Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering

Michael Beer
Ioannis A. Kougioumtzoglou
Edoardo Patelli • Siu-Kui Au
Editors

Encyclopedia of
Earthquake Engineering

With 2431 Figures and 278 Tables

Editors
Michael Beer Ioannis A. Kougioumtzoglou
Institute for Computer Science in Department of Civil Engineering &
Civil Engineering Engineering Mechanics
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Columbia University
University Hannover New York, NY, USA
Hannover, Germany

Edoardo Patelli Siu-Kui Au

Institute for Risk & Uncertainty Institute for Risk & Uncertainty
and Centre for Engineering and Centre for Engineering
Sustainability Dynamics
Liverpool, UK Liverpool, UK

ISBN 978-3-642-35343-7 ISBN 978-3-642-35344-4 (eBook)

ISBN 978-3-642-35345-1 (print and electronic bundle)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35344-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015946601

Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015
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Preface

The scope of the Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering covers the inter-

action between earthquake events and our engineering installations and
infrastructures. It is expected to range over buildings, foundations, under-
ground constructions, lifelines and bridges, roads, embankments, and slopes.
Although a plethora of references exist in the context of treating/addressing
individual earthquake engineering topics, there is no literature dealing with
earthquake engineering in a comprehensive, versatile, and unified manner.
In this regard, the extreme event of an earthquake has a multifaceted impact
on a variety of activities. These include day-to-day operations of public and
private services which have greatly increased their exposure to risk.
The Encyclopedia is designed to inform technically inclined readers about
the ways in which earthquakes can affect engineering installations and infra-
structures and how engineers would go about designing against, mitigating,
and remediating these effects. It is also designed to provide cross-disciplinary
and cross-domain information to domain experts. Specifically, the proposed
work introduces a coupling between traditional topics of earthquake engi-
neering, such as geotechnical/structural engineering, topics of broader inter-
est such as geophysics, and topics of current and emerging value to industrial
applications, such as risk management. In this regard, risk management is
included in a comprehensive manner, which addresses the dimension and
complexity of earthquake hazards. This elucidates the vital connection of the
technical contents to the societal context. The main benefit of the Encyclo-
pedia is its breadth of coverage to provide quick information on a substantial
level to virtually all groups of readers from academia, industry, and the
general population who would like to find out more in the area of earthquake
engineering.
Overall, this work is a concerted effort to provide with a holistic
perspective on earthquake engineering–related issues of recent currency.
Its innovative, modular, and continuously updated form facilitates a potent,
self-contained, and readily accessible exposition of multi/interdisciplinary
elements in the broad field of earthquake engineering, thus enabling the
researcher/practitioner/designer to identify links and potential future research
themes in an efficient and timely manner.

v
Acknowledgments

The Editors greatly appreciate the effort made by the section editors, the
contributions of the authors related to work of high standards, as well as
the determination of the reviewers to preserve high quality levels. Further, the
Editors would like to thank Springer for its guidance and leadership on
making this great project a reality.

Michael Beer, Dr.-Ing.

Professor and Head
Institute for Computer Science in Civil Engineering
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover
Hannover, Germany

Ioannis A. Kougioumtzoglou, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering & Engineering Mechanics
Columbia University
New York, NY, USA

Edoardo Patelli, Ph.D.

Lecturer in Uncertainty and Engineering
Institute for Risk & Uncertainty and Centre for Engineering Sustainability
Liverpool, UK

Siu-Kui Au, Ph.D.

Ir Professor of Uncertainty, Reliability and Risk
Institute for Risk & Uncertainty and Centre for Engineering Dynamics
Liverpool, UK

vii
About the Editors

Michael Beer Institute for Computer Science in Civil Engineering,

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
Michael Beer, Dr.-Ing., obtained his degrees in civil engineering from the
Technical University of Dresden, Germany. He worked at Rice University as
a fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation and held a faculty
position at National University of Singapore in the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering. Dr. Beer was a professor and the founding
director of the Institute for Risk and Uncertainty in the University of Liver-
pool. He is now professor and head of the Institute for Computer Science in
Civil Engineering at Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover,
Germany, as well as a guest professor in Tongji University, Shanghai,
China and a part-time professor in the Institute for Risk and Uncertainty,
University of Liverpool.

Ioannis A. Kougioumtzoglou Department of Civil Engineering & Engi-

neering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Ioannis Kougioumtzoglou, Ph.D., obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees
from the civil and environmental engineering department of Rice University,
Texas, USA. He also holds a five-year Diploma in Civil Engineering from the
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece, and is a profes-
sional/chartered civil engineer in Greece. He is currently an assistant profes-
sor at the Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at
Columbia University, New York, USA.

