origi- = + = + = 0.00185
E E 200 × 109 200 × 109
nal, respectively. Because both specimens undergo the
same percent reduction in height, Therefore,

htf hsf lf lf
= = ln = ln = 0.00185
hto hso lo 0.500 m

and from volume constancy, Therefore, lf = 0.50093 m. The following Matlab code
is helpful
2
and htf
14
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Another random document with
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seasoned Anglo-Indian, passing through to his district or his
regiment up country, who spoke the language glibly, helped his
fellow creatures to make their wants understood, and seemed
absolutely at home with his trusty bearer, his bedding, and his tiffin
basket—and being well known to the hotel baboo, and so to speak
on his adopted heath, secured, without a second’s demur, the best
room, and the best attention. Many of these travellers were
encountered by the Holroyds over and over again, and Belle, in her
lively way, had devised nicknames for most of them; nor did they
themselves pass unnoticed. No one suspected them of being newly
married, for Belle, though smartly dressed and remarkably
handsome, was no young girl; nor were she and her husband
selfishly absorbed in one another, to the exclusion of ordinary
mortals. They were known among their companies as “the lady with
the poodle,” and “the man with the headache,” for George looked as
if he were a continual martyr to that distressing affliction. He was
unmistakably an officer—the lively girl who had been in Japan
declared she guessed it by his boots—and the couple were
supposed to be residents taking a little cold weather tour, à la Darby
and Joan. This mistake was intolerable to Belle, and she pursued
one harmless lady with undying animosity, because as they were
shuffling out to Amba, on the same elephant, she had innocently
remarked:
“I suppose this sort of a ride is no novelty to you—you are quite
accustomed to India.”
Belle, whose temper was precarious, and who was now in a
deadly fright, and consequently inclined to be cross, said snappishly:
“Pray how long do you suppose I have been married?”
“Well, say ten years——”
“Say ten days,” rejoined the bride, with laconic severity.
“Oh my! I am vexed. Well, I hope you’ll excuse me;” but Belle did
not do anything so generous, and cut her dead when they
subsequently met at Laurie’s Hotel, Agra. The moon was full and, as
a natural consequence, so was the hotel; for what sight so renowned
as the Taj by moonlight? Belle went over the fort, grumbling and
reluctant, in the wake of a conscientious guide; the day was warm
and there was far too much to see! The Motee Musjid, the Jasmin
Tower, the dining halls, durbar halls, tilting yards, court yards, and
baths—the combined works of Akbar and Shahjehan. Her taste was
more for the horrible than the beautiful, and when she was taken
from marble halls above, to dark dungeons and underground
passages below, and when she had crawled, torch in hand, through
a hole in the wall, and seen with her own eyes the secret chamber
where women of the palace were strangled and thrown into the
Jumna, she expressed herself as deeply interested and gratified.
The tomb across the river was duly visited, and then the Taj. Yes.
She admired it! but it aroused her enthusiasm in a much fainter
degree than the contents of a shop of gold and silver embroidery,
although the sight that bursts on the traveller as he enters the great
gateway, and catches the first glimpse of the approach, surmounted
by the famous dome and minarets, is surely unsurpassed. The Taj,
to translate its name, is “the crown” of every building in the world,
and it is to be regretted that Shahjehan did not live to carry out his
intention of building a similar tomb for himself in black marble at the
other side of the river, connecting the two by a marble bridge.
Belle agreed to a second visit by moonlight, because, as she
assured herself, “it was a thing to say she had seen,” but the
admiration the Tomb evoked, the intent look on men’s faces, the
tears in the women’s eyes, merely filled her with amazement and
derision. She praised the delicate Italian inlaid work, and the lace-
like marble screens, and tried her not particularly sweet voice, under
the echoing dome, with a shrill roulade that considerably startled her
unprepared audience. At eleven o’clock at night she again found
herself in the Taj gardens; “much too early,” she grumbled, as she
seated herself on a bench half-way between the Taj and the
entrance. “The other people won’t be here for an hour.” It was
evidently “other people” she had come to see. George made no
remark; he stood behind her with his arms folded. He had always
secretly worshipped the beautiful in nature and art—an Indian sunset
in the rains, a chain of lofty snow-clad peaks at sunrise, a fair
landscape bathed in moonlight, appealed at once to his taste, and
the building before him, with its pearl-white dome rising into the dark
blue starry sky, the stately grace of this crown of love, the beauty of
this perfect monument to a woman’s memory, crept into his senses
and sank into his soul. The moon was so bright, the air so clear, that
he could distinguish the fretwork, and the heavy-headed lilies around
the basement of the tomb, and this garden, in which “the light of the
Harem” had lain for eighteen years—whilst thousands of workmen
laboured, aye, and died for her fame—was truly a fitting setting for
so pure a gem of art, with its tall trees and paved walks, its fountains
and fish ponds, its masses of yellow roses and groves of fragrant
orange blossoms, now filling the air with their perfume. What a
paradise for lovers, thought George, an ideal spot for whispered
vows this exquisite Eastern night! But what had he to do with love?
