P E R I O D I C T A B L E

Group
1
Atomic Properties of the Elements 18
IA VIIIA
FREQUENTLY USED FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS §
1 2S1/2 1 second = 9 192 631 770 periods of radiation corresponding to the
Physical Measurement Laboratory www.nist.gov/pml 2 1
S0

1
H transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of 133Cs
−1 § For the most accurate
Standard Reference Data www.nist.gov/srd He
Hydrogen speed of light in vacuum c 299 792 458 m s (exact) Helium
1.008 −34 values of these and 4.0026
Planck constant h 6.626 070 x 10 J s
1s
2 −19 other constants, visit 13 14 15 16 17 1s
2
elementary charge e 1.602 177 x 10 C pml.nist.gov/constants.
13.5984 IIA electron mass me
−31
9.109 384 x 10 kg
IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 24.5874

2 3
2
S1/2 4 1
S0 mec
2
0.510 999 MeV 5 2
P°1/2 6 3
P0 7 4
°
S3/2 8 3
P2 9 2
°
P3/2 10 1
S0
Solids
Li Be proton mass
fine-structure constant
mp
1/137.035 999
−27
1.672 622 x 10 kg
Liquids
B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium −1 Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.94 9.0122 Rydberg constant R 10 973 731.569 m
15
Gases 10.81
2 2
12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 5 2 2 6
1s 2s 1s 2s R c 3.289 841 960 x 10 Hz 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
5.3917 9.3227 R hc 13.605 693 eV
Artificially 8.2980 11.2603 14.5341 13.6181 17.4228 21.5645
-19 Prepared
3 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
2
S1/2
1
S0 electron volt eV 1.602 177 x 10 J 2
°
P1/2 3
P0 4
°
S3/2
3
P2
2
°
P3/2 1
S0
Mg
−23 −1

Na Al Si P S Cl Ar
Boltzmann constant k 1.380 65 x 10 J K
−1 −1
molar gas constant R 8.314 5 J mol K
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.990 24.305
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.982
2
28.085
2 2
30.974
2 3
32.06
2 4
35.45
2 5
39.948
2 6
[Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p
5.1391 7.6462 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB 5.9858 8.1517 10.4867 10.3600 12.9676 15.7596
Period

4 19 20 21 2D3/2 22 3F2 23 4F3/2 24 7S3 25 6S5/2 26 5D4 27 4F9/2 28 3F4 29 2S1/2 30 1S0 31 2P1/2 ° 32 P0 33 4S3/2 ° 34 P2 35 ° 36
2 1 3 3 2 1
S1/2 S0 P3/2 S0

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.630 74.922 78.971 79.904 83.798
2 2 2 2 3 2 5 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 10 10 2 10 2 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 10 2 6
[Ar]4s [Ar]4s [Ar]3d4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p
4.3407 6.1132 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.4340 7.9025 7.8810 7.6399 7.7264 9.3942 5.9993 7.8994 9.7886 9.7524 11.8138 13.9996
37 2
S1/2 38 1
S0 39 2
D3/2 40 3
F2 41 6
D1/2 42 7
S3 43 6
S5/2 44 5
F5 45 4
F9/2 46 1
S0 47 2
S1/2 48 1
S0 49 2
°
P1/2 50 3
P0 51 4
°
S3/2 52 3
P2 53 2
°
P3/2 54 1
S0

5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.95 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
2 2 2 2 4 5 5 2 7 8 10 10 10 2 10 2 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 10 2 6
[Kr]5s [Kr]5s [Kr]4d5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p
4.1771 5.6949 6.2173 6.6341 6.7589 7.0924 7.1194 7.3605 7.4589 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.7864 7.3439 8.6084 9.0097 10.4513 12.1298
55 2
S1/2 56 1
S0 72 3
F2 73 4
F3/2 74 5
D0 75 6
S5/2 76 5
D4 77 4
F9/2 78 3
D3 79 2
S1/2 80 1
S0 81 2
°
P1/2 82 3
P0 83 4
°
S3/2 84 3
P2 85 2
°
P3/2 86 1
S0

6
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.91 137.33 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
2 14 2 2 14 3 2 14 4 2 14 5 2 14 6 2 14 7 2 14 9 14 10 14 10 2 2 3 4 5 6
[Xe]6s [Xe]6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p
3.8939 5.2117 6.8251 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9588 9.2256 10.4375 6.1083 7.4167 7.2855 8.414 9.3175 10.7485
87 2
S1/2 88 1
S0 104 3
F2 105 4
F3/2 106 0 107 5/2 108 4 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