Edoardo Patelli Institute for Risk & Uncertainty and Centre for Engineer-
ing Sustainability, Liverpool, UK
Edoardo Patelli, Ph.D., obtained his degrees in nuclear engineering and
Ph.D. in radiation science and technology from the Politecnico di Milano,
Italy. He worked at the Institute for Engineering Mechanics, University of
Innsbruck, Austria. He is currently a lecturer in uncertainty and engineering at
the Institute for Risk and Uncertainty at the University of Liverpool, UK, and
the head of computational technology for the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral
Training in Risk and Uncertainty Quantification. Patelli is also an honorary
member of the National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.
ix
x About the Editors

Siu-Kui Au Institute for Risk & Uncertainty and Centre for Engineering
Dynamics, Liverpool, UK
Siu-Kui Au, Ph.D., is a chartered civil engineer in Hong Kong and obtained
his B.Eng. and M.Phil. from the Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology and Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology (USA).
He is currently a professor of uncertainty, reliability and risk at the Institute
for Risk and Uncertainty. Before joining Liverpool he has held faculty
positions at the Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) and the City
University of Hong Kong. He was a visiting professor at the Tokyo City
University (Japan) and Wuhan University (China).
Section Editors

Section: Artificial and Other Sources and Mechanisms

Hans Thybo Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copen-
hagen, København K, Denmark
Section: Aseismic Design
Dimitrios G. Lignos Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC,
Canada
Section: Case Histories
Rafael Riddell Departamento Ingenierı́a Estructural y Geotécnica,
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Section: Computational and Sensing
Muneo Hori Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo,
Tokyo, Japan
Section: Computational Rock Mechanics
Jui-Pin Wang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Section: Construction Techniques
Polat Gulkan Civil Engineering Department, Cankaya University, Ankara,
Turkey
Section: Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction and Loss Modeling
Erica Seville Resilient Organisations, University of Canterbury, Sheffield,
New Zealand
John Vargo Department of Accounting and Information Systems, Univer-
sity of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Section: Geotechnical Engineering
Kok-Kwang Phoon Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

xi
xii Section Editors

Hesham El Naggar Geotechnical Research Centre, Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London,
ON, Canada
Dimitrios Zekkos Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Section: Mathematical Tools
Sondipon Adhikari College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea,
UK
Subhamoy Bhattacharya Chair in Geomechanics, Faculty of Engineering
and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Section: Paleoseismology
Sarah J. Boulton Centre for Research in Earth Sciences, Fitzroy 115,
Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK
Iain Stewart School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK
Section: Random Vibration
Pol D. Spanos Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials
Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
Antonina Pirrotta Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale,
Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Section: Reliability and Robustness
Hector A. Jensen Department of Civil Engineering, Santa Maria Univer-
sity, Casilla, Valparaiso, Chile
Section: Remote Sensing
Salvatore Stramondo Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,
Rome, Italy
Section: Retrofitting and Strengthening
Agathoklis Giaralis City University London, Room: C174, School of
Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, London, UK
Andreas Kappos School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, City
University London, London, UK
Section: Risk Management: Decision Analysis
Ayhan Irfanoglu School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN, USA
Section: Risk Mitigation Policies and Approaches
Bijan Khazai Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Tech-
nology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Section Editors xiii

Section: Seismic Risk Assessment

Fatemeh Jalayer Department of Structures for Engineering and Architec-
ture, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
Carmine Galasso Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic
Engineering and Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction University College
London, University College London, London, UK
Section: Sensors and Sensor Systems
Jens Havskov Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen,
Norway
Gerardo Alguacil Fı́sica Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada,
Beiro, Granada, Spain
Section: Structural Analysis for Earthquake-Resistant Design
Charis J. Gantes Institute of Steel Structures, School of Civil Engineering,
National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Section: Structural Health Monitoring
Eleni Chatzi Institute of Structural Engineering ETH Z€urich HIL E, Z€urich,
CH, Switzerland
Costas Papadimitriou Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Geert Lombaert Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium
Section: Tectonic Sources and Mechanisms
Jan Sileny Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech
Republic
Section: Volcanic Seismology
Silvio De Angelis Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of
Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Contributors

S. Abhinav Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Nick Ackerley Nanometrics, Inc, Kanata, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Christoph Adam Department of Engineering Science, Unit of Applied
Mechanics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Sondipon Adhikari College of Engineering, Swansea University,
Swansea, UK
Vadim M. Agafonov Center for Molecular Electronics, Moscow Institute of
Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
John J. Sanchez Aguilar Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
Nopdanai Ajavakom Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
H. Serdar Aky€ uz İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Maden Fak€ultesi, Jeoloji
M€uh. Böl€um€u, Ayazağa, İstanbul, Turkey
David Alexander University College London, London, England
N. A. Alexander Civil Engineering Department, University of Bristol,
Bristol, UK
Gerardo Alguacil Instituto Andaluz de Geofı́sica, University of Granada,
Granada, Spain
Clive Allen Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University
of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
Hernán G. Alvarado Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional
de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
Sotiris Argyroudis Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University,
Thessaloniki, Greece