He was a married man, and in his heart, there was not one spark of
love for the smart little lady, with the dog on her knee, who was his
own, his wife, his other self for evermore, who had a right to be
beside him, and to share his lot, as long as they both should live.
Esteem he might give her, respect and a certain kind of admiration,
and possibly affection; but love—Never! Meanwhile it was his most
urgent duty to disguise the truth, and sharp as Belle was, she never
once guessed it. Who could be more attentive than George? Her
merest hint was caught at, the best carriages and best rooms were
secured for her everywhere in advance by telegram; he protected
her from rain or heat, from draught or dust, as if she were made of
wax. And he had given her most lovely presents. Such a diamond
ring and such a pair of earrings! If poor Maria Finny could only see
them she would die—die of envy, hatred and malice. His affection
was not demonstrative but practical—and, as such, was appreciated
and preferred.
As George’s sombre eyes fell upon his companion, he noticed that
she was now gazing at the Taj in an entirely different attitude, with an
air of rapt, absorbed meditation. Ah, it had grown on her at last, as it
did on every one; she had even dislodged “Mossoo,” who was
hunting frogs, with all the zeal of his nation.
“Well, Belle, a penny for your thoughts?” he asked eagerly.
 “Oh,” rousing herself to look at him. “Well, I was wondering, if I
could get any curling pins here? and do you know, that I have been
thinking seriously about that blue and silver dress front; perhaps I
ought to take the pink one after all—you remember the one at the
corner shop; there was more stuff for the body. What do you say,
dear?”
Here was a companion with whom to gaze on earth’s loveliness!
No, no, Belle had, as she boasted, no sentiment about her; she did
not care for past greatness,—the marble glories of Shahjehan, nor
the red granite courts of Akbar. She much preferred the present age,
a brisk drive back to the hotel, and a nice little hot supper; yes, she
would rather have mulled claret and cutlets, than moonlight and
marble!
“Have both if you like,” returned George after a momentary
silence, “and had we not better be making a start?”
“Both!” rising to her feet. “Oh, you dear, good, generous George,”
taking his arm as she spoke. “If you are quite sure that I am not too
extravagant, for there is something else I want.”
“What is that?”
“A present for Betty; you know how good she has been to me; she
really worked like a slave to get me ready, and I would like to send
her something pretty; it need not cost much, but she has no nice
things, no generous George to give her presents,” glancing up
coquettishly into his face. How white he looked—or was it the moon?
“You know what a dull life she leads—any little pleasure, any little
surprise——”
“She won’t be dull when she is Mrs. Moore,” he interrupted
sharply.
“I shall tell you a great secret, that no one knows but me; she will
never marry Ghosty, never. She was quite angry with me, when I
teased her. She declares she will never marry any one, and if she
keeps her word, as I hope she will—for who is there to marry at
Ballingoole?—it will make my mind so easy about poor mamma!”
 As Belle made this sweet, unselfish remark, they had reached the
entrance, and whilst she was coaxing “Mossoo” into the carriage,
George turned away, ostensibly to take one last look at the Taj as it
appeared framed by the great gateway, but it was not of the Taj that
he was thinking. Although his eyes were resting on a vision of a
dazzling white dome and minarets, he was a prey to tormenting
speculation; he was asking himself a startling question. Could Mrs.
Redmond have lied to him? Or was Betty’s speech merely a girl’s
hypocritical repudiation of a lover. Who was the most likely to speak
the truth, Mrs. Redmond or Betty?
As Belle and her husband drove rapidly back towards the
cantonments, with “Mossoo” extended on the front seat of the
landau, they were unusually silent; not one word was spoken about
their recent expedition—they seemed buried in their own thoughts.
She was busily engaged in mentally making up the pink and silver
satin, and he was thinking, that if what Belle had just told him was
true—as true as she appeared to believe—he never would have
married her!
