Project of Shallow Gas Exploration of The Dutch Continental Shelf PPT#2 PDF

3rd Year Petroleum Geophysics
Program Project in Seismic Data

Interpretation Course
Moataz Mohamed & Abdelrahman Moussa

Project
Seismic interpretation of direct hydrocarbon
indicators
• Subject: seismic interpretation of the direct hydrocarbon indicators for hydrocarbon exploration,
offshore The Netherlands.
• Available datasets: 3D seismic data, well data and geological information .
• Project workflow:
1. Seismic data loading
2. Seismic amplitude anomalies screening
3. Seismic data interpretation
4. 3D seismic attributes analysis
5. Direct hydrocarbon indicators analysis
6. Reservoir delineation
7. Mapping
8. Hydrocarbon prospectivity analysis
9. Hydrocarbon in-place volume calculations and Risk assessment
10. Case study presentation
Shallow Gas Exploration of the
Dutch Continental Shelf , Offshore
The Netherlands.
Contents
• Introduction
• Study area location
• Tectonic settings
• Stratigraphic context
• Study motivation and objectives
• Available datasets and softwares
• Applied workflow
• Shallow gas prospect inventory
• Risk assessment
• High grade drillable prospects
• Conclusions and recommendations
Introduction…study area location
1°W 0°E 1°E 2°E 3°E 4°E 5°E 6°E 7°E 8°E 9°E 10°E 11°E
North Sea Denmark
55°N
Study area
(F3 block)
54°N
53°N
United Kingdom Germany

Netherlands
52°N
Gas fields
51°N N
Belgium Oil fields
Landsat TM7 image shows the location of the study area and the oil and gas fields of the Dutch North Sea
Introduction…study area location
F3-fa field
• Gas production
• Producing reservoir: Jurassic Central
F2a Hanze field Graben sandstone
• Oil and gas production •Gas recoverable reserves: 100 Bcf
• Producing reservoir: Paleocene Lower
North Sea sandstone
• Oil recoverable reserves: 66 MMbbl
• Gas recoverable reserves: 50 Bcf F3 block
F3-FB field
• Oil and gas production
• Producing reservoir: Jurassic Upper
Graben sandstone
• Oil recoverable reserves: 42 MMbbl
• Gas recoverable reserves: 670 Bcf
Gas fields
Oil fields
Index map of the F3 block shows the surrounding gas and oil fields
1°W 0°E 1°E 2°E 3°E 4°E 5°E 6°E 7°E 8°E 9°E 10°E 11°E
North Sea Denmark

G
55°N
A’
Study area
F3 block
A
54°N
53°N
G’
United Kingdom Germany
Netherlands
52°N
51°N N
Belgium
Duin et al, 2006
F3 block
Duin et al, 2006

Introduction…tectonic settings
Minimum
Dutch central Dutch central thickness
graben graben
Maximum
thickness
Late Permian sediments thickness Late Cretaceous sediments thickness

map shows the formation of Dutch map shows the inversion of Dutch
central graben central graben
Introduction…stratigraphic context
Reservoir: Upper North Sea Group

Sequences of clays and sands, locally brown-coal seams.
These sequences deposited in shallow-marine environment
mainly deposited in deltaic and fluvial systems.
Source rock : Kimmeridge clay Formation

Thick layers of shale
Gas prone
TOC: 2 – 4%
Stratigraphic column of the Dutch Central Graben.

Introduction…study motivations and objectives
Study motivations:
• Currently, exploration of the shallow gas in the offshore Netherlands become very
important.
• As the seismic DHI plays essential role to explore the shallow gas in the study area.
So that, we are focusing to delineate the potential shallow gas reservoirs through
detection of seismic DHI.
Study objectives:
1. Evaluate the potential hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in the F3 block

2. Generate shallow gas prospects in block F3 of the offshore Netherlands by
delineation of potential seismic DHI
3. Assess the geological risk associated with each prospect
4. Define the high grade drillable prospect(s) that can be drilled
Introduction…available datasets
3D seismic survey:
• Acquired and processed @ 2000
• Bin size 25m * 25m
3D seismic survey
boundary
• In time domain
• Moderate quality
• True amplitude preserved (AVO
friendly)
Well data:
• 4 wells
• GR, density, sonic and neutron porosity
logs available for all wells
• VSP available for all wells
• Formation markers
Applied workflow
• Seismic data
Data loading & QC • Wells & well logs
• Formation tops “markers”
Seismic wavelet estimation