xv
xvi Contributors

Aysegul Askan Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical

University, Ankara, Turkey
Domenico Asprone Department of Structures for Engineering and Archi-
tecture, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
Kuvvet Atakan Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen,
Bergen, Norway
Siu-Kui Au Institute for Risk & Uncertainty and Centre for Engineering
Dynamics, Liverpool, UK
Luis David Avendaño-Valencia Department of Mechanical & Aeronauti-
cal Engineering, Stochastic Mechanical Systems and Automation (SMSA)
Laboratory, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Jack Baker Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Richard J. Bathurst GeoEngineering Centre at Queen’s-RMC Civil Engi-
neering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
Josep Batlló Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciõncias da Univ. de
Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Sarah Beaven Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canter-
bury, Christchurch, New Zealand and Natural Hazards Research Group,
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
André T. Beck Department of Structural Engineering, São Carlos School of
Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
Julia Becker GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Danilo Beli Department of Computational Mechanics, Faculty of Mechan-
ical Engineering, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Andrew F. Bell School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK
Amadeo Benavent-Climent Department of Structural Mechanics and
Industrial Constructions, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Fouad Bendimerad Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative, Quezon City,
Philippines
Ninfa L. Bennington Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-
Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Djillali Benouar University of Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
Mounir Khaled Berrah Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, Algiers, Algeria
Sanjaya Bhatia UNISDR Recovery Platform, Kobe, Japan
Subhamoy Bhattacharya University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Christian Bignami Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, National
Earthquake Center, Rome, Italy
Contributors xvii

Mustafa Bilal Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical

University, Ankara, Turkey
Daniel Binder Zentralanstalt f€ur Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Vienna,
Austria
Gian Maria Bocchini Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of
Athens, Athens, Greece
Teddy Boen PT Teddy Boen Konsultan, Jakarta, Indonesia
I. Bondár Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Franco Bontempi Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Moses Kent Borinaga Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative, Quezon City,
Philippines
Peter Bormann Formerly GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences,
Potsdam, Germany
Jitendra Kumar Bothara NSET, Kathmandu, Nepal and Miyamoto
Impact, Christchurch, New Zealand
Sarah J. Boulton Plymouth University, Centre for Research in Earth
Sciences, Plymouth University, Devon, UK
Nouredine Bourahla Civil Engineering Department, University Sa^ad
Dahlab, Blida, Algeria
Francesca Bovolo Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Povo, Trento, Italy
Enrico Brandmayr Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, Univer-
sity of Trieste, Trieste, Italy and The Abdus Salam International Centre for
Theoretical Physics, SAND Group, Trieste, Italy
Jochen Braunmiller University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Ewald Br€uckl Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien,
Vienna, Austria
Marco Breccolotti Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Florent Brenguier Institut des Sciences de la Terre, University of Grenoble,
Grenoble, France
Christopher Bronk Ramsey Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit,
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Charlotte Brown Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology, Christ-
church, New Zealand
David Brunsdon Kestrel Group Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand
xviii Contributors

Lorenzo Bruzzone Department of Information Engineering and Computer

Science, University of Trento, Povo, Trento, Italy
Christian Bucher Institute of Building Construction and Technology,
Vienna University of Technology, Wien, Austria
Pierfrancesco Cacciola School of Environment and Technology, Univer-
sity of Brighton, Brighton, UK
Luigi Callisto Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,
Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
Luigi Carassale Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engi-
neering, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
Omar-Dario Cardona Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Manizales,
Colombia
Mehmet Çelebi Earthquake Science Center, US Geological Survey, Menlo
Park, CA, USA
Yunbyeong Chae Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Old
Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
Chung-Han Chan Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan Univer-
sity, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC and Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Ya-Ting Chan Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University,
Taipei, Taiwan
A. A. Chanerley School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering
(ACE), University of East London, London, UK and The University of
Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Alice Yan Chang-Richards The University of Auckland, Auckland,
New Zealand
Eleni N. Chatzi Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engi-
neering, ETH Zurich, Institute of Structural Engineering, Zurich, CH,
Switzerland
Da-Yi Chen Central Weather Bureau, Taipei, Taiwan
Jianbing Chen School of Civil Engineering & State Key Laboratory for
Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Chin-Tung Cheng Disaster Prevention Technology Research Center,
Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
Tai-Lin Chin Department of Computer Science and Information Engineer-
ing, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
Marco Chini Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST),
Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Belvaux,
Luxembourg
Contributors xix