Two days later, Mrs. Holroyd was sitting in the hotel verandah,
surrounded by jewellers, their wares displayed temptingly in the
invariable manner on Turkey red.
“Well! what about that present?” enquired her husband, as he
discovered her. “Get something good. Will two hundred rupees do?”
“Two hundred! I was thinking of fifty. What a lavish, extravagant
fellow you are; you will ruin yourself if I don’t look after you.”
But she accepted the sum, in spite of her pretty protestations.—
George was beginning to know what these protestations were worth!
—Belle carefully selected a delicate gold bangle, and exhibited it on
her own wrist, with much complacency.
“You are not going to give her that, are you?” he enquired with
secret dismay.
“Yes, I thought of it at first; it would almost match one you sent her,
but really it is too much to give her, and on second thoughts,” with a
playful air, “don’t you think it looks very well on me?”
 “Yes, yes, of course it does; leave it where it is,” he said with eager
acquiescence, “you must keep it yourself.”
Anything was better than sending Betty a second bangle, and
Belle, the munificent, the grateful, the honourable, chose for her
cousin—when her husband was not present—a simple brooch, value
thirty rupees, though she told him it cost eighty—and pocketed the
balance.
From Agra, the Holroyds went to Cawnpore—melancholy
Cawnpore!—with its dusty, glaring roads, grim barracks and tragic
history. The garrulous guide who drove them round, lolled at his
ease half into the carriage, preferring the rôle of raconteur to
coachman, leaving the horses chiefly to themselves; but no doubt,
they knew the too familiar weary rounds, from Nana Sahib’s ruinous
house, to the entrenchments—the Memorial Church—the massacre
ghaut—and the well. The full details of the tragedy had a horrible
fascination for Belle, and despite her husband’s continual
interruptions and denials, she would hear all; and the guide, for
once, had a listener entirely after his own heart; but the Indian mid-
day sun, and Indian atrocities were too much for this excitable
traveller with a lurid imagination. A climax arrived, when she stood
gazing at the angel over the well, that exquisite embodiment of
sorrow and peace—which the guide glibly assured her was “the work
of ‘Mackitty,’ the same man who had built the Taj, at Agra.” As she
gazed with twitching lips, and working eyebrows, she said, “You call
it a lovely face, George! Not at all. To me, it is not a face of sorrow,
but a face of cold, undying vengeance. Yes, vengeance,” she added,
raising her voice to a scream and glaring at the guide with a wild
flicker in her eyes, “why don’t you keep a supply of natives here for
us who come on pilgrimage? I know what I would do to them, with
my own hands.”
She looked so odd and excited, that the old soldier was completely
cowed, and ceased to relate how “he and Havelock” had marched to
the relief of Cawnpore. This handsome lady had a strange face, she
was muttering to herself, and gnawing her handkerchief, as she lay
back on the carriage cushions, and she had passionately tossed his
humble offering—a bit of yew from the site of the house of massacre
—far away into the powdery white road. He had not even the
presence of mind to ask for a whiskey peg, when George paid him
off at the station, but he whispered confidentially as he pocketed his
rupees:
“I’ve seen ’em in hysterics, and I’ve seen ’em crying, but I never
saw one take on like her before,” indicating Belle with his horny
thumb. “She would draw me on, you see—and all them times is real
to me—I was in ’em, and my words has worked on her feelings,
them and the sun has done it; keep her cool and quiet, and she may
come all right in time for the mail train.”
But was it the sun? A terrible thought, a sickening dread, occurred
to George; was there not a gleam of insanity in those fiery red eyes
that encountered his, in the dim light of the waiting-room? He and
her ayah applied ice and eau-de-cologne to her head, and kept her
in a still, dark room in complete quiet, and this regimen wrought a
speedy cure. By the following morning Belle declared herself ready
to go on at once, to go anywhere, and they proceeded to Lucknow.
The grey shell-shattered walls of the Residency, the scene of her
countrymen and women’s heroic resistance, had no more interest for
Mrs. Holroyd than the Taj. The Silver Bazaar and the cavalry band at
the “Chutter Munzil,” were far more to her taste, not to speak of a
screaming farce at the Mahomed Bagh Theatre. At length they
turned their faces towards Mangobad, and as the train steamed out
of Lucknow Station, George, as he carefully arranged Belle’s pillows
and rugs, and books and fans, breathed a deep sigh of thankfulness
and relief—At any rate the honeymoon was over.
