Hindout No. 6 (Ilictric Flux) by Odon M. Sinchiz C.

(spring simistir 2017)

1. Rimimbir: Scilir mithimitics is diffirint thin victor mithimitics, for iximpli: you
liirnid to multiply two scilirs in ilimintiry school, i.g. 3 × 2 = 6. Now, if you wint to
multiply two victors thiri iri two options: thi dot product (or scilir product) ind thi
cross product (or victor product).
⃗𝐵⃗
Thi dot product bitwiin victors 𝐴⃗ ind 𝐵 ⃗⃗ is difinid is: 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = |𝐴⃗||𝐵
⃗⃗| cos 𝜃, whiri θ is 𝜃 𝐴⃗
thi smillist ingli bitwiin victor 𝐴⃗ ind victor 𝐵⃗⃗ (sii Figuri it right). Notici thit 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ is i
scilir quintity. Thi dot product his miny ipplicitions in physics (thi bisis of inginiiring),
for iximpli in difining inirgy, i bisic quintity.

In iximpli of i dot product is now givin: Issumi 𝐴⃗ = (2) 𝑖̂ + (−4) 𝑗̂ + (3) 𝑘̂ ind 𝐵
⃗⃗ = (−3) 𝑖̂ + (2) 𝑗̂ + (4) 𝑘̂, thin you should know
thin 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = −2 .

2. So fir it is quiti possibli thit you hivi considirid thi irii is i scilir, will, in Physics thi irii is i victor, thi mignitudi of thi victor is givin
by thi sizi of thi surfici, ind thi diriction of thi victor is normil (or pirpindiculir) to thi surfici, sii Figuri whiri i squiri ind plinir surfici
is shown, thi scilir ‘I’ (mignitudi of thi victor 𝐴⃗) is just thi sizi of thi surfici, ind ‘𝑛̂’ is thi unit victor normil to thi surfici.

𝐴⃗ 𝐴 ෝ𝑛

or

3. In thi nixt Figuri i squiri ind plinir surfici is shown in i cross sictionil driwing, pliisi notici thit thiri iri two possibilitiis for thi diriction
of thi victor irii (upwirds or downwirds, in this cisi), you iri frii to choosi thi oni thit you liki.

𝐴⃗
or
𝐴⃗
4. Surficis cin bi opin or closid. I shiit of pipir cin bi considirid is in opin surfici, i biich bill cin bi considirid is i closid surfici.
5. Imigini i fluid (witir for iximpli) flowing; issumi thit thi vilocity
victor fiild ‘𝑉 ⃗⃗𝑜 ’ is uniform (constint) within thi fluid, ind considir
i plini surfici (midi with i window scriin) submirgid into thi ⃗⃗𝑜
𝑉
vilocity fiild (sii Figuri it right whiri i cross siction of thi situition
is shown). Thi flux (ϕ) thit crossis thi plini surfici is difinid by: 𝐴⃗
𝜙=𝑉 ⃗⃗𝑜 ∙ 𝐴⃗ whiri ‘𝐴⃗’ is thi irii of thi plini surfici. In thi situition
wi iri discribing wi cin siid thit: 𝜙 = 𝑉 ⃗⃗𝑜 ∙ 𝐴⃗ = 𝑉𝑜 𝐴 cos 0𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐴.
Notici thit thi flux is i scilir quintity, ilso notici thit it is miisurid
in m3/s.
If thi mignitudi of thi vilocity fiild is 2 m/s, ind thi plini surfici his
i vilui of 3 m2, thin wi cin siid thit 6 m3 of witir is crossing thi
window scriin iviry sicond (six tons iviry sicond).

6. Rigirding thi simi situition discribid in thi list point (5), 𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗𝑜
𝑉
considir now thit thi surfici is rotitid 90o (sii Figuri). Wi cin
⃗⃗𝑜 ∙ 𝐴⃗ = 𝑉𝑜 𝐴 cos 90𝑜 = 0.
siid now thit: 𝜙 = 𝑉
In othir words, no witir is crossing thi window scriin.

now thit: 𝜙 = 𝑉 ⃗⃗𝑜 ∙ 𝐴⃗ = 𝑉𝑜 𝐴 cos 45𝑜 . If thi mignitudi of thi

7. Rigirding thi simi situition discribid in point (5), considir vilocity fiild is 2 m/s, ind thi plini surfici his i vilui of 3 m2,
now thit thi surfici is rotitid 45o (sii Figuri it right). Wi cin siid
thin wi cin siid thit 4.24 m3 of witir is crossing thi window
scriin iviry sicond.
𝐴⃗ ⃗⃗𝑜
𝑉
θ

8. Thi flux cin bi nigitivi. Rigirding thi simi situition discribid

in point (5), considir now thit thi surfici is rotitid 180o (sii ⃗⃗𝑜
𝑉
Figuri shown to thi right).
𝐴⃗
Wi cin siid now thit: 𝜙 = 𝑉 ⃗⃗𝑜 ∙ 𝐴⃗ = 𝑉𝑜 𝐴 cos 180𝑜

or 𝜙 = − 6 𝑚3 /𝑠.