& well-to-seismic tie
Structure “fault” Seismic DHI delineation &

interpretation workflow risking workflow
• Random noise suppression Seismic attributes for

Seismic data conditioning • Frequency enhancement &
amplitude anomaly detection
resolution improvement
Seismic attribute analysis Seismic DHI picking
Fault interpretation &

mapping
Horizon interpretation &

mapping & depth conversion
Prospect generation & inventory
Prospect maturation & risk assessment
High grad “drillable” prospect

Recommendations for figures
Prefer display of the seismic sections
B’ B
B’ B
TWT (ms)
Prefer display of the maps
Prospect inventory map
Prospect-10
Prospect-8 Prospect-9
Prospect-7
Prospect-5
Prospect-6
Prospect-4
Prospect-1
Prospect-3 Prospect-2
Prospect-1 montage
B’ B
Prospect -1
B
B’
TWT (ms)
Prospect-1
Seismic time structure map
Prospect name Geological information

Age Reservoir lithology Possible depositional environment Trap type Depth
Pliocene Unconsolidated sand Deltaic Three way dip closure
Seismic DHI
Bright spot Flat spot (GWC) Push down Low frequency zone DHI index
Prospect #1
Yes Yes Yes Yes 100
Risk assesment (POS)
Prospect-1
Source rock Migration Trap Seal Reservoir POS
90% 80% 80% 60% 80% 28% RMS seismic amplitude map
Q/A
Seismic Interpretation Project
(Chapter 1)

Contents
 Structure Contour Map
 Seismic interpretation by Stress Analysis
 Seismic Data Loading & QC
 Random noise suppression
 Loading well data into Petrel project
 Loading formation tops into Petrel project
 Petrel Module 1
20
Structure contour maps
Structure contour map: is a type of subsurface map
whose contours represent the elevation of a particular
formation, reservoir or geologic marker in space, such that
folds, faults and other geologic structures are clearly
displayed.
Contours: are lines on maps which connect equal values
What are the geological information that could be extracted

from structure contour map?
1. Depths of the subsurface formations and units
2. Paleo-geomorphology of subsurface sequences
3. Structural styles affected the subsurface layers
4. Dips of the subsurface beds
5. Potential structure closures (H.C. prospects)
6. Stress analysis
7. Possible depositional trends
8. Etc…
21
Structure styles extraction from structure contour map
Structure depth contour map (C.I. 50 m) 22

23
How to calculate layer dip from structure contour map?
24
tan(dip angle)= 50/1100 = 0.045

Dip angle= 2.60֯
25
tan(dip angle)= 50/860 = 0.0581

Dip angle= 3.32740֯
26
What is structure closure and how it can be
defined on the map?
Closure: is a place that prevent the
upward migration of the hydrocarbon.
Structure closure: is a place that

prevent the upward migration of the
hydrocarbon due to changes in dips.
Stratigraphic closure: is a place that

prevent the upward migration of the
hydrocarbon due to the presence of
reservoir encased by impermeable
layers.
27
Stratigraphic Closures
28
Stratigraphic Closures
29
30
31
32
33
Seismic interpretation workflow of fault systems
Basics of the principle stresses and tectonic regimes (settings)Principle stresses (σ):
are the stresses affecting any body in plan view under given loading. One of the
three stresses should be vertical and the other two should be horizontal.
Sv : Maximum vertical principle stress

Shmin : Minimum horizontal principle stress
Shmax : Maximum horizontal Stress
34
Seismic interpretation by Stress Analysis
Basics of the principle stresses and tectonic regimes (settings)Principle stresses (σ):
are the stresses affecting any body in plan view under given loading. One of the
three stresses should be vertical and the other two should be horizontal.
Sv : Maximum vertical principle stress