Christis Z. Chrysostomou Department of Civil Engineering and

Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
Federico Cluni Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Simona Colombelli Department of Physics, University of Naples
Federico II, Federico II – AMRA S.c.ar.l, Napoli, Italy
Joel P. Conte Department of Structural Engineering, University of Califor-
nia at San Diego, CA, USA
Vincenzo Convertito Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,
Osservatorio Vesuviano, Napoli, Italy
R. Corotis Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineer-
ing, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Wayne C. Crawford Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris
Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, Paris, France
Michele Crosetto CTTC Division of Geomatics, Av. C.F. Gauss,
Castelldefels, Spain
Laura D’Amico School of Environment and Technology, University of
Brighton, Brighton, UK
James Edward Daniell Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Tech-
nology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Shideh Dashti Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engi-
neering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Craig A. Davis Waterworks Engineer, Los Angeles Department of Water
and Power, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Dina D’Ayala Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineer-
ing, University College London, London, UK
Silvio De Angelis Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Envi-
ronmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
José Roberto de França Arruda Department of Computational Mechanics,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Flavia De Luca Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol,
Bristol, UK
Raffaele De Risi Department of Structures for Engineering and Architec-
ture, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Guido De Roeck Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium
A. Deraemaeker FNRS Research Associate, Building Architecture and
Town Planning (BATir), Brussels, Belgium
xx Contributors

Mario Di Paola Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale,

Aerospaziale, dei Materiali (DICAM), Universitá di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Amod Mani Dixit NSET, Kathmandu, Nepal
Mustapha Djafour Risam Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, University
Abou Bakr Belkaı̈d, Tlemcen, Algeria
Matjaž Dolšek Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of
Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Baiping Dong Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
Doug Dreger Department of Earth and Planetary Science, College of Letters
and Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Hossein Ebrahimian Department of Structures for Engineering and Archi-
tecture, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Páll Einarsson Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland,
Reykjavı́k, Iceland
Göran Ekström Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades,
NY, USA
Hany El Naggar Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Gaetano Elia School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle
University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
E. Elwood Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineer-
ing, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Antonio Emolo Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II,
Federico II – AMRA S.c.ar.l, Napoli, Italy
E. R. Engdahl Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder,
CO, USA
Murat Altug Erberik Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Techni-
cal University, Ankara, Turkey
Niki Evelpidou Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment/National and
Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Licia Faenza Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Centro
Nazionale Terremoti, Bologna, Italy
Giuseppe Failla Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, dell’Energia,
dell’Ambiente e dei Materiali, (DICEAM), University of Reggio Calabria,
Reggio Calabria, Italy
Michael N. Fardis Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineer-
ing, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Contributors xxi

Spilios D. Fassois Department of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering,

Stochastic Mechanical Systems and Automation (SMSA) Laboratory,
University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Gaetano Festa Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II,
Federico II – AMRA S.c.ar.l, Napoli, Italy
Christopher Corey Fischer Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
Tomáš Fischer Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague,
Czech Republic
Steven L. Forman Department of Geology, Baylor University, Waco,
TX, USA
G. Fornaro Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment,
National Research Council, Naples, Italy
G. R. Foulger Department of Geological Sciences, Durham University,
Durham, UK
Michalis Fragiadakis School of Civil Engineering, Laboratory for Earth-
quake Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.),
Athens, Greece
Tinu Rose Francis Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Guillermo Franco Head of Catastrophe Risk Research – EMEA, Guy
Carpenter & Company Ltd., London, UK
Fabio Del Frate Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
Kohei Fujita Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering,
Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan and RIKEN
Advanced Institute for Computational Science, Kobe, Japan
N. Ganesh Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technol-
ogy Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Charis J. Gantes Institute of Steel Structures, School of Civil Engineering,
National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens, Greece
Alexander Garcia-Aristizabal Center for the Analysis and Monitoring of
Environmental Risk (AMRA), Naples, Italy
Paolo Gasparini Center for the Analysis and Monitoring of Environmental
Risk (AMRA), Naples, Italy
Vincenzo Gattulli DICEAA - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile-
Architettura, Ambientale, CERFIS - Centro di Ricerca e Formazione in
Ingegneria Sismica, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
Lind S. Gee Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory, U.S. Geological
Survey, Albuquerque, NM, USA
xxii Contributors

Eric L. Geist U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA

Carmelo Gentile Department ABC, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
Debraj Ghosh Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Sonia Giovinazzi Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering,
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Konstantinos Gkoumas Department of Structural and Geotechnical
Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Katsuichiro Goda Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol,
Bristol, UK
Tatiana Goded GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Marco Götz Institute for Structural Analysis, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Wolfgang Graf Institute for Structural Analysis, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Ramana V. Grandhi 210 Russ Engineering Center, Wright State Univer-
sity, Dayton, OH, USA
Damian N. Grant Arup Advanced Technology and Research, London, UK
Michael Gray Cast Connex Corporation, Toronto, ON, Canada
Rebekah Green University of Western Washington, Bellingham, WA, USA
Mircea Grigoriu Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil &
Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Luca Guerrieri Department of Geological Survey, ISPRA, Istituto
Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Rome, Italy
ulkan Department of Civil Engineering, Çankaya University, Ankara,
P. G€
Turkey
Manu Gupta SEEDS of India, Delhi, India
Sayan Gupta Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Tech-
nology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Vittorio Gusella Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Amir M. Halabian Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan University of
Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Achintya Haldar Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering
Mechanics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Matthew M. Haney U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Volcano Observatory,
Anchorage, AK, USA
Contributors xxiii

