A32591 Any calculator

Calculators may be used in this examination but must not be used to store text.
Calculators with the ability to store text should have their memories deleted prior
to the start of the examination.
Special requirements Pump Performance Curve and Graph Paper

School of Engineering
Level I (Intermediate)

A32591

04 29655 Water Engineering 1

Summer Examinations 2018

Time Allowed: 2 hours

Answer ALL questions from SECTION A and TWO questions from SECTION B

The allocation of marks within each question is stated in the right-hand margin.

Page 1 TURN OVER

 Any calculator

SECTION A

1. Water flows in a 200 mm diameter pipeline at a velocity of 4 m/s under a

pressure of 350 kPa. At a point 12 m away, the diameter reduces to 100 mm.
Find the pressure in the narrow part when the pipe is:

(a) horizontal, [6]

(b) vertical, with the flow downwards. [6]

Ignore any head losses.

2. The river separating the two parts of a village is rectangular in cross section, has
a Manning’s n = 0.04, a bed slope = 0.001 and base width of 4m. What is the flow
depth if the flow rate Q = 3.5 m3/s? [13]

3. You have been asked to design a water supply system for a small charity that
works extensively in low-middle income countries. The drainage system has been
installed by a local contractor who has replaced your specified valve with
something that he has been able to source more cheaply. As a result, the
discharge is estimated to be 5% lower. Given the following data, estimate the ‘k’
value for the new valve.

Design specification: Length of main pipe = 1km; diameter of pipe = 30cm; friction
factor = 0.015. Two right angled bends, k= 0.3; k value for valve = 0.8. [15]

4. (a) Draw and annotate the E-y curve, defining all the relevant terms and highlighting
any important features. [5]

(b) The flow in a rectangular channel is subcritical as it approaches a section where

the bed is raised by an amount ΔƵ (where ΔƵ is insufficient to cause the flow to
go critical). Immediately after this section, the width of the channel is reduced [5]
causing the flow to go critical. Show how the above can be represented on an E-
y diagram.

A32591 Page 2 TURN OVER

 Any calculator

SECTION B

5. (a) A pipeline 450mm diameter and 5km long connects two reservoirs, A and B. The
water levels in the reservoirs are maintained at 100m AOD in A and 50m AOD in
B. The pipeline has been in operation for several years and has a friction factor of
0.035. Calculate the flow between the reservoirs, ignoring minor losses. [4]

(b) An additional pipeline is under construction parallel to the existing pipe. It is not
yet completed over the full length because of difficulties in building in an urban
area. Presently it runs 1km from reservoir A at which point it joins the existing
pipeline. A second new section runs 2km from reservoir B and it again joins the
existing pipeline. The new pipes have a diameter of 450mm and the same friction
factor of 0.02.

Show that the flow rates in each section of new pipe are identical. [8]

(c) Calculate the total flow rate between reservoirs A and B with the combined pipe
system. [13]

6.
0.6m3/s
A B
B

0.4m3/s
C
Figure Q5

E D

1.0m3/s 0.5m3/s

The network shown in figure Q5 above consists of pipes with the following
dimensions and hydraulic properties shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Pipe data.

Pipe Length Diameter Friction

(m) (mm) Factor

A-B 1000 300 0.020

B-C 700 300 0.025
C-D 800 300 0.030
D-E 1250 450 0.025
E-A 1250 300 0.020

Calculate the flows in the pipe network. Two iterations of the calculation process
should be carried out. You are reminded of the following relationship:

Q 
1 h f

2 h /Q
f [25]

A32591 Page 3 TURN OVER

 Any calculator

7. A water supply of approximately 1500m3/d is to be obtained by pumping from a

borehole. The pump will be installed at a depth of 60m below ground level and will
deliver water through a 100mm pipe to the surface. Once at the surface, the pipe
will continue at the same diameter to a storage reservoir, located a distance of
400m from the borehole. The water level in the storage reservoir will be constant
at an elevation 10m above the ground level at the borehole. The water level at the
borehole is 5m below ground level prior to the start of any pumping and, when
pumping starts, it is estimated that the drawdown will be 10m. The pipe friction
factor when new is 0.020.

(a) Plot the system characteristic curve on the pump performance curve provided and
select a suitable pump. Note that flow rates on the performance curve are in units
of m3/h. Four flow rates should be sufficient to define the system curve. [12]

(b) What is the efficiency of the pump and the input power required at the operating
rate selected? [5]

(c) If the friction factor of the pipe increases to a value of 0.030 because of erosion
due to a chemically aggressive groundwater, what flow rate will the pump produce
now? [8]

8. A long straight rectangular channel is 8m wide and has a normal depth of 1.5 m at
a discharge rate of 16m3/s. A venturi flume is installed in the channel. The flume
has a throat width of 4m and the bed in the throat is raised by 1m above the
approach channel bed. It is assumed that at this flow rate the flume acts as a
control on the discharge.

(a) Calculate the critical depth in the throat section and the corresponding specific
energy. [5]

(b) Show that the water depths just upstream and just downstream of the flume are
2.739m and 0.287m respectively, making clear any assumptions that you make. [12]

(c) Confirm that the flume is acting as a flow control and sketch the water level profile
from normal depth on the approach to the flume to normal depth downstream.
Normal depth and critical depth lines should be clearly indicated. [8]
The following relationship may be useful:

𝑦2 1
= (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟12 − 1)
𝑦1 2

A32591 Page 4 END OF PAPER

 A32591 LI Water Engineering 1

Do not complete the attendance slip, fill in the front

of the answer book or turn over the question paper
until you are told to do so
Important Reminders

 Coats/outwear should be placed in the designated area.

 Unauthorised materials (e.g. notes or Tippex) must be placed in the

designated area.

 Check that you do not have any unauthorised materials with you (e.g. in
your pockets, pencil case).

 Mobile phones and smart watches must be switched off and placed in
the designated area or under your desk. They must not be left on your
person or in your pockets.

 You are not permitted to use a mobile phone as a clock. If you have
difficulty seeing a clock, please alert an Invigilator.

 You are not permitted to have writing on your hand, arm or other body
part.

 Check that you do not have writing on your hand, arm or other body part
– if you do, you must inform an Invigilator immediately

 Alert an Invigilator immediately if you find any unauthorised item upon

you during the examination.

Any students found with non-permitted items upon their person during
the examination, or who fail to comply with Examination rules may be
subject to Student Conduct procedures.