VISION

MENTABILITY

CLASS – IX

VOLUME – I
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 INDEX

S.N. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

VERBAL REASONING
1. ANALOGY 3
2. NUMBER SERIES 24
3. ALPHANUMERIC 30
SERIES
4. ALPHABET SERIES 33
5. BLOOD RELATION 35

NO N -VERBAL REASONING
6. ANALOGY 38
7. CLASSIFICATION 45
8. DICE TEST 49
9. EMBEDDED FIGURE 55

ARITHMETICAL REASONING
10. CALENDER 59
11. CLOCK 62
12. AVERAGE 69
13. RATIO AND 79
PROPORTION

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 VERBAL REASONING
1-ANALOGY

‘Analogy’ means ‘correspondence’.

In questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and another similar
relationship has to identify from the alternatives provided. Analogy tests are, therefore,
meant to test a candidate’s overall knowledge, power of reasoning and ability to think
concisely and accurately. Below are given some common relationships which will help you
detect most analogies better.
COMMON RELATIONSHIPS
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dfBukb;ka Hkxoku dk lans’k gksrh gSA] mudk lkeuk
djrs le; gesa Hkxoku ds fo’okl ds :I esa] Hkxoku ls
vfHkuanu ds :i esa mudk lEeku djuk pkfg,A
 COMPLETING THE ANALOGOUS PAIR

In this type of questions, two words are given. These words are related to each other in
some way. Another word is also given. The candidate is required to find out the
relationship between the first two words and choose the word from the given
alternatives, which bears the same relationship to the third word, as the first two bear.
EXAMPLE

EXERCISE -I
Directions : In each of the following questions, there is a certain relationship between
two given words on one side of: : and one word is given on another side of: : while
another word is to be found from the given alternatives, having the same relation with
this word as the words of the given pair bear Choose the correct alternative.
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DIRECT/SIMPLE ANALOGY

EXERCISE - II
“Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.”
 CHOOSING THE ANALOGOUS PAIR

In this type of questions, a pair of words is given, followed by four pairs of words as
alternatives. The candidate is required to choose the pair in which the words bear the
same relationship to each other as the words of the given pair bear.
EXAMPLES
 EXERCISE - III

Directions: The following questions consist of two words each that have a certain
relationship to each other, followed by four lettered pairs of words. Select the lettered
pair that has the same relationship as the original pair of words.
 EXERCISE - IV

Directions: The following questions consist of two words each that have a certain
relationship to each other, followed by four lettered pairs of words. Select the lettered
pair that has the same relationship as the original pair of words printed in bold.
 DOUBLE ANALOGY

EXERCISE - V
Directions: In each of the following questions, two words indicated by I and II have been left
out. The correct word to come in place of I is given as one of the four alternatives [(1), (2), (3)
and (4)] against I and the correct word to come in place of II is given as one of the four
alternatives [(A), (B), (C) and (D)] against II. Read with the correct words, there is some
relationship between the two words to the left of sign (::) and the same relationship obtains
between the two words to the right of the sign (::). The correct combination is given as one of
the four alternatives (a), (b), (c) and (d). Find the correct combination in each.
Vision Just Criss Cross
 CHOOSING A SIMILAR WORD

In this type of questions, a group of three/four words is given, followed by four other
words as alternatives. The candidate is required to choose the alternative, which is
similar to the given words.
EXAMPLES

EXERCISE
Directions (Questions 1 to 10) : In each of the following questions, a group of three/four
inter-related words is given. Choose a word from the given alternatives that is similar
to the given words and hence belongs to the same group.
 NUMBER ANALOGY

This section deals with two types of questions:

I. Choosing a number related to a given number in the same manner as the two numbers
of another given pair are related to each other;
II. Choosing a similarly related pair as the given number pair on the basis of the relation
between the numbers in each pair;
III. Choosing a number similar to a group of numbers on the basis of certain common
properties that they possess;
1V Choosing a number set similar to a given number set.

EXAMPLES

Ex. 5. 3: 7 :: 4: ?
(a) 14 (b) 16 (c) 18 (d) 20
Sol. 32 – 2 = 7
Hence, the answer is (a)
 EXERCISE

Directions (Questions 1 to 15) : In each of the following questions, there is a certain

relationship between two given numbers on one side of: : and one number is given on
another side of: : while another number is to be found from the given alternatives,
having the same relationship with this number as the numbers of the given pair bear
Choose the best alternative.
 ALPHABET ANALOGY

In this type of questions, two groups of letters related to each other in some way, are given.
The candidate is reburied to find out this relationship and then choose either a letter –
group which is related in the same way to a third group provided in the question or a pair
consisting of similarly related letter – groups.
EXAMPLES

Ex.4. LOGIC: BHFNK:: CLERK : ?