Youssef M. A. Hashash Department of Civil and Environmental Engineer-

ing, 2230c Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Jens Havskov Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen,
Norway
Mark B. Hayman Nanometrics Inc., Ottawa, Canada
Eric M. Hernandez Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont,
Burlington, VT, USA
William T. Holmes Rutherford + Chekene Engineers, San Francisco,
CA, USA
Andrew Hooper School of Earth and Environment, The University of
Leeds, Maths/Earth and Environment Building, Leeds, UK
Josef Horálek Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Muneo Hori Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo,
Tokyo, Japan
Shigeki Horiuchi COE, Home Seismometer Corporation, Shirakawa,
Fukushima, Japan
Alicia J. Hotovec-Ellis Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University
of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Roman Hryciw Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Nai-Chi Hsiao Central Weather Bureau, Taipei, Taiwan
Pao-Shan Hsieh Disaster Prevention Technology Research Center,
Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
Charles Robert Hutt Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory, U.S.
Geological Survey, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Luis F. Ibarra Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
Tsuyoshi Ichimura Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo,
Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
Aristidis Iliopoulos Peikko Greece SA, Marousi, Athens, Greece
Ioanna Ioannou Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engi-
neering, University College London, London, UK
Antonio Iodice Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie
dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
Tatjana Isakovic University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
xxiv Contributors

Radoslaw Iwankiewicz Institute of Mechanics and Ocean Engineering,

Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
Steinunn S. Jakobsdótir Faculty of Earth Science, University of Iceland,
Reykjavı́k, Iceland
Li-ju Jang Department of Social Work, National Pingtung University of
Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
Hector A. Jensen Department of Civil Engineering, Santa Maria Univer-
sity, Casilla, Valparaiso, Chile
Randall W. Jibson U.S. Geological Survey, Golden, CO, USA
Sarb Johal Joint Centre for Disaster Research, GNS Science/Massey
University, Wellington, New Zealand
Jessica H. Johnson School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol Wills
Memorial Building, Bristol, UK and School of Environmental Sciences,
University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
David Johnston Joint Centre for Disaster Research, GNS Science/Massey
University, Wellington, New Zealand and Risk and Society, GNS Science,
Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Lucy Johnston University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Bruce R. Julian Department of Geological Sciences, Durham University,
Durham, UK
Ioannis Kalpakidis KBR, Houston, TX, USA
George S. Kamaris School of Engineering, University of Warwick,
Coventry, UK
Viswanath Kammula Structural Engineer-in-Training, Soscia Engineering
Limited, Toronto, Canada
Ram Chandra Kandel Toronto, ON, Canada
Andreas Kappos Department of Civil Engineering, City University
London, London, UK
Volkan Karabacak Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, M€uhendislik-
Mimarlık Fak€
ultesi, Jeoloji M€uh. Böl€um€u, Meşelik, Eskişehir, Turkey
Dimitris L. Karabalis Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Patras, Patras, Greece
Spyros A. Karamanos Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Theodore L. Karavasilis School of Engineering, University of Warwick,
Coventry, UK
Toshihide Kashima Building Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
Contributors xxv

Tsuneo Katayama Professor emeritus of the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-

ku, Tokyo, Japan

Edward Kavazanjian, Jr. School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built

Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Miklós Kázmér Department of Palaeontology, Eötvös University,

Budapest, Hungary

Ilan Kelman Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction and Institute for
Global Health, University College London, London, England and Norwegian
Institute of International Affairs, Oslo, Norway

Bijan Khazai Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Center for Disaster

Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe,
Germany

Christopher R. J. Kilburn Department of Earth Sciences, Aon Benfield

UCL Hazard Centre, University College London, London, UK

Anastasia A. Kiratzi Department of Geophysics, Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Ulrich Klapp AREVA GmbH, Erlangen, Germany

Takaji Kokusho Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Chuo

University, Tokyo, Japan

Petros Komodromos Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Indranil Kongar EPICentre, Department of Civil, Environmental and

Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, UK

Ivan Koulakov Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics,

SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk,
Russia

George P. Kouretzis Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The

University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

Ioannis Koutromanos Department of Civil and Environmental Engineer-

ing, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
VA, USA

D. S. Kusanovic Department of Civil Engineering, Santa Maria University,

Casilla, Valparaiso, Chile

Simon Laflamme Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental

Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

Nikos D. Lagaros Institute of Structural Analysis & Antiseismic Research,

Department of Structural Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National
Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
xxvi Contributors

