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Ex 2 8 FSC Part2 Ver3 PDF
Ex 2 8 FSC Part2 Ver3 PDF
8 (Solutions)Page 101
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 3.0
Maclaurin Series
x2 x3
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ....
2! 3!
Question # 1
Apply the Maclaurin series expansion to prove that:
x 2 x3 x 4
(i) ln(1 + x) = x − + − + ......
2 3 4
2 4
x x x6
(ii) cos x = 1 − + − + ......
2! 4! 6!
x x2 x3
(iii) 1 + x = 1 + − + + .....
2 8 16
x x 2 x3
(iv) e = 1 + x + + + .....
2! 3!
2x 4 x 2 8 x3
(v) e = 1 + 2 x + + + .....
2! 3!
Solution
(i) Let f ( x) = ln(1 + x)
⇒ f (0) = ln(1 + 0) = 0
d 1
f ′( x) = ln(1 + x) =
dx 1+ x
1
⇒ f ′(0) = = 1
1+ 0
d −1 −2
f ′′( x) = (1 + x ) = − (1 + x )
dx
−2
⇒ f ′′(0) = − (1 + 0 ) = − 1
d
f ′′′( x) = −(1 + x) −2 = + 2(1 + x) −3
dx
⇒ f ′′′(0) = 2(1 + 0) −3 = 2
d −3 −4
f ( iv ) ( x) = 2 (1 + x ) = − 6 (1 + x )
dx
−4
⇒ f (0) = − 6 (1 + 0 )
( iv )
= −6
By Maclaurin series
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FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 2
x2 x3
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ......
2! 3!
x2 x3 x4
⇒ ln(1 + x) = 0 + x(1) + (−1) + (2) + (−6) + ......
2! 3! 4!
2 3 4
x x x
= x− + (2) − (6) + ......
2 ⋅1 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1
x 2 x3 x 4
= x − + − + ......
2 3 4
(iii) Let f ( x) = 1+ x
1 1
= (1 + x ) 2 ⇒ f (0) = (1 + 0) 2 = 1
d 1
f ′( x) = (1 + x ) 2
dx
1 −1 1 −1
= (1 + x ) 2 (1) = (1 + x ) 2
2 2
FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 3
1 −1 1
⇒ f ′( 0) = (1 + 0 ) 2 =
2 2
d 1 −1 1
2 = − (1 + x ) 2
−3
f ′′ ( x ) = (1 + x )
dx 2 4
1 −3 1
⇒ f ′′(0) = − (1 + 0 ) 2 = −
4 4
1 d
1+ x) 2
− 3
f ′′′( x) = − (
4 dx
1 3 −5 3 −5
= − − (1 + x ) 2 = (1 + x ) 2
4 2 8
3 −5 3
⇒ f ′′′ ( 0 ) = (1 + 0 ) 2 =
8 8
Now by Maclaurin series
x2 x3
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ......
2! 3!
1 x 2 1 x3 3
⇒ 1 + x = 1 + x ⋅ + ⋅ − + ⋅ + .....
2 2! 4 3! 8
1 x 2 1 x3 3
= 1 + x ⋅ + ⋅ − + ⋅ + .....
2 2 4 6 8
x x2 x3
= 1 + − + + .....
2 8 16
⇒ f ′ ( 0 ) = 2e 2(0) = 2(1) = 2
d 2x
f ′′ ( x ) = 2 ( ) dx
e( )
= 2 2e2 x = 4e 2 x
⇒ f ′′ ( 0 ) = 4e 2(0) = 4(1) = 4
d 2x
f ′′′ ( x ) = 4 ( ) dx
e ( )
= 4 2e2 x = 8e 2 x
⇒ f ′′′ ( 0 ) = 8 e2(0) = 8
By Maclaurin series
x2 x3
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ......
2! 3!
x2 x3
⇒ e2 x = 1 + x(2) + (4) + (8) + .....
2! 3!
2 3
4 x 8x
= 1 + 2x + + + .....
2! 3!
[
Question # 2
Show that
h2 h3
cos ( x + h ) = cos x − h sin x − cos x + sin x + ......
2 3
and evaluate cos61 .
Solution Let f ( x) = cos x
d
f ′( x ) = cos x = − sin x
dx
d
f ′′ ( x ) = − sin x = − cos x
dx
d
f ′′′ ( x ) = − cos x = − ( − sin x ) = sin x
dx
By Taylor series
h2 h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x) + ′ ′′
f ( x) + f ′′′( x) + ....
2! 3!
h2 h3
⇒ cos ( x + h ) = cos x + h ( − sin x ) + ( − cos x ) + ( sin x ) + ......
2! 3!
2 3
h h
⇒ cos ( x + h ) = cos x − h sin x − cos x + sin x + ......
2 3
π
Put x = 60 and h = 1 = = 0.01745 rad
180
2 3
2 d 2 3
f ′′′ ( x ) = ( ln 2 ) 2 x = ( ln 2 ) 2 x ⋅ ln 2 = ( ln 2 ) 2 x
dx
Now by Taylor series
h2 h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ′( x) + f ′′( x) + f ′′′( x) + ....
2! 3!
h2 2 x h3 3
⇒ 2 x+h
= 2 + h ⋅ 2 ⋅ ln 2 + ⋅ ( ln 2 ) 2 + ( ln 2 ) 2 x + ......
x x
2! 3!
x
2 3
2 h 3 h
= 2 1 + ( ln 2 ) h + ( ln 2 ) + ( ln 2 ) + ......
2! 3!