 CHAPTER III.
A NEW LIFE.

The Holroyds arrived at Mangobad, with unexpected punctuality,

and Belle was in raptures with her new home—her own house—a
spacious, well-situated bungalow, replete with every comfort. There
was a German piano, a pony and cart, a cheval glass, a sewing
machine, new jail carpets and matting, pretty curtains and furniture,
and ornaments, a verandah filled with plants, and birds; and a tribe
of respectable black-whiskered servants, with unimpeachable “chits”
awaiting her good pleasure.
Truly nothing had been forgotten; this bungalow had undoubtedly
been fitted up by a lover.
Belle danced about, and clapped her hands, gesticulated, and ran
from room to room like a child of six. Little did she guess that all
these delightful, thoughtful preparations—had been made for
another person.
For several days after her arrival, she was excessively busy,
unpacking and shaking out her dresses and beautifying the drawing-
room, with rapid and tasteful fingers. A palm in this corner, a screen
in that, a graceful drapery here, a bow of ribbon there, photographs,
fans and cushions abounded—in a short time the room was
transformed as if by magic, but its mistress’s zeal was evanescent.
Once a thing was done there was an end of it; the palms might
wither, the draperies gather dust, for all she noted. She detested
sustained effort. However, everything was in its pristine freshness,
when her visitors began to make their appearance.
Captain La Touche was naturally the first to call upon his friend’s
bride. He drove up in his dog-cart, dressed in his most recent Europe
suit, and brimming over with curiosity and bonhomie.
 Mem Sahib gave “salaam” and he was shown into the drawing-
room, and there waited for a considerable time, whilst he heard
sounds of someone skirmishing with drawers and wardrobe doors, in
the next apartment.
He was full of pleasant anticipations of a girl of nineteen, tall and
slim, with beautiful, Irish grey eyes, even in her cheap, blurred
photograph she had a sweet face!
But who was this? that pulled back the purdah and came tripping
into the room. A pretty little brunette, with a Frenchified dress and an
artificial smile. He rose and bowed, waiting expectantly for another
figure—that was surely yet to come.
“I know you so very well by name,” said Belle, offering a pair of
tiny (somewhat bony) hands. “My husband is always talking of
Captain La Touche.”
Then this was the bride; he was in the presence of Mrs. Holroyd!
At first he was so utterly confounded, that he could only sit down and
stare into the crown of his hat. Belle attributed his evident
embarrassment to the dazzling effect of her own charms, and
immediately set to work to converse in her gayest strain, in order to
put him at his ease. She was the first person who had ever thought it
necessary to attempt this feat with Captain La Touche! As she
chatted with her usual fluency, he listened and looked. Truly, this is
no shy girl of nineteen, but a woman ten years older, with a
knowledge of the world, and a pleasant confidence in her own
powers. He noted the elaborate elegance of her dress, the vivid
beauty of her dark, animated face; but, despite their long lashes, her
eyes had a hard expression, and her thin red lips spoke of cruelty,
and temper.
However, he dissembled his feelings (like the immortal stage
ruffian), and talked and flattered and laughed, in his most irresistible
company manner.
Belle, on her side, was agreeably impressed by her suave and
good-looking visitor. She remembered that he had given them a
handsome wedding present, and was inclined to be more cordial
than brides usually are, towards their husband’s bachelor friends. He
discoursed of the station, she of her passage out. He asked how she
liked her house, and she enquired if there were any balls coming off,
and if the ladies of Mangobad were young and pretty!
“You must judge for yourself,” he returned diplomatically, “you
have brought us out one young lady, Miss Gay—Miss Rose Gay.”
“Yes, and she ought to be called Miss Nosegay,” returned Belle
smartly. “You never saw such a feature out of Punch.”
“Is she, then, not pretty?” he enquired with arched brows.
“Pretty, poor girl!” throwing up her hands, “her face is so hideous
that I am sure it must hurt her!” and she laughed, and evidently
expected her visitor to do the same, but he merely smiled and said,
“At any rate she is very clever.”
“Of course she is, like all ugly people; she is said to be very clever
and good-natured; for my part, I loathe good-natured girls.”
Mrs. Holroyd was outspoken, and not very amiable; this sharp
tongue might prove a dangerous element in a small station.