Shmin : Minimum horizontal principle stress
Shmax : Maximum horizontal Stress
35
SV (S1)
Shmin (S3)
36
SV (S1)
Shmin (S3)
Rocks above fault

plane (hanging wall)
Moved down 37
Applied workflow
Data loading & QC • Seismic data
• Wells & well logs



mapping


38
2D and 3D Seismic (Map View)
2D Seismic 3D Seismic
39
A-Seismic data loading and QC
• Seismic data usually stores in SEG-Y format.
• SEG-Y format is developed by SEG for storing seismic data on
1975.
• SEG-Y format is subdivided into two parties; file header and byte
positions
• File header usually has the applied processing sequence and basic
information of the seismic data
• SEG-Y file has 240 Byte positions. Each 4 Bytes have specific
information such as X-coordinate, shot point number, etc…
40
Example of SEG-Y file header
41
Example of SEG-Y file byte

position
42
Realize the survey dimensions and bin size
43
44
45
46
B-Data QC “adjust seismic amplitude dynamic range”
47
C- Define the seismic data polarity
48
C- Define the seismic data polarity
49
Random noise suppression
50
1. Median filter (MF)

• Median filter is a smoothing filter that has an edge-preserving nature, and is
good at removing seemingly random noise with high amplitudes (spike-like
noise). It is a nonlinear filter where the output is the median value within a
running window.
• The median filter is applying to the full-stack seismic data utilizing aperture
geometry design.
51
The Petrel interface to select the median filter

“attribute” to reduce the random noise.
The Petrel interface to define the median filter

parameters
Xline radius: How many Xlines could be included
in aperture design.
Inline radius: How many inline could be included
in aperture design.
Depth radius: How many samples could be include
in the aperture design 52
This example shows the

impact of applying
median filter to noisy full-
stack seismic data using
different aperture
geometry designs. It is
obvious from the example
that the overestimation of
the aperture geometry is
resulted in smoothing of
the seismic data and
smearing of the image that
hide the subsurface
structures and affecting
the continuity of the
seismic reflectors.
53
2. frequency filter
Frequency filter is a process of removing unwanted frequency components from the
seismic data. These frequency components are usually related to noise. The seismic
noise is characterized by very low and/or very high seismic frequencies that could be
eliminated by applying frequency filter “cutoffs”.
54
2. frequency filter
Several techniques could be used to define the frequency “cutoffs” to be eliminated
55
2. frequency filter
Several techniques could be used to define the frequency “cutoffs” to be eliminated
56
Original data
57
Median filter
58
Frequency filter
59
Applied workflow



mapping


60
Loading well data into Petrel project
61
62
Import basic well information

• Well name
• Coordinates (surface well location)
• KB elevation
• Well status
• Total depth (TD)
63
Import well logs
64
Applied workflow



mapping


65
Import well tops (markers)
66
67
Seismic to well tie
68
Objectives of Well-Seismic Ties
• Well-seismic ties allow well data, measured

in units of depth, to be compared to seismic Synthetic Trace
data, measured in units of time
• This allows us to relate horizon tops

identified in a well with specific reflections
on the seismic section
• We use sonic and density well logs to

generate a synthetic seismic trace
• The synthetic trace is compared to the real

seismic data collected near the well location
69
Check Shot Data
Check shots measure the vertical

one-way time from surface to
Seismic Shot
various depths (geophone positions)
within the well
Depth
– Used to determine start time of
top of well-log curves
– Used to calibrate the

Borehole
relationship between well
Geophone
depths and times calculated
from a sonic log
70
Time-Depth Chart
Method 1 Method 2 Method 3

Checkshot only Checkshot & Sonic Sonic & Start Time
Two-way Time Two-way Time Two-way Time

Seismic TVD (Depth)
Seismic TVD (Depth)
Seismic TVD (Depth)

There is generally no Recommended for all wells Recommended for all wells
advantage to use this method with reliable checkshots without reliable checkshots
compared to Method 2
71
Synthetic Seismogram
SynPAK Schematic
Depth Time
Domain Domain AI RC Synthetic
Velocity
T-D
Velocity
log Chart
log
AI
Computation RC
Depth Convolution
Computation
Conversion
Acoustic
Impedance
log
Density Density
log log
72
Q/A
73
(Chapter 2)
74
Interpretation Work Flow
1. Interpret Faults 2. Interpret Horizon Seeds 3. Create Fault

Polygon Set
Inline 500 Inline 500
6. Convert Time to Depth 5. Contour Time Map 4. Interpret Horizon
75
Interpret Faults
Inline 500
Inline 400
Inline 300
Inline 200
Inline 100
76
Interpret Horizon Seeds(Manual and Semi-automatic pickers)
Inline 500
Inline 400
Inline 300
Inline 200
Inline 100
77
FAULT HEAVE= FAULT POLYGONS
Heave
Throw
Foot Wall Hanging Wall
• Definition diagram for faults
78
Create and Associate Fault Polygon Set
79
Interpret Horizon
80
Contour and Convert to Depth
Time Structure Map Depth Structure Map
81
Why we need Depth conversion
• Seismic data measure depths (“distances”) in time (TWT).

