Objective of Civil Engineering

Origin from the fata and have spend my childhood there have deep
impact on my understanding and sleeting the course. The interest in
structure and want to know the reason behind is from my origin. I was
interested in the structural design of bridges made by the local over
the rivers and the towers made at each house for protection. From
that point I was interested in knowing the logic behind the towers and
bridges and later became my compassion to choose the subjects.

After taking the subject and my course of profession, the objective

became clearer and the desire to understand the logic became
widened in BUITEMS. From this course I want be able to understand
the structural design, construction, surveys and the logic behind
buildings and construction sites.

Steel Bridges Introduction

Steel is widely used all around the world for different construction
purposes and among those bridges are one. The reason behind
choosing steel for the bridges is that they have the strong sustainable
future for maintaining that position. All over the world, steel has set
that example for their strong future is that none of bridge hasn’t yet
fall or damaged. There are also some example of steel based bridges
in Pakistan which are yet standing among us.

Iconic steel bridge :

Some of the impressive and visible bended steel bridges are well
known all over the world that give a visible sense of their stiffness and
long-lasting ability. These are based in different structure, design and
construction and like Arch bridges. Chaotianmen bridge in China,
New river Gorge Bridge in Spain, Bayonne Bridge in New York and
Ayub Bridge in Sukkur Pakistan are the famous Iconic steel bridge in
world.

Ayub Arch Bridge :

A famous Railway bridge in Pakistan, named after the Field Marshal

Muhammad Ayub Khan, the President of Pakistan. The bridge is
based on Arch design, bended, with one of the toughest materials
known as Steel. The steel is still performing its core function well and
in strong position. Not a single flaw yet showed by the iconic bridge.

Ayub Arch Bridge

Structure and Demographics :

The bridge is situated between Rohri and Sukkur in Sindh province

and the construction of the bridge was started in 1959. The project
was completed in May 1962. The bridge is made with Iron and steel.
Considering the dimensions of the bridge the total length is 806 feet,
height is 247 feet and the track gauge is based on 1676 of train load-
bearing rails. The bridge is situated over the Indus river. The designer
of the bridge was David B Steinman and was only designed for
Railway traffic. The structuring of was Arch bridge and Truss Arch
bridge and both the deck and arch are made up of steel.

The Ayub bridge is constructed just aside Lansdowne Bridge to move

the railway traffic to each bridge equally. The two half arches formed
for supporting deck to cables and was one of the first bridge that hold
the railway desk with wire. The bridges are so close that for distance
they look as one bridge.

Steel structure design Methods

Basic design equation:

F.O.S x LOAD < STRENGTH OF MATERIAL

As we study in the class there are many methods for steel structure
design but the most common methods are LRFD and ASD.

1) LRFD:
LRFD means load and resistance factor design. In LRFD method the
factor of safety applied on both load (äct on the structure) and
resistance (resistance of structure againts the applied load) of the
material. Factor of safety means the ratio of ultimate strength of aa
member ( column or beam ) to the working stress. The uncertainity of
material strength and load also covered by the factor load or factor of
safety. E.g. If we add F.O.S 1.2 to the applied load and the
resistance, it will be

80% load = 20% resistance

2) ASD:
ASD ( Allowable stress design) also known as Working Stress
Design. In this method the factor load or factor of safety is applied
only to resistance of the material. This design method is more safe
and reserve as compared to the load and resistance factor design
(LRFD). The allowable stress design is calculated by

Load effects = material strength / F.O.S