Presently he rose and took his leave. As he was quitting the room,
his eye fell on a large photograph of Betty. Belle noticed his glance,
and hastening to take it up, said:
“Oh, you are looking at my cousin—my dearest friend; she is a
darling, not a beauty, as you may observe, but quite charming. I wish
you could see her. I wish she was here.” Captain La Touche
sincerely echoed the wish, as he bowed himself out, and walked
down the hall. He had never been so completely mystified in all his
life. His friend had distinctly told him, that he was going to marry
Betty—and who was Betty’s substitute?
On the steps of the porch he met George, who had just ridden
home from the ranges.
“I see you have been making your salaams,” said he with well-
affected nonchalance.
“Yes,” acquiesced his comrade. But for the life of him he could not
utter another word. He looked hard at his friend, his friend looked
hard at him, and, from what he read in Holroyd’s eyes, he dared not
ask the question that was burning on his tongue, so he got into his
dog-cart in silence, and drove himself away.
Mrs. Holroyd’s next visitor was the Collector, her namesake, Mr.
Redmond. She knew that he was a rich, eccentric widower, just the
sort of person that would repay a little cultivation, just the sort of
person to invite her out to camp, and to give her diamonds and
ponies, for was he not Betty’s uncle? She intended to make great
capital out of her cousin, stand in her place and stroke his grey hair,
and smooth his withered cheek, and call him “Uncle Bernard,” but all
these pretty little schemes were projected before she had seen Mr.
Redmond. He was one of the relatives with whom old Brian had
quarrelled most rancorously, and his offer to provide for his brother’s
orphan had been rudely scorned. In those days Mrs. Redmond was
alive, and as she was not very enthusiastic about her husband’s
niece, the matter had dropped. But now Mr. Redmond paid an early
visit to the bride, not so much to do her honour, as to enquire about
Betty. Bernard Redmond, Esq., C.S., was a tall, square-shouldered
man, with grizzled, sandy hair, a somewhat saturnine expression,
and a masterful individuality. He was intellectual and deeply read,
open-handed, hospitable and eccentric, was well aware that he was
considered “peculiar,” and took an unaffected delight in acting up to
his reputation. In spite of his so-called odd opinions, he was
extremely popular, for he gave a good dinner, and unimpeachable
wine, played quite a first-class rubber, and was a sound authority on
horseflesh. Mr. Redmond brooked no contradiction, was autocratic,
and extraordinarily outspoken—traits that grew upon him year by
year, and were fostered and nourished at Mangobad, where he ruled
not only the district, but the station, and was to all intents and
purposes its “uncrowned king.”
Belle’s pretty smiles and speeches, her graceful attitudes, and
waving hands, were absolutely wasted on this cynical person with
the cold grey eyes. He listened patiently to her chatter, and her views
of life, mentally exclaiming “Good Lord! What a fool this woman is!”
for the tone of her conversation jarred on him considerably; there
was a great deal too much about Mrs. George Holroyd. Nevertheless
he received a glowing description of his niece, in which description
Belle painted herself as Betty’s adviser, sister, and benefactress, and
then he put one or two somewhat sharp questions—questions are a
natural weapon in malignant hands.
“I remember your father,” he said: “he died when I was a
youngster, about eight and twenty years ago. I suppose you were
quite an infant at that time.”
“Quite,” she returned somewhat sharply.
“Betty is nineteen,” he continued; “she has two hundred a year;
pray, what becomes of her income?”
“I cannot tell,” faltered Belle. “My mother knows” (she truly did).
“And I gather that she is at Noone acting as your mother’s sick
nurse?”
“She lives with mamma,” replied Belle, reddening.
“Ha—Hum!” rubbing his chin reflectively. Then putting on his
glasses, and staring round, “I should not have known this house.”
“No, I suppose not,” complacently. “Pray, what do you think of my
room?”
“Shall I really tell you what I think. Eh, honestly and without
humbug?”
“Please do,” prepared for some charming compliment.
“I think it just like a bazaar, with all these pictures, and ribbons,
and cushions, and fans. I cannot help looking for the tickets, and
expecting to hear you ask me to put into a raffle.”
“Mr. Redmond,” exclaimed Belle, intensely affronted. “It is very
evident that you have not been in England for some years, and
possibly then you may not have been in a drawing-room, or else I
believe you are as great a bear as old Brian.”
“To be sure I am,” he returned with a delighted laugh. “I have often
regretted the loss I have been to the diplomatic service! Don’t you
know that manners run in our family?”
 “The want of them you mean,” indignantly. “This room is got up in
the very latest fashion.”
“Like its mistress?” with a cool, deliberate stare.