7
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
(223) (226) (267) (268) (271) (270) (269) (278) (281) (282) (285) (286) (289) (289) (293) (294) (294)
2 14 2 2 14 3 2 14 4 2 14 5 2 14 6 2
[Rn]7s [Rn]7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s
4.0727 5.2784 6.02 6.8 7.8 7.7 7.6

Atomic Ground 57 2
D3/2 58 1
G°4 59 4
°
I9/2 60 5
I4 61 6
H°5/2 62 7
F0 63 8
S°7/2 64 9
D°2 65 6
H°15/2 66 5
I8 67 4
°
I15/2 68 3
H6 69 2
F°7/2 70 1
S0 71 2
D3/2
Lanthanides

Number State
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Symbol
58 1
G°4 Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
138.91 140.116 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97

Name
Ce [Xe]5d6s
5.5769
2
[Xe]4f5d6s
5.5386
2 3 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.4702
4 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.5250
5 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.577
6 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.6437
7 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.6704
7
[Xe]4f 5d6s
6.1498
2 9 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.8638
10 2
[Xe]4f 6s
5.9391
11 2
[Xe]4f 6s
6.0215
12 2
[Xe]4f 6s
6.1077
13 2
[Xe]4f 6s
6.1843
14 2
[Xe]4f 6s
6.2542
14
[Xe]4f 5d6s
5.4259
2

Cerium
Standard 140.12 89 2
D3/2 90 3
F2 91 4
K11/2 92 5
L°6 93 6
L11/2 94 7
F0 95 8
°
S7/2 96 9
D°2 97 6
H°15/2 98 5
I8 99 4
°
I15/2 100 3
H6 101 2
F°7/2 102 1
S0 103 2
°
P1/2

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Actinides

Atomic 2
† [Xe]4f5d6s
Weight (Da)
5.5386 Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
(227) 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (266)
Ground-state Ionization [Rn]6d7s
2 2 2
[Rn]6d 7s
2
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 3
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 4
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 6 2
[Rn]5f 7s
7 2
[Rn]5f 7s
7
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 9 2
[Rn]5f 7s
10 2
[Rn]5f 7s
11 2
[Rn]5f 7s
12 2
[Rn]5f 7s
13 2
[Rn]5f 7s
14 2
[Rn]5f 7s
14 2
[Rn]5f 7s 7p
Configuration Energy (eV) 5.3802 6.3067 5.89 6.1941 6.2655 6.0258 5.9738 5.9914 6.1978 6.2817 6.3676 6.50 6.58 6.66 4.96

† 12
Based upon C. () indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope. For the most precise values and uncertainties visit ciaaw.org and pml.nist.gov/data.
NIST SP 966 (July 2018)
 NISTory of the Periodic Table
Cesium:
The frequency of microwave
radiation from this atom in
atomic clocks such as the
NIST-F2 (2014), is used to
define the second.
Image Credit: NIST
1967
Krypton: 1960
Wavelengths of light from
this atom, measured by NIST
researchers, defined the official
meter until 1983.
Image Credit: Neil Tucker/Wikimedia
Sodium:
NIST scientists used
lasers to cool a gas of
these atoms to more than
theoretically expected to
temperatures even closer
to absolute zero.
(Nobel Prize 1997)
Image Credit: H.Mark Helfer/NIST
Rubidium:
These atoms were used by
Potassium and
1988 researchers at JILA (NIST-CU Boulder)
to create the first Bose-Einstein
Rubidium:
condensate (Nobel Prize 2001).
Image Credit: NIST/JILA/CU-Boulder
JILA researchers married
these elements into an
ultracold gas of molecules
1995 and demonstrated striking
predictions of quantum
physics by hitting the atoms
with “rulers of light” known
as frequency combs
(Nobel Prize 2005) and
2008 trapping them in webs of
light known as optical lattices.
Image Credit: Steven Burrows and
Ye/Jin groups/JILA

1931 2010
/2011

Deuterium: Beryllium and

Aluminum:
This rare heavy
isotope of hydrogen Individual ions of these
was concentrated at atoms were probed in a
NIST and then identified NIST trap to create
by Columbia University's "quantum logic" clocks that
Harold Urey (Nobel Prize 1934). On the measured the second more precisely than
left is a deuterium lamp; the light on the before and tested Einstein's general theory
right comes from the NIST SURF III of relativity. Such quantum manipulations
Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility. were recognized in the 2012 Nobel Prize.
Image Credit: Uwe Arp/NIST Image Credit: J. Amini/NIST

www.nist.gov Design by: Natasha Hanacek/NIST