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    The document compares the characteristics of formal research according to two sources: Leedy & Ormond (2010) and Cooper & Schindler (2003). Both sources agree that formal research requires clearly defining the purpose and research questions. It also requires thoroughly planning the research process and design. Formal research involves collecting and analyzing data to resolve problems, and presenting findings and justified conclusions.

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    The document compares the characteristics of formal research according to two sources: Leedy & Ormond (2010) and Cooper & Schindler (2003). Both sources agree that formal research requires clearly defining the purpose and research questions. It also requires thoroughly planning the research process and design. Formal research involves collecting and analyzing data to resolve problems, and presenting findings and justified conclusions.

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    Table 1-1

    Uploaded by

    merii
    The document compares the characteristics of formal research according to two sources: Leedy & Ormond (2010) and Cooper & Schindler (2003). Both sources agree that formal research requires clearly defining the purpose and research questions. It also requires thoroughly planning the research process and design. Formal research involves collecting and analyzing data to resolve problems, and presenting findings and justified conclusions.

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    of 1

    Table 1-1.

    Comparison of the Characteristics of Research


    Characteristics of Formal Research Characteristics of Formal Research
    (by Leedy & Ormond, 2010) (by Cooper & Schindler, 2003)
    1. Research originates with a problem or 1. Purpose is clearly defined.
    A question.
    2. Research requires a clear articulation 2. Research process is detailed.
    of a goal.
    3. Research follows a specific plan of 3. Research design is thoroughly
    procedures. planned.
    4. Research usually divides the principal 4. High ethical standards are applied.
    problem into more manageable sub-
    problems
    5. Research is guided by the specific 5. Limitations are frankly revealed.
    research problem, question, or
    hypothesis
    6. Research requires the collection and 6. Adequate analysis for decision
    interpretation of data in attempting to makers’s needs is presented.
    resolve the problems that initiated the
    research.
    7. Research is, by its nature, cyclical, or 7. Findings are presented unambigously
    More exactly, helical or spiral. 8. Conclusions are justified
    9. Researcher’s experience is reflected

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