“Yes. I attempt to be civilised!”
“And of course I know that I am miserably behindhand. A poor old
mofussilite! Pray what’s that thing?” pointing to “Mossoo,” who was
coiled up in a chair. “Animal, vegetable or mineral?”
“It’s my dog—a thoroughbred French poodle. I brought him with
me.”
“The latest fashion in poodles—I suppose. Eh?” focussing
“Mossoo” with his glass. “I wonder what the dogs out here will take
him for! How do you like India?”
“Extremely—I don’t wish ever to go home; I hope I shall live and
die out here! I love it better and better every day.”
“You have only been out five weeks; wait till you have been out for
five years, and you have heard the brain fever bird, and felt the hot
winds, and seen a few snakes and scorpions! India is not a country;
it is a climate.”
“Thank you! I am not afraid of your horrors; I shall go to the hills,
and I intend to enjoy myself in hills and plains, and to like India
immensely. I suppose you were out here long before the Mutiny?”
“The Mutiny! Good gracious, my dear madam,” exclaimed her
visitor (whose one vulnerable point happened to be his age, and
flattered himself that he did not look a day older than forty). “For
what do you take me? Long before the Mutiny! Why I have only
twenty-seven years’ service.”
“Oh, I beg your pardon. I did not know; but I daresay climate tells
on people—you look old.”
“Thank you,” he responded quickly. “I see that you understand the
art of delicate flattery. Ah!” as a note was handed to her. “You have
already begun to experience the real curse of India—chits, yes,
ma’am—chits are the curse of India, and I will leave you to enjoy
your epistle alone; it is sure to be asking for something; your
company at a dull dinner; the loan of a pattern, or of a saddle; or a
bottle of wine; or a dose of medicine!”
“Not at all,” rejoined Belle, casting her eyes over it. “It is from Mr.
Lovelace, sending snipe, and asking me to play tennis. I am afraid
you take a gloomy view of life, and people in general.”
“I take a gloomy view of some people, I must confess,” and then
he got up rather abruptly and made his adieux, and Belle had a
disagreeable consciousness, that she had failed to make a good
impression. Visions of diamonds, and ponies, faded back into
cloudland, and she laughed aloud, as she pictured herself daring to
pat this gruff outspoken connection on the head, much less to stroke
his severe, sarcastic-looking face! As he whirled away, he remarked
to his hot-tempered pony: “She is like you, Judy, a Tartar, if ever
there was one! She will want a tight curb and a strong hand over her.
Poor Holroyd. Unfortunate devil!”
Belle’s other visitors were more appreciative, and they came, all
the ladies in the Station, in their latest Europe bonnets, and all the
inquisitive young men, in their neatest ties and boots, and they were
charmed with the bride—the latter especially. She had such splendid
eyes, and so much to say for herself, and was so unaffected and
agreeable. Why Mrs. Calvert and Miss Gay had not been half loud
enough in her praises! They had not prepared them for such an
acquisition to Mangobad. True, when one or two enthusiastic
subalterns at the Club had been eloquent on the subject of the lady’s
charms of person and manner, in the hearing of the Collector, he had
merely grunted, and shrugged his shoulders, and called for a glass
of “Kummel,” but he was a regular old Diogenes, and no one minded
his opinion, excepting on such matters as horses, whist, and wine.
Belle’s letters home were full of her delightful new life, and her
supreme happiness, and Mrs. Redmond read them to her friends, in
a voice that shook with emotion. Her plans had succeeded far
beyond her most sanguine hopes. In spite of what the Bible said, the
wicked did prosper! After all, she had only done evil that good might
come, and good had come. She did not fail to impart Belle’s
effusions to Betty—who listened with a white but smiling face—to
Maria, and to Miss Dopping; accounts of tiffin parties, dinners, and
dances, given for her as a bride, and what she had worn, and how
her dress had fitted, and who had taken her in, and what people had
said; also minute descriptions of her legion of servants, her house,
her piano, her ponies, and her plate (a splendid and enlarged edition
of the above was soon in circulation in the village), but there was
scarcely an allusion to her lord and master. He was constantly on
duty; he seemed to have an immensity to do; he looked ill, and had
quite lost his spirits; he took no care of himself, and she intended to
carry him off to some gay hill station for a complete change.
“It was not Belle’s custom to talk of anything that was near her
heart,” explained her mother. “She is extremely anxious about him, I
can see, but her feelings are not on the surface.”
