VISION

“
CPSU as center of excellence
attuned to global diversity.

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MISSION “
Provide quality research, instruction,
production, and extension programs
responsive to the local and global
challenges and demands.

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 “
GOAL

◎ CPSU as a function higher learning institution

leading in local and global development through
instruction, research, extension and production
with an effective and efficient front line services.

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 QUALITY POLICY

“
◎ CPSU commits to deliver quality higher and advanced education through
instruction, research, extension, production and administrative support
services.
◎ We shall endeavor to:
 Continually improve its Quality Management System (QMS) at par
with international standards
 Provide timely, efficient and effective delivery of products and services
 Satisfy the needs and expectations of the customers and relevant
interested parties
 Uphold applicable statutory, regulatory, organizational and
international standard requirements

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GRADING SYSTEM
Knowledge: 40%
Written Exam – 60%
Summative Test – 40%

Skills: 50%
Outputs – 40%
Class Participation – 40%
Assignments – 20%

Attitude: 10%
Class Behavior – 50%
Awareness, Interest – 50%

Total: 100%

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 REQUIREMENTS
1. Midterm Exam
2. Final Exam
3. Quizzes

4. Portfolio, projects

5. Attendance

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 CLASSROOM POLICIES
1. Come to class on time
2. Do not go out of the room frequently.
3. Be sure to clean the room before leaving the room. Turn off lights
and electric fans.
4. Cheating in any form will be punished.

5. Look for a permanent seat. This will be your seat for the whole sem.

6. Do not sleep, do not litter, do not eat

7. Put cellphones on a silent mode.

8. All academic transactions will be entertained during class hours and
agreed consultation hours only.
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 CLASSROOM POLICIES
9. In case students are absent, they are responsible to study the topics

10. Special exams will be given only to students with valid reasons
(e.g., with medical certificates, emergencies)
10. Students should strictly follow agreed deadlines and submissions.

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 TOPICS
UNIT 1
1. Mathematics in our World
 Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
 The Fibonacci Sequence
2. Mathematical Language and symbols
 Characteristics of mathematical language
 Expressions vs sentences
 Conventions in the mathematical language
 Four basic concepts: sets, functions, relations, binary operations
 Elementary logic
 Formality
3. Problem solving and reasoning
 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
 Intuition, proof, and certainty
 Polya’s 4-steps in problem solving
 Problem solving strategies
 Mathematical problems involving patterns
 10
Recreational problems using mathematics
 TOPICS
UNIT 2
1. Data Management
 Data Gathering and Organizing Data
 Measures of Central Tendency
 Measures of Dispersion
 Measures of Relative Position
 Probabilities and Normal Distributions
 Hypothesis Testing
 Linear Regression and Correlation
 Chi-Square Test
2. Mathematics of Finance - BSHM
Linear Programming – BSHM, BSEE, BSME, BSABE, BST
Apportionment
Coding Theory – BSEE, BSME, BSABE, BST
Mathematics of Graphs - BSEE, BSME, BSABE, BST

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What comes to your mind
when you hear the word
MATHEMATICS??

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 Have you ever wondered
how well jeepney drivers
give you your change when
you hand them your fare?

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How much time do you allot
for travelling to avoid
getting late for class?

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Do you read the nutrition
information from the
packages of chocolates,
cookies, chips and drinks
you buy?
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SOME COMMON VIEWS ON MATH

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…BUT TRUTH IS

The world would not exist without Math

You can save lives
Math lies at the heart of art and music
It is a subject full of mystery, surprise and
magic

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 …BUT TRUTH IS

…the heart of Math is more than just numbers, numbers

which many suppose to be meaningless and uninteresting

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 ……. Have you???

…been on a beach trip??

…how about mountain climbing??

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Stewart, 1995, pp 71-75

“
◎ …and it is mathematics that reveals the
simplicities of nature, and permits us to
generalize from simple examples to the
complexities of the real world. It took many
people from many different areas of human
activity to turn a mathematical insight into a
useful product

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 PATTERNS AND
NUMBERS IN NATURE
AND THE WORLD

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22
…what can you say about
the short movie clip?

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What have you observed?

What are common to all of the

pictures you have seen?

Do you think the pictures used

MATH?

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…Mathematics is everywhere 

…Mathematics is embedded in nature

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  Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form
found in the natural world and can also be seen in the
universe

 Man has developed a formal system of thought for

recognizing, classifying and exploiting patterns which
we called MATHEMATICS

 Nature patterns are vital clues to the rules that

govern natural processes

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 Mathematical stories have its own beauty which start from
the clues and deduce the underlying rules and regularities,
but it is a different kind of beauty, applying to ideas rather
than things.

The development of new mathematical theories begins to

reveal the secret of nature’s patterns.