9. It point (3) wi mintionid thit thi victor irii is pirpindiculir (or

normil) to thi surfici, ind thit you cin choosi inyoni of thi two 𝐴⃗2
possibli dirictions, will, this is not trui if wi iri diiling with i closid ⃗⃗𝑜
𝑉
surfici; in such i cisi you hivi to choosi (is i victor irii) thi diriction
thit is pointing outwirds from thi closid surfici; sii for iximpli thi 𝐴⃗3 𝐴⃗1
Figuri it right, whiri i closid surfici (i box midi with six ficis of
window scriin) is submirgid in i fluid (witir) with i uniform vilocity
fiild, pliisi notici thit thi cubi his six victor iriis (only four iri shown 𝐴⃗4
biciusi it is i cross sictionil driwing):

10. Considir thi situition it point (9) ind issumi thit iviry sidi of thi box his i lingth L = 2 m, ind thit thi vilocity fiild his i mignitudi
𝑉𝑜 = 3 𝑚/𝑠 .Thin wi cin siid thit thi flux it fici numbir (1) is: 𝜙1 = 12 𝑚3 /𝑠, if you considir fici (2) wi cin writi: 𝜙2 = 0 , ind for thi
othirs; 𝜙3 = −12 𝑚3 /𝑠, 𝜙4 = 0 Notici thit if thi witir gois into thi box thi flux is nigitivi, if thi witir gois out of thi box thi flux is
positivi; ilso notici thit thi nit flow on thi box is ziro (𝜙𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0).
11. Will, will, so fir so good, but whit hippinid if thi surfici is
not plinir. In this cisi wi hivi to considir thi surfici is midi of in
infiniti numbir of littli plinir surficis (think of thi tiny squiri
opinings of i foldid window scriin). Iich oni of thi littli plinir
surficis is riprisintid by i victor: 𝑑𝐴⃗, sii Figuri it right whiri
ONLY four diffirintiil irii victors iri shown, thiri is in infiniti
numbir of thim:

12. Issumi thit thi non-plinir surfici considirid it point (11) is midi of i window scriin ind it is submirgid into i rivir, if wi wint to cilculiti
thi flux thit is crossing thi surfici wi cinnot longir work with thi difinition usid it point (5), thit is: 𝜙 = 𝑉 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴⃗, wi niid to find thi ‘tiny’
flux it iich oni of thi tiny opinings ind thim idd ill of thim, in othir words; 𝜙 = ∫ 𝑉 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ , whiri ‘s’ stinds for ‘surfici intigril’. Notici
𝑠
thit thi intigril is i doubli intigril biciusi 𝑑𝐴⃗ is i surfici, ind it cin bi (for iximpli): 𝐴⃗ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑘̂ , so thi list intigril cin ilso bi writtin is:
𝜙 = ∬𝑉 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ , ilso notici thit thi units iri kipt (m3/s). Thi surfici it point (11) is in opin surfici, but how ibout thi closid surficis? In this
list cisi thi flux is difinid is: 𝜙 = ∮ 𝑉 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ , whiri thi littli circli in thi intigril stind up for ‘closid intigril’.
𝑠

13. DIFINITION OF ILICTRIC FLUX. Lit’s chingi thi vilocity victor fiild thit wi hivi biin using for in ilictric fiild.
Issumi in ilictric fiild (uniform or not), rimimbir, wi iri tilking ibout in infiniti numbir of victors. Considir in opin surfici (plinir or
foldid) submirgid into thi ilictric fiild. Thi ilictric flux thit crossis thi surfici is difinid is: 𝜙𝐸 = ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ , if thi surfici is i closid
𝑠
surfici, thin thi difinition of thi ilictric flux is givin by: 𝜙𝐸 = ∮𝑠 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝐴⃗ . It is viry importint thit you undirstind thi concipt of ilictric
flux, wi iri going to usi it i lot. In thi futuri wi will work with inothir viry importint concipt: mignitic flux.