“Nor anywhere else,” muttered Miss Dopping; then aloud: “It
strikes me that she seems a good deal more anxious about getting
the creases out of her velvet dress! However, I am glad you are
pleased. If she was my daughter, I’d rather hear less about her
clothes and more about her husband.”

Belle’s triumphs had not been much over-rated. She was quite the
latest novelty, and the acknowledged beauty of the station. Young
men were proud to be her partners in ball-room or tennis court. She
was vivacious, amusing and accomplished; and her pretty dresses
and her pretty speeches disarmed her would-be rivals. She took the
place by storm as on board the Nankin, and no entertainment was
complete without Mrs. Holroyd! She acted, she sang at penny
readings, she composed people’s fancy dresses, she played the
harmonium in church, and was secretary to the tennis club. In fact,
as old Sally Dopping would have said, “She had a finger in every
pie.” Her restless spirit, and excitable temperament, supplied her
with sufficient energy to revolve in one untiring whirl from morn till
midnight. She was always en course. She drove to the club before
breakfast to read the papers and gossip; early in the afternoon, she
went forth again, regardless of the sun, a syce holding an umbrella
over her head, and “Mossoo” sitting sedately in the cart beside her,
to tiffin parties, teas, or tennis; then there were rehearsals for
concerts, theatricals, choir practice, moonlight picnics and balls. For
these latter Belle filled in her programme (in ink) days previously.
Home was the place where she slept, and breakfasted, and
sometimes dined, but home was not where she “lived” in the true
sense of the word. In it she expected no happiness for herself, and
made none for others. Pleasure was her god, and to this she carried
the sacrifice of her life. With constant gaiety came an incessant
hunger, a craving for more. Not content with Mangobad she sighed
for other fields to conquer; she went to this station, and to that, for
the annual “Week,” to Lucknow for the cup-races, to Allahabad for
balls, bearing her husband in her train. Gay, vivacious, pretty, a born
actress, a matchless dancer, Belle, as she playfully expressed it,
“took” extremely well. George gratified all her whims, patiently hung
about ball-room doors till the early hours of the morning, carried her
wraps, cashed her cheques, went her messages, and gave her
freely and liberally of everything—except his company. For the first
time in her existence, Belle was absolutely contented. This really
was life—a life well worth living, a glorious realisation of all her
hopes. But would it last?
 CHAPTER IV.
MRS. HOLROYD DESIRES TO LOOK INTO THE
PAST.

“He has paid dear, very dear, for his whistle.”

Alas! This gay butterfly life was not permanent! Before six months
had passed, Mrs. Holroyd had ceased to be the joy and delight of the
station. Before a year had elapsed, she had figuratively thrust a torch
into her own roof tree, and set Mangobad in a blaze.
The honeymoon had barely waned, before George Holroyd
discovered that he was married to an insanely jealous woman, with
an ungovernable temper, and an untrammelled tongue. He had seen
her tear an ill-fitting dress to shreds with the gestures of a maniac,
he had seen her strike her ayah, and stamp at himself. True, she had
subsequently offered a rupee to the ayah, and sobs and apologies to
him, and that these outbreaks were always followed by scenes
almost equally trying—fits of hysterical remorse, but the future
looked gloomy, very gloomy. Belle was not in love with her husband,
brave, handsome, and honest as he was. She would have (privately)
jeered at the idea. She had a vague notion that she had been in love
once—years ago—that she was constant to “a memory”—a gross
mental deception; her first love was with her still, and confronted her
daily in the glass. Were the choice given her to be torn from her
husband or “Mossoo,” it would not have been “Mossoo.” But he was
a good-looking, presentable appendage, whose polo playing and
hurdle racing reflected credit on herself. Since his marriage he had
given up tennis and dancing, and to this she made no objection, for it
kept him somewhat aloof from ladies’ society. She could not endure
to see him speaking to another young woman. She, herself, was to
be admired by all; he was to admire no one.
As for George, he was woefully changed; he had become silent,
solitary, and perhaps a little cynical. He had done his utmost to be a
good husband to Belle, believing, in his folly, that she had been
desperately in love with him, but he was soon disabused of this error.