Andreas P. Lampropoulos School of Environment and Technology,

University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
Roberto Leon The Charles Edward Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Envi-
ronmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Jie Li School of Civil Engineering & State Key Laboratory for Disaster
Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Giorgio Antonino Licciardi GIPSA-Lab – INP Grenoble, Grenoble Insti-
tute of Technology, Saint Martin d’Hères, France
Po-Shen Lin Disaster Prevention Technology Research Center, Sinotech
Engineering Consultants, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
Ting Lin Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineer-
ing, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Wen Liu Department of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba University,
Chiba, Japan
Geert Lombaert Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium
Rafael H. Lopez Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of
Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Santiago López Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional de
Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
Paulo B. Lourenço Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho,
ISISE, Guimarães, Portugal
Xiao Lu School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing,
People’s Republic of China
Xinzheng Lu Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Safety and Durability of
China Education Ministry, Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Björn Lund Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala,
Sweden
Guido Luzi CTTC Division of Geomatics, Av. C.F. Gauss, Castelldefels,
Spain
Lucia Luzi Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Milan, Italy
Fai Ma Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
John Hugh George Macdonald Civil Engineering Department, University
of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Kristof Maes Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium
Contributors xxvii

Andrea Magrin Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University

of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Sankaran Mahadevan Department of Civil and Environmental Engineer-
ing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
Ian G. Main School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, UK
Ljubica Mamula-Seadon Centre for Infrastructure Research at the Depart-
ment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Gaetano Manfredi Department of Structures for Engineering and Architec-
ture, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
Sandeeka Mannakkara Department of Civil and Environmental Engineer-
ing, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
C. S. Manohar Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Carlo Marin Department of Information Engineering and Computer
Science, University of Trento, Povo, Trento, Italy
Rui Marques Engineering Department, Civil Engineering Section, Pontifi-
cal Catholic University of Peru, Lima, Peru
Justin D. Marshall Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
Mark J. Masia Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The
University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
Neven Matasovic Geosyntec Consultants, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
Annibale Luigi Materazzi Department of Civil and Environmental Engi-
neering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
George P. Mavroeidis Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
Garry McDonald Market Economics Ltd, Takapuna, New Zealand
Hamish McLean School of Humanities, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD,
Australia
Nuno Mendes ISISE, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
Stefan Mertl Mertl Research GmbH, Vienna, Austria
Alessandro Maria Michetti Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia,
Università dell’Insubria, Como, Italy
Danielle Hutchings Mieler Earthquakes and Hazards Resilience Program,
Association of Bay Area Governments, Oakland, CA, USA
Leandro F. F. Miguel Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of
Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
xxviii Contributors

Jon Mitchell Jon Mitchell Emergency Management Ltd., Queenstown,

New Zealand
Chara Ch. Mitropoulou Institute of Structural Analysis & Antiseismic
Research, Department of Structural Engineering, School of Civil Engineer-
ing, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Babak Moaveni Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts
University, Medford, MA, USA
Tracy Monk Families for School Seismic Safety, Vancouver, Canada
Troy A. Morgan Exponent, New York, USA
Lalliana Mualchin Headquarters: Studio legale Avv. Wania Della Vigna,
International Seismic Safety Organization (ISSO), Arsita (TE), Italy
Catherine Murray Market Economics Ltd, Takapuna, New Zealand
Giuseppe Muscolino Dipartimento di Ingegnria Civile, Informatica, Edile,
Ambientale e Matematica Applicata, Università degli Studi di Messina,
Messina, Italy
S. C. Myers Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
CA, USA
Satish Nagarajaiah Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Rice University, Houston, TX, USA and Department of Mechanical Engi-
neering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
Hesham El Naggar Geotechnical Research Centre, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London,
ON, Canada
Alexander V. Neeshpapa R-sensors LLC, Dolgoprudny, Russia
Meredith Nettles Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades,
NY, USA
Ching Hang Ng US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear
Reactor Regulation, Washington, DC, USA
Nikolaos Nikitas School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds,
Leeds, UK
Nicola Nisticò Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica,
Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
Viviana Novelli Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic
Engineering, University College London, London, UK
Ilan Noy School of Economics and Finance, Victoria University, Welling-
ton, New Zealand
David D. Oglesby Department of Earth Sciences, University of California,
Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
Contributors xxix

Kenji Oguni Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University,

Yokohama, Japan

Norio Okada Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kumamoto

University, Kumamoto City, Japan

Izuru Okawa Building Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan

Scott M. Olson Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Rolando P. Orense Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Lars Ottemöller Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen,

Bergen, Norway

Daria Ottonelli Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engi-

neering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

Francesca Pacor Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Milan,

Italy

Sara Paganoni Ziegert|Roswag|Seiler Architekten Ingenieure, Berlin,

Germany

Alessandro Palmeri School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughbor-

ough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK

Bishnu Pandey University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Chris P. Pantelides Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Giuliano F. Panza Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, Univer-

sity of Trieste, Trieste, Italy and The Abdus Salam International Centre for
Theoretical Physics, SAND Group, Trieste, Italy and Institute of Geophysics,
China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China and International Seismic
Safety Organization (ISSO), Arsita, Italy

C. Papadimitriou Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of

Thessaly, Volos, Greece

Vissarion Papadopoulos Institute of Structural Analysis and Seismic

Research, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of
Athens (N.T.U.A.), Athens, Greece

Manolis Papadrakakis Institute of Structural Analysis & Antiseismic

Research, Department of Structural Engineering, School of Civil Engineer-
ing, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Thanasis Papageorgiou Department of Structural Engineering, School of

Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.),
Athens, Greece
xxx Contributors

Ioanna Papayianni Laboratory of Building Materials, Department of Civil

Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Byeongjin Park Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-
Gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Douglas Paton School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Launceston,

TAS, Australia

Manuel Pellissetti AREVA GmbH, Erlangen, Germany

George Gr. Penelis Civil Engineering Department, Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Marla Petal Risk RED (Risk Reduction Education for Disasters),

Los Angeles, CA, USA

Francesco Petrini Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering,

Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Matteo Picchiani Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science

Engineering, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Paolo Pirazzoli Laboratoire de Géographie Physique, Paris, France

Kyriazis Pitilakis Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University,

Thessaloniki, Greece

Stephen Platt Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd, Cambridge, UK

Nikos Pnevmatikos Department of Civil Engineering, Surveying and

Geoinformatics, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Egaleo-
Athens, Greece

Panayiotis C. Polycarpou Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

Silvia Pondrelli Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di

Bologna, Italy

Keith Porter Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Univer-

sity of Colorado, Boulder and SPA Risk LLC, Denver, CO, USA

Regan Potangaroa Unitec School of Architecture, Auckland, New Zealand

Francesco Potenza DICEAA - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile-

Architettura, Ambientale, CERFIS - Centro di Ricerca e Formazione in
Ingegneria Sismica, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

Alessandro Proia Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica,

Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Carsten Proppe Institut f€ur Technische Mechanik, Karlsruhe Institute of

Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Contributors xxxi

Ioannis N. Psycharis School of Civil Engineering, Department of Structural

Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.), Athens,
Greece
Wolfgang Rabbel Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel, Kiel,
Germany
Alin C. Radu Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil &
Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Mircea Radulian National Institute for Earth Physics, Măgurele, Romania
D. Reale Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National
Research Council, Naples, Italy
Klaus Reicherter Institute of Neotectonics and Natural Hazards, Depart-
ment of Geosciences and Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
Robert K. Reitherman Consortium of Universities for Research in Earth-
quake Engineering, Richmond, CA, USA
Edwin Reynders Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium
Sanaz Rezaeian U.S. Geological Survey, Golden, CO, USA
Daniele Riccio Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie
dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
James M. Ricles Bruce G. Johnston Professor of Structural Engineering,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, PA, USA
Adam T. Ringler Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory, U.S. Geological
Survey, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Janise Rodgers GeoHazards International, Menlo Park, USA
Maria Ines Romero-Arduz Department of Civil and Environmental Engi-
neering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
Tiziana Rossetto Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engi-
neering, University College London, London, UK
Daniel Roten San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
James Olabode Bamidele Rotimi Auckland University of Technology,
Auckland, New Zealand
Theodoros Rousakis Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineer-
ing, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
Masayuki Saeki Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo University of
Science, Shinjuku, Japan
xxxii Contributors

David Saftner Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota

Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA
Antonella Saisi Department ABC, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
Simone Salimbeni Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione
di Bologna, Italy
urkmen Sanduvaç Risk RED, Istanbul, Turkey
Zeynep T€
Shankar Sankararaman Intelligent Systems Division, SGT Inc., NASA
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
Evangelos Sapountzakis Department of Structural Engineering, School of
Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.),
Athens, Greece
Wendy Saunders GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Richard Sause Joseph T. Stuart Professor of Structural Engineering,
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, PA, USA
Mechita C. Schmidt-Aursch Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum
f€ur Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
Johannes Schweitzer NORSAR, Kjeller, Norway
Erica Seville Resilient Organisations, Sheffield, New Zealand
Anastasios G. Sextos Division of Structural Engineering, Department of
Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Anna S. Shabalina Center for Molecular Electronics, Moscow Institute of
Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
Ayman A. Shama Ammann & Whitney, New York, NY, USA
Nikolay Shapiro Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Laboratoire de
Sismologie, Paris, France
Rajib Shaw University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
P. Benson Shing Department of Structural Engineering, University of
California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Nilesh Shome Model Development, Risk Management Solutions, Newark,
CA, USA
Pablo G. Silva Departamento de Geologı́a, Universidad de Salamanca,
Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ávila, Avila, Spain
Priscilla Brandão Silva Department of Computational Mechanics, Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
E. Simoen Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Manuel Sintubin Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,
Geodynamics and Geofluids Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Contributors xxxiii

Reinoud Sleeman Seismology Division, Royal Netherlands Meteorological

Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, Netherlands

Nicola Smith Market Economics Ltd, Takapuna, New Zealand

Patrick Smith Montserrat Volcano Observatory, Flemmings, Montserrat

and Seismic Research Centre, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and
Tobago, West Indies

Richard Smith Science and Education, Earthquake Commission, Welling-

ton, New Zealand

Andrew W. Smyth Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering

Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Emily So Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, UK

Hoon Sohn Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea

Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-Gu,
Daejeon, Republic of Korea