Patterns can be observed even in stars which move in

circles across the sky each day

Patterns can be seen in weather cycles season each year

Patterns can be observed in fish, waves in the ocean, sand

dunes on deserts, water ripples in water, etc.
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PATTERNS
 regular, repeated, or recurring forms of designs

 may be numerical, logical or geometric

 According to Grunbaum and Shepard (1987), this can

be described as repetitions of a motif in the plane

motif

according to Shepard, it is any non-empty plane set

ex., a sketch of a fish is a motif

when drawing of a fish is repeated in the plane, not only

once, a pattern is created 28
3 Broad Types of Patterns

1. Rosette patterns
 has only reflections and rotations and has no translations or glide
reflections
2. Frieze patterns
 has only reflections and rotations and has no translations or glide
reflections
3. Wallpaper patterns

 has rotations, reflections and glide reflections

 has translations in two linearly

29 independent directions
 PATTERNS IN NATURE - SYMMETRY

Symmetry
 mapping the pattern in the plane back onto itself

 a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of balance

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 PATTERNS IN NATURE - SYMMETRY

Two Main Types of Symmetry

1. Bilateral Symmetry

 a symmetry in which the left and right sides of the organism can be
divided approximately mirror image of each other along the midline

2. Radial or Rotational Symmetry

 a type of symmetry around a fixed point known as the center

 can be classified as cyclic or dihedral
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Bilateral Symmetry

Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian man

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Bilateral Symmetry

it is not perfect symmetry, because the image is

changed a little by the lake surface

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Bilateral Symmetry

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Rotational Symmetry
Starfish with five-fold symmetry

Spiderwort with three-fold symmetry

The angle of rotation is 72°

The angle of rotation is 120°

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Order of Rotation
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n (n-fold rotational
symmetry) if 1/n of a complete turn leaves the figure
unchanged.

𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝒏

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Order of Rotation

Snowflake

Patterns on a snowflake repeat

six times, indicating a six-fold
symmetry.

360°
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 60°
6

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 PATTERNS IN NATURE - FRACTALS

Fractals
 curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the same
statistical character as the whole

 one of the newest and most exciting branches of mathematics

 a class of highly irregular shapes that are related to continents,

coastlines and snowflakes
 useful in modeling structures in which similar patterns recur at
progressively smaller scales
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 PATTERNS IN NATURE - FRACTALS

Fractals
 a curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the same statistical
character as the whole

 a class of highly irregular shapes that are related to continents,

coastlines and snowflakes

 useful in modeling structures in which similar patterns recur at

progressively smaller scales and in describing partly random or chaotic
phenomena such as crystal growth, fluid turbulence and galaxy
formation

 can be seen in some plants, trees, leaves and others

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 Fractals

The fern is one of many flora that are fractal; it’s an

especially good example.

Lightning’s terrifying power is both awesome and

beautiful. The fractals created by lightning are
fascinatingly arbitrary and irregular.
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 Fractals

From the macro view of a leaf to the span of a tree’s branches,

fractals turn up frequently.

Both shorelines and mountain ranges are

considered loosely fractal. These particular
examples are beautiful.

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Fractals

A special type of broccoli, this cruciferous and tasty

cousin of the cabbage is a particularly symmetrical
fractal. Cook it for your favorite mathematician.

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 PATTERNS IN NATURE - SPIRAL

Spiral

 can be called logarithmic spiral (or growth spiral)

 a self-similar spiral curve which often appears in nature

 first described by Rene Descartes and was later investigated by

Jacob Bernoulli

 more evident in plans

 can be seen typhoons, whirlpool, galaxy, tail of chameleon

and shell among others 43
Spiral

Phyllotaxis of spiral
aloe

Fermat’s spiral: seedhead of sunflower

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Spiral

Equiangular Spiral

- Follows the rule that as the

distance from the spiral center
increases (radius), the
amplitudes of the angles formed
by the radii to the point and the
tangent to the point remains
 PATTERNS IN NATURE - TESSELLATIONS

Tesselations

 patterns formed by repeating tiles all over a flat surface

 cells in the paper nests of social wasps, and the wax cells
in honeycomb built by honey bees are well-known examples

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Tessellations
 PATTERNS IN NATURE – CHAOS, FLOW, MEANDERS

Chaos

 defined as highly chaotic if it is highly sensitive to initial conditions which

requires the mathematical properties of topological mixing and dense
periodic orbits

Meanders
 sinuous bends in rivers or other channels, which form as a fluid,
most often water, flows around bends

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Chaos Meanders

shell of gastropod vortex street of

mollusc the cloth clouds sinuous snake symmetrical
of gold cone, crawling brain coral
Conus textile,
resembles Rule
30 cellular
automaton

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 PATTERNS IN NATURE – WAVES, DUNES

Waves

 disturbances that carry energy as they move

Dunes
 may form a range of patterns including crescents, very long straight
lines, stars, domes, parabolas, and longitudinal or seif ('sword')
shapes

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 Dunes

Waves

sand dunes in Taklamakan

desert, from space

breaking wave in a ship's

wake

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 PATTERNS IN NATURE – BUBBLES, FOAM

Foam

 a mass of bubbles

Soap Bubble

 forms a sphere, a surface with minimal area — the smallest possible

surface area for the volume enclosed

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 PATTERNS IN NATURE – CRACKS

Cracks

 linear openings that form in materials to relieve stress

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 PATTERNS IN NATURE – SPOTS, STRIPES

Spots and Stripes

 functions as camouflage, signaling and survival

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Assignment 1

1. In a short-bond paper, draw one thing you find in nature

and identify the pattern it shows and explain why.
Submission is next meeting.

2. Read about Fibonacci Sequence and Golden Ratio

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