(a) XVRPA (b) QBKJA (c) LPRTU (d) JQDKB
Sol. D . JQDKB
Clearly, The order of the letters of the first group is reversed and each
letter is moved one step backward to obtain the corresponding letters of
the second group.
Ex.5. BYCK : DWEV : : FUGT : ?
(a) EHIJ (b) GHIJ (c) HSIR (d) SRHS
Sol. C . HSIR Clearly, The first and third letters of the first group are each
moved two steps forward, and the second and fourth letters are each moved
two steps backward to obtain the corresponding letters of the second group.
 EXERCISE - I
Directions (Questions 1 to 15): In each of the following questions, there is some
relationship between the two terms to the left of :: and the same relationship holds
between the two terms to its right. Also, in each question, one term either to the right of
: : or to the left of it is missing. This term is given as one of the alternatives given below
each question. Find out this term.

Sudoku Puzzle
 EXERSICE – II

Directions (Questions 1 to 5): In each of the following questions, there is some

relationship between the two terms to the left of : : and the same relationship holds
between the two terms to its right. Also, in each question one term either to the right
of:: or to the left of it is missing. This term is given as one of the alternatives given
below each question. Find out this term.
 2 – NUMBER SERIES

FIND THE MISSING TERM IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SERIES:

 EXERCISE – I

Directions: In each of the following questions, a number series is given with one term
missing. Choose the correct alternativ1that will continue the same pattern and replace
the question mark in the given series.
 Sudoku Puzzle

Mind
Exercise
 EXERCISE – II

 Finding the Wrong Term in the Given Series

 Directions (Questions 1 to 20) : In each of the following questions, one term in the
number series is wrong. Find out the wrong term.
A great people has been moved to
defend a great nation.
 3 – ALPHANUMERIC SERIES

Alphanumeric (sometimes shortened to alphameric) is a combination of alphabetic and

numeric characters. In some cases, it may include upper and lower case letters, punctuation
marks, and symbols (such as @, &, and *,).
This type of reasoning is a mixed bag of coding-decoding, series-based reasoning and
finding positions based reasoning questions.
Points to note
Before jumping to the questions, let us understand the meaning of few key words that are
generally used in such questions like "following, followed by, preceding, and preceded
by".
 Let us take two successive alphabets Y and Z. Here, Y is preceding Z and Z is
preceded by Y. Also, Z is following Y and Y is followed by Z.
 Now, take three successive alphabets X, Y and Z. Here X and Y are preceding Z, but
Y is immediately preceding Z whereas, X is not immediately preceding Z. Similarly,
Y and Z are following X, but Y is immediately following X whereas, Z is not
immediately following X.

DIRECTIONS (Example no. 1-5): Study the following digit-letter-symbol sequence

carefully and answer the questions given below:
4P+Sr9B#A3?7c>Z%6d&Q@1
Example 1: If the above sequence is written in the reverse order, then which element
will be 5th to the right of 16th element from the right end?
Solution: Reversed Sequence - 1 @ Q & d 6 % Z > c 7 ? 3 A # B 9 r S + P 4.
Hence, now the 16th element from the right end is % and 5 th to the right of % is ?
Example 2: How many such numbers are there in the above sequence, each of which
is immediately preceded by a consonant and immediately followed by a
symbol?
Solution: Check for the sequence Consonant-number-symbol. There is only 1 such case
in the above sequence: A 3 ?
Example 3: Which element is seventh to the left of sixteenth element from the left in the
above sequence?
Solution: The sixteenth element from the left is %. Now, we move 7th to the left of %,
which is A. Hence, A is be the answer.
Example 4: If the first half of the series is written in reverse order, then which element will
be fourteenth from the right end?
Solution: There are a total of 22 characters in the above sequence. Since, the first half of
the above sequence is reversed, therefore, the sequence is:
?3 A#B9rS+P47c>Z%6d&Q@1
So, the required 14th character from right is +
Example 5: Which element will be fourteenth from the right end, if second half of the series
is reversed?
Solution: There are total 22 characters given in the above sequence. As only the second
half is reversed the sequence becomes:
4P+Sr9B#A3?1@Q&d6%Z>c7
So, the required 14th character from right is A.