When at home, Belle was generally recruiting her exhausted powers;
she read, and yawned, but rarely talked; and, when abroad, she
never noticed her husband save to make jokes at his expense, and
to send him on her errands. Many a day when he returned from
barracks, fagged and weary, he found the bird flown, the nest empty,
and the bird’s absence a relief. “Mem Sahib bahar gaya.” The Mem
Sahib was much too nervous to ride; she did not care for driving
along monotonous roads, that led nowhere in particular. The
splendid sunsets, the waving fields of yellow rice and millet, the
majestic clumps of forest trees and picturesque rivers, with the cattle
swimming homewards at sunset, had no charms for her, nor the
dazzling flight of green parrots, nor the teak trees’ feathery flowers—
nor the tête-à-tête with George! No, no, she much preferred to bowl
down to the club to hear the latest “gup,” display her dresses, and
play tennis. And her husband spent his time among the racket, and
whist and billiard players, as if he were a mere bachelor (Oh that he
were!) At public and private entertainments, his wife constantly made
him the hero of her little stories, and the butt of her malicious jokes.
This he bore without wincing, but when she levelled her shafts at
others, he protested most emphatically.
One night they returned late from a large dinner party, where Belle
had made herself surprisingly disagreeable, and had shown more
than a glimpse of the cloven foot. Possibly something had irritated
her—a supposed slight, a tight shoe, or it might be, what Miss
Dopping would have called “just pure divilment.” George followed her
into the drawing-room, resolved to speak sternly, and to scotch the
fire at once.
“Belle, what possessed you to-night?” he asked in sharp incisive
tones, unlike his usual manner.
 “What do you mean?” she snapped, turning on him quickly.
“You told Mrs. Craddock, who has fiery hair, that you never trusted
a red-headed woman; they were invariably deceitful and ill-
tempered.”
“Yes, quite true, so they are.”
“You told Colonel Scott that you despised all black regiments.”
“So I do.”
“You gave Mrs. Lundy, in polite words, the lie.”
“I did far worse than that!” exclaimed Belle triumphantly. “When we
were all in the drawing-rooms afterwards, and talking of the fancy-
ball, they appealed to me about Mrs. Mountain’s costume. I said she
was so large, and her face was so red, she might wear her usual
dress, with a paper frill round her neck, and go as a round of beef!
And only fancy! She turns out to be Mrs. Lundy’s mother! Laugh,
George, do laugh.”
“No, certainly I shall not laugh. I am like Mr. Redmond. I never see
a joke after ten o’clock at night, even where there is one to see. I
was amazed at you this evening; you abused people’s friends, you
abused my regiment. If you cannot restrain your tongue, we won’t
dine in public again.”
“Who says so?” she demanded scornfully.
“I do,” he rejoined with resolute determination.
“Pooh! you can stay by yourself then and I shall go alone, and all
the better!” and she tossed her head with a gesture of defiance.
“If you do, it will be only once.”
“Why?”
“Because I shall send you home,” he answered with prompt
sternness.
“Send me home. Ha! ha! ha! What a joke. To whom—to your
mother?” and she burst into a scream of laughter.
 “No, to yours.”
“I would not go—I will never go.”
“We would soon see about that.”
“Yes, we would. I would shriek, and scream, and have to be
carried to the railway by force. I would make a scene at every station
between this and Bombay; and if you did get me on board, I’d return
in the pilot boat. No, no. Husband and wife should never be
separated. Nothing but death should part them—nothing—but—
death—shall—part—you and me,” she concluded with laboured
distinctness.
“Belle, you are talking nonsense; talking like a fool.”
“Am I? but I am not such a fool as to go to the hills, or to hateful
Ballingoole, and leave you here to flirt with Janie Wray.”
“Miss Wray!” he echoed; “I have scarcely spoken ten words to her
in my life.”
“You see her out with the hounds when I cannot look after you;
you gave her the brush—and I am told that she says you are the
handsomest man in the station. She had better not let me see her
flirting with you, that’s all,” she concluded excitedly.
“Miss Wray—it’s too bad to talk of her in this way! on my honour
she is no more to me than that picture on the wall.”
“Nor am I!” cried Belle fiercely. “Nor any woman! I don’t believe
you care a straw about me. I don’t believe, in spite of the letter you
wrote, that you ever loved me. Come——” suddenly walking up to
him, “be honest, answer me.”
“I married you—that is my answer,” he replied after a pause.
“True, and I had no money—my face was my fortune,” exclaimed
Belle, gazing at him thoughtfully. “And yet I sometimes think that you
are capable of une grande passion, of being desperately in love.
Were you ever in love before you met me? Was there ever any other
girl, George?” she exclaimed in a much sharper key. “George,
speak! Why do you look so white? There was some one——”