Minas D. Spiridonakos Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic

Engineering, ETH Zurich, Institute of Structural Engineering, Zurich, CH,
Switzerland

Srinivas Sriramula Lloyd’s Register Foundation (LRF) Centre for Safety

and Reliability Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen,
Fraser Noble Building, Aberdeen, UK

George Stefanou Institute of Structural Analysis & Antiseismic Research,

School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Ath-
ens, Greece and Institute of Structural Analysis & Dynamics of Structures,
Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki, Greece

Mark Stirling GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand

Dieter Stoll Lennartz Electronic GmbH, T€ubingen, Germany

Salvatore Stramondo National Earthquake Center, Remote Sensing Lab,

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy

Kosmas-Athanasios Stylianidis Civil Engineering Department, Aristotle

University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Xiaodan Sun Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China

V. S. Sundar Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Ricardo Taborda Department of Civil Engineering, and Center for

Earthquake Research and Information, University of Memphis, Memphis,
TN, USA
xxxiv Contributors

Izuru Takewaki Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineer-

ing, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
T. P. Tassios Department of Structural Engineering – Reinforced Concrete
Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.), Zografou,
Athens, Greece
Georgia E. Thermou Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle Univer-
sity of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Geoff Thomas School of Architecture, Victoria University of Wellington,
Wellington, New Zealand
Glenn Thompson School of Geosciences, University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL, USA
Clifford Thurber Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-
Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Lucia Tirca Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
G. Tondreau Postdoctoral Researcher, Building Architecture and Town
Planning (BATir), Brussels, Belgium
Ikuo Towhata Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tokyo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Bruce Townsend Nanometrics, Inc., Kanata, Ontario, Canada
Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis School of Civil Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Yiannis Tsompanakis Computational Dynamics Research Group, School
of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Crete,
Greece
Angelos S. Tzimas School of Engineering, University of Warwick,
Coventry, UK
Marcos Valdebenito Department of Civil Engineering, Santa Maria
University, Casilla, Valparaiso, Chile
Suzanne Vallance Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
Dimitrios Vamvatsikos School of Civil Engineering, National Technical
University of Athens (N.T.U.A.), Athens, Greece
John Vargo Resilient Organisations, University of Canterbury, Christ-
church, New Zealand
Nick Varley Facultad de Ciencias, Centre of Exchange and Research in
Volcanology, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
Graça Vasconcelos Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, University of
Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
Contributors xxxv

George Vasdravellis Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, Heriot-

Watt University, Edinburgh, UK

Marcello Vasta INGEO, Engineering and Geology Department, University

of Chieti-Pescara “G. D’Annunzio”, Pescara, Italy

Maria Vathi Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of

Thessaly, Volos, Greece

Václav Vavryčuk Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences,

Prague, Czech Republic

Ioannis Vayas Traffic Engineering Laboratory, National Technical Univer-

sity of Athens (N.T.U.A.), Athens, Greece

Gerardo M. Verderame Department of Structures for Engineering and

Architecture (DiSt), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

Elizabeth Vintzileou Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of

Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Peter H. Voss Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland – GEUS,

Copenhagen K, Denmark

Christos Vrettos Division of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,

Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

Gregory P. Waite Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and

Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

Jui-Pin Wang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Kai-Shyr Wang Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan

Friedemann Wenzel Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technol-

ogy, Karlsruhe, Germany

Lalith Wijerathne Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo,

Tokyo, Japan

Dennis Wilken Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Suzanne Wilkinson Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Thomas Wilson Department of Geological Sciences, University of Canter-

bury, Christchurch, New Zealand and Natural Hazards Research Group,
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Ben Wisner University College London, London, England and Oberlin

College, Oberlin, OH, USA

Guoxi Wu Wutec Geotechnical International, New Westminster, Metro

Vancouver, BC, Canada
xxxvi Contributors

Yih-Min Wu Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University,

Taipei, Taiwan
Zhen Xu Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Safety and Durability of
China Education Ministry, Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Fumio Yamazaki Department of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba
University, Chiba, Japan
Yongchao Yang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice
University, Houston, TX, USA
Yin-Tung Yen Disaster Prevention Technology Research Center, Sinotech
Engineering Consultants, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
Ka-Veng Yuen Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau,
Macau, China
Daniil Yurchenko Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineer-
ing, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
Cengiz Zabcı İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Maden Fak€ultesi, Jeoloji M€uh.
Böl€
um€
u, Ayazağa, İstanbul, Turkey
Jerome Zayas Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative, Quezon City,
Philippines
Djawad Zendagui Risam Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, University
Abou Bakr Belkaı̈d, Tlemcen, Algeria
Christos A. Zeris Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Enrico Zio European Foundation for New Energy–Electricité de France,
Ecole Centrale Paris and Supelec, Paris, France and Energy Department,
Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
Aldo Zollo Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II,
Federico II – AMRA S.c.ar.l, Napoli, Italy
Konstantin M. Zuev Department of Computing and Mathematical Sci-
ences, California Institute of Technology, USA