Power Electronics
Pekik Argo Dahono
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia
Power Electronics
Applications of electronics technology in electrical
energy conversion.
Why electrical power/energy must be converted?
• Many equipment cannot be supplied directly by the
existing power supply.
•Many equipment have lower efficiency if supplied
directly by the existing power supply.
• Many renewable power generating systems are
generating electrical power in the form that is not
compatible with the existing power system.
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Power Converter
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Converter classification
• DC-DC Converter
• AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)
• DC-AC Converter (Inverter)
• AC-AC Converter
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Power and Signal Processors
Efficiency is the key
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Voltage Regulator
R1
Rv
Io Vi Io
Vi
R2 Vo
Ro Vo
Ro
Efficiency is very low
No ripples on the input and output sides
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Switching Regulator
Ts
Vi
Ii Io
Vo TON
Vi Vo Load Io
0
Ii
0
Efficiency is very high TON
Vo = Vi
High ripples on the input and output sides Ts
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Linear and Switching Power Supplies
Linear regulator
Low frequency transformer
Linear
Low voltage capacitor
High-voltage capacitor High-frequency transformer
Switching
Switching regulator
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Switching Mode Power Supplies
Advantages:
• High efficient and small size
• DC filter capacitor is working at high voltage
(Energy stored is high)
• The reactive component requirements are small.
Disadvantages:
• Control is more complicated
• EMC problems
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Power Supply Comparison
Power Density Efficiency
Linear Power <0.12 W/cm3 <40%
Supply
SMPS >6W/cm3 >95%
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Power Electronic Applications
in Power Generation
• Excitation system
• Automatic Voltage Regulator
• Variable Speed Power Generation (Hydro,
Wind, Microturbine gas)
• Power Conditioners for Renewable Power
Generation (Fuel cells, solar cells)
• Energy Storage
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Excitation System in Brushless AC Generator
D1 D3 D5
Rotor
D2 D4 D6
Stator
Exciter Main generator
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Renewable Energy System
Solar Cells
DC/DC DC/DC
Energy Storages
Fuel Cells
Exhaust
Fuel
DC/DC
AC/DC
Fuel
Cells
BUS DC
Fuel Cells Modules
Micro Hydro Electric Power
Generatr DC/AC
Utilitas
AC/DC
DC/AC
AC Loads
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Rote Island Hybrid Power System
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Power Electronic Applications in
Power Transmission
• High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission
• Static VAR Compensators
• Series Compensation
• Phase Shifters
• Dynamic Braking
• Flexible AC Transmission System
• High-Speed Circuit Breakers
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Static VAR Compensator
• Improving power factor
• Balancing the load
• Reducing voltage drop and losses
• Increasing maximum power transfer
• Improving damping factor
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HVDC Transmission System
DC Line
AC System
AC System
Converter Converter
Two - terminals
dc system
• Asynchronous links
• Suitable for long distance transmission and
underground cable transmission
• Improving damping factor
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Power Electronic Applications in
Power Distribution
• Static VAR Compensators
• Power Conditioners
• Active Filters
• Unified Power Conditioners
• Dynamic Voltage Restorers
• High-Speed Circuit Breakers
• Light High-Voltage Direct-Current Distribution
• Power conditioners for distributed power
generation
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Active Filter
is
AC source
Ls
if ih
es
Harmonic
Active source
filter
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Power Electronic Applications in
Transportation Industries
• High-Speed Trains
• Electric vehicles
• Elevators
• Airplanes
• Ships
• Unmanned vehicles
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PWM Inverter for Electric Traction
Pantograph
PWM Inverter
Traction Motors
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Shinkansen
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Diesel Electric Locomotive
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Hybrid Vehicles
parallel
Split
Series
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More Electricity in the Air
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Power Electronic Applications in
Industries
• Rolling mills
• Variable speed pump systems
• Cement kilns
• Rolling ball mills
• Robotics
• Electrolysis
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Variable Speed Drive Applications
FLOW
REFERENCE
SET-POINT
CONTROLLER
MOTORIZED
VALVE
STARTER
SENSOR
MOTOR
Fixed Speed PUMP
FLOW
REFERENCE
SET-POINT
CONTROLLER
VSD MOTOR
SENSOR
PUMP
CONTROLLER
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Variable Speed Pumping System
80
VALVE OPERATION
WITH STANDARD
70
Pipe characteristic 2 EFFICIENTMOTOR
Head/Press ure
Pipe characteristic 1 60
H2
50
H1
INPUT KW
Pump characteristic 1 40 ADJUSTABLE SPEED
OPERATION WITH
ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR
30
H3 20
Pump characteristic 2
10
Q2 Q1 Flow
0
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700
FLOW (GPM)
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Power Electronic Applications in Home
Appliances
• Microwave heating
• Air conditioners
• Refrigerators
• Toasters
• Cookers
• Vacuum cleaners
• Washing machines
• Lightings
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Home Appliances
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Lighting
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Lighting
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Contactless Energy Transfer System
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Power Electronic Applications in
Information Industries
• DC power supplies
• Distributed power supplies
• Power conditioners
• Uninterruptible power supplies
• Battery chargers
• Voltage Regulator Modules
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Laptop Power Supply System
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Power distribution in data centers
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New Applications
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Renewable Energy
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All Things Grid Connected
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Is power electronics new technology?
Power electronics have been developed since the
beginning of 20th century when mercury arc and
vacuum tubes technology was emerged.
Power conversion has been known for a long time by
using a combination of electrical machinery.
Power electronics development has grown very fast
since the introduction of thyristor or SCR
(Semiconductor controlled rectifier) in nineteen
fifties.
Wide band gap devices such as SiC and GaN are
replacing silicon devices.
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Interdiciplinary nature of power electronics
Control Circuit
Signal theory theory
processing
Electronics
Power
Solid - state Power Electronics systems
physics
Computer Electric
machines
Electromagnetics
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Current Challenges
• Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) issues
• Reliability issues
• Voltage regulator modules for microprocessors
• Intelligent power ICs
• Embedded inverter for motor drives
• High-Voltage DC Transmission Systems
• Flexible AC Transmission Systems
• Harmonics and unified power conditioners
• Renewable power generation system
• Microgrid and smartgrid
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Microprocessor operating voltages
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Switching Matrix
S1 S3
Vi u v
Load
S2 S4
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Uncontrolled Rectifier
Vi
S1 S3
Vi S1
u Load v
S2
S2 S4
S3
S4
v uv
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Controlled Rectifier
Vi
S1
S1 S3
S2
Vi u v
Load S3
S4
S2 S4
v uv
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AC regulator
Vi
S1 S3 S1
Vi u v
S2
Load
S3
S2 S4
S4
vuv
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Phase-Controlled AC-AC Cycloconverter
S1 S3
+
ei Beban vo
S2 S4
ei
t
S1 & S 4
t
S 2 & S3
t
Fundamenta l component
vo
t
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DC-DC Converter
Vi
S1 S3
S1
Vi u v S2
Load
S3
S2 S4
S4
v uv
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PWM Inverter
Vi
S1 S3
S1
S2
Vi u v
Load
S3
S4
S2 S4
v uv
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Understanding Power Electronic Circuits
• Consider all power semiconductor switches as
ideal switches
• Ideal switches have no voltage drop, no leakage
current, and transition times are zero.
• Practical considerations are given in detailed
design.
• Background on signal electronics is useful to
understand power electronics.
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The End