• Drilling must be done in depth
– Velocity problems may distort true structure.
• Need to depth convert seismic data/horizons/faults.
• Various methods used – all are based on simple relationship:
Distance = Velocity x Time
• Degree of sophistication depends on variability (lateral, vertical) of
velocity field.
82
Depth Map by Shared Time-Depth Chart:(Depth Conversion)
Uses one T-D chart for the entire horizon (obtains a

depth value for each horizon time value from the T-D chart)
Best for velocity model with no lateral velocity change
(Example: deep water area in Gulf of Mexico)
Also good for model that changes with respect to the mudline
Velocity Model (Velocity is a function of depth)

Ground
V1
Horizon A
Horizon B V2
Horizon C V3
V4
83
Depth Map by Shared Time-Depth Chart:(Depth Conversion)

Time
Time Depth
84
Depth Conversion
Depth = Average Velocity x Two-way time/2
Ground
Average Two-way
Velocity Time
Depth of
Horizon C
Horizon C
85
Average Velocity Map Types:(Depth Conversion)
Derive the average velocity at each Well location
well in 3 ways:
2DFT
Time surface Vavg = ____
1. Apparent – seismic time & TSeis TSeis
formation top Formation DFT
top
(TSeis, DFT)
Well location DTD
2. Time Surface – seismic 2DTD

time & T-D chart Time surface Vavg = ____
TSeis
(TSeis, DTD) Formation
TSeis
T-D chart
top
Well location
3. Formation Top –
DFT
formation top & T-D chart 2DFT
Vavg = ____
(TTD, DFT) Time surface
TTD TTD
Formation T-D
top chart
86
• Multiply velocity map by a 1WT structure map (upper right). Result is
a depth map (bottom)
– Need to account for difference (if any) between seismic reference
datum and sea level to convert to true depth/elevation with respect
to sea level
87
Depth Map by Average Velocity Method:(Depth Conversion)

VAVG at wells
Gridding
Time VAVG Depth
Editing
88
Depth Map by Interval Velocity Method:(Depth Conversion)
Computes interval velocity for each layer at well locations

Computes interval time (isochron) for each layer
Computes interval thickness (isopach) for each layer
Sums all the layer thicknesses to obtain depth map
Best for velocity model with lateral velocity change
- Structural change and bed thickness change
- Interval velocities behave consistently within layers
- Also known as layer cake method
0’
A V1
V2
B
C V3
V4
89
Depth Map by Interval Velocity Method:(Depth Conversion)
Computes interval velocity, isochron and isopach for each layer
Sums all the layer thicknesses to obtain depth map
VIntVel at wells Depth-Base C
Gridding
Isochron A VIntVel A Isopach A
Editing
Isochron B VIntVel B Isopach B
Editing
Isochron C VIntVel C Isopach C
Editing
90
Q/A
91
(Chapter 3)
92
Seismic Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators
93
Acquisition and Processing Considerations
• instrumental effects during data acquisition must be monitored (e.g., differences in

equipment between detector sites or variations in source strength)
• data processing should not introduce artificial amplitude variations to the
waveforms
• note that amplitude is affected by distance travelled by the wave (spreading,
attenuation, etc.) so that later (deeper) reflections have a lower amplitude
94
Seismic DHI
Seismic direct hydrocarbons indicators: An anomalous seismic amplitude attribute

value or pattern that could be explained by the presence of hydrocarbons in gas or oil
reservoirs.
Seismic DHI
Indicators for Indicators for Indicators for

hydrocarbon hydrocarbon – water hydrocarbon
reservoirs presence contact migration
 Seismic bright spots  Seismic flat spots

 Low frequency zone  Seismic phase  Gas chimney
 Seismic velocity push- reversing
down
95
Bright spot
is a local high amplitude seismic attribute anomaly that can indicate the presence
of hydrocarbons
96
Dim spot
is a local low amplitude seismic attribute anomaly.
For a dim spot to occur, the shale has to have a lower acoustic impedance than
both the water sand and the oil/gas sand
97
Flat Spot
Flat spot is a seismic amplitude attribute anomaly that appears as a

horizontal reflector cutting across the stratigraphy elsewhere present on
the seismic image.
A flat spot can result from the increase in acoustic impedance when a gas-
filled porous rock (with a lower acoustic impedance) overlies a liquid-
filled porous rock (with a higher acoustic impedance)
98
Bright Spot
Flat Spot
?
Dim Spot
Seismic flat spot at the contact between the gas

reservoir and the water
Example from Troll Field, Norway 99
Polarity Reversal
For a polarity reversal to occur, the shale has to have a lower acoustic impedance
than the water sand and both are required to have a higher acoustic impedance
than the oil/gas sand.
100
Velocity Sag
An apparent depression under a gas accumulation resulting from the lowering of

velocity associated with passing through the gas.
101
Velocity Sag
Seismic bright spot due

to presence of gas
reservoirs
Seismic push-down
effect
Example of seismic velocity push-down due to
presence of hydrocarbon from offshore North Sea
102
Low Frequency Zone
The presence of the hydrocarbon (gas or/and oil) is affecting the seismic wave energy
that is travelling through it. The seismic wave energy tend to absorb “attenuated”
within the hydrocarbon reservoirs. This resulted in decreasing of the seismic wave
frequency. So that, the hydrocarbon reservoirs are characterize by lower frequency than
the surrounded rocks.
Low frequency zone due
to presence of gas
reservoirs
Seismic bright spot due

to presence of gas
reservoirs
Example of low frequency zone due to presence of hydrocarbon from offshore The
Netherlands 103
Gas Chimneys and Pockmarks
Chimneys are vertical chaotic disturbances in seismic sections related to the

propagation of fluids (especially gas) through fissures and fractures in rocks.
Pockmarks are craters in the seabed caused by erupting through the sediments.
104
Q/A
105

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3rd Year Petroleum Geophysics

Program Project in Seismic Data

Moataz Mohamed & Abdelrahman Moussa

North Sea Denmark

United Kingdom Germany

North Sea Denmark

Duin et al, 2006

Duin et al, 2006

Late Permian sediments thickness Late Cretaceous sediments thickness

Reservoir: Upper North Sea Group

Source rock : Kimmeridge clay Formation

Stratigraphic column of the Dutch Central Graben.

1. Evaluate the potential hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in the F3 block

Seismic wavelet estimation

Structure “fault” Seismic DHI delineation &

• Random noise suppression Seismic attributes for

Seismic attribute analysis Seismic DHI picking

Fault interpretation &

Horizon interpretation &

Prospect generation & inventory

Prospect maturation & risk assessment

High grad “drillable” prospect

Prospect name Geological information

Moataz Mohamed & Abdelrahman Moussa

 Structure Contour Map

 Seismic interpretation by Stress Analysis

 Seismic Data Loading & QC

 Random noise suppression

 Loading well data into Petrel project

 Loading formation tops into Petrel project

Contours: are lines on maps which connect equal values

What are the geological information that could be extracted

Structure depth contour map (C.I. 50 m) 22

tan(dip angle)= 50/1100 = 0.045

tan(dip angle)= 50/860 = 0.0581

Structure closure: is a place that

Stratigraphic closure: is a place that

Sv : Maximum vertical principle stress

Sv : Maximum vertical principle stress

Rocks above fault

Structure “fault” Seismic DHI delineation &

• Random noise suppression Seismic attributes for

Seismic attribute analysis Seismic DHI picking

Fault interpretation &

Horizon interpretation &

Prospect generation & inventory

Prospect maturation & risk assessment

High grad “drillable” prospect

Example of SEG-Y file header

Example of SEG-Y file byte

1. Median filter (MF)

The Petrel interface to select the median filter

The Petrel interface to define the median filter

This example shows the

Structure “fault” Seismic DHI delineation &

• Random noise suppression Seismic attributes for

Seismic attribute analysis Seismic DHI picking

Fault interpretation &

Horizon interpretation &

Prospect generation & inventory

Prospect maturation & risk assessment

High grad “drillable” prospect

Import basic well information