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 EXERCISE

Directions (Q. No. 1-5): Study the following digit-letter-symbol sequence carefully and
answer the questions given below:
R*TJL2$D=M#8C%B<K1&AW?PE+Q@7F6
1. How many such numbers are there in the above sequence, each of which is immediately
preceded by a consonant and immediately followed by a symbol?
(1) Nil (2) One (3) Three (4) Four (5) None
2. Which of the following is sixth to the left of eighteenth element from the left?
(1) % (2) C (3) 1 (4) 8 (5) None
3. If the above sequence is written in reverse order then which of the following will be sixth
to the right of sixteenth element from the right end?
(1) M (2) A (3) B (4) ? (5) None
4. If the first fifteen elements in the above sequence are written in reverse order, then which
of the following wil be twenty-first from the right end?
(1) 2 (2) $ (3) = (4) L (5) None
5. What should come in place of question mark in the following on the basis of above
sequence? *RJ:F6@LJ$ :Q@ED$ M:?
(1) # M C (2) P E W (3) P ? + (4) P E ? (5) None

Directions (Q. No. 6-10): Study the following series of alpha-numeric-symbol

combination and answer the questions that follow:
SK6£ Q2R*CF8 E$ G2#49LN3 UV5 YaB7 W9
6. How many symbols are there in the above arrangement each of which is immediately
preceded by but not immediately followed by a letter of English alphabet?
(1) Nil (2) One (3) Two (4) Three (5) None
7. What should come in place of question mark in the following series?
S9K6W£Q72?CaF
(1) R Y * (2) *Y C (3) 2 B R (4) R B * (5) None
8. If the positions of # and $ are interchanged, so also the positions of £ and *,Q and K and
F and V are interchanged, which of the following will be the ninth element to the left of
eighteenth element from the left?
(1) C (2) V (3) 8 (4) * (5) None
9. Four of the following five are alike in respect of their positions in the above series.
Which is the one that does not belong to that group?
(1) Q * 8 (2) £ R F (3) 6 2 C (4) 2 * 8 (5) R F $
10. S K £ is related to 9 W B in the same way as Q 2 * is related to
(1) a V U (2) a Y 5 (3) 7 B Y (4) B Y V (5) a Y V

Directions (Q. 11-15): Answer these questions referring to the symbol – letter – number
sequence given below:
H ⍺ K 7 D ¢ M L 3 ● G 7 β Z 6 * δ θ 1 F B @ 9 S γ 2 $ P 4 A ∆ 5
11. How many letters in the sequence either immediately precede a number or immediately
follow a symbol?
(1) Eight (2) Four (3) Five (4) Six (5) None
12. What is the total number of ‘the letters immediately preceded by a number belonging to
the second half of the sequence’ and ‘the symbol immediately preceded by a letter
belonging to the second half of the English alphabet’ in the above sequence?
(1) Three (2) Four (3) Five (4) Six (5) None

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13. If the second half of the series is written in the reverse order which of the following will
be twelfth element to the right of ninth element from your left?
(1) 4 (2) $ (3) P (4) A (5) None
14. Which of the following will be the seventh element to the left of 19th element from your
left in the above series?
(1) Z (2) β (3) G (4) 7 (5) None
15. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and hence from a group. Which one
does not belong to the group?
(1) H ¢ 7 (2) k ● 6 (3) D β 1 (4) M * 9 (5) L @ 4

Directions (Q.16 -23) Answer these questions referring to the symbol – letter
– number sequence given below.
% £ 8 σ K β Z M S < 2 @ 7 E ⍺ * Σ P 6 1 D $ L 5 # 1 4
16. What is the total number of ‘the symbols immediately preceded by a number’ and ‘the
numbers immediately preceded by a letter’ in the above sequence?
(1) Six (2) Seven (3) Five (4) Four (5) None
17. ‘* Σ’ is related to ‘P⍺’ in the same way as ‘$#’ is related to
(1) I Σ (2) L5 (3) ID (4) 5L (5) None
18. Four of the five are similar in respect of their positions in the above sequence and hence
from a group. Which one does not belong to the group?
(1) Z σ M (2) @ S 7 (3) Σ ⍺ P (4) I Σ D (5) # S I
19. If letters at even places in the English alphabet are arranged in alphabetical order among
themselves from left and numbers are arranged in descending order from left then in the
rearranged series how many elements will be there between 6 and Z?
(1) 9 (2) 8 (3) 10 (4) 7 (5) None
20. What will come in place of the question mark (?) in the following character series?
8 β S, Z < 7, 2 E Σ, ?
(1) D54 (2) ⍺PD (3) ΣIL (4) 6#$ (5) None
21. A rat runs 20’ towards East and turns to right, runs 10’ and turns to right, runs 9’ and
again turns to left, runs 5’ and then turns to left, runs 12’ and finally turns to left and runs
6’. Now which direction is the rat facing?
(1) East (2) West (3) North (4) South (5) None
22. In a row of 29 boys Vijay is at seventeenth position from the left end while Manish is
seventeenth from the right end. How many boys are there between Vijay and Manish?
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 3 (4) Cannot be determined(5)None
23. Pointing to a boy in a photograph, Akhil says, “He is the son of my mother’s only son.”
How is Akhil related to that boy?
(1) Uncle (2) Brother (3) Father (4) Cousin (5) None
S K 6 £ Q 2 R * C F 8 E $ G 2 # 4 9 L N 3 U V 5Y α B 7 W 9
24. What should come in place of question mark in the following series?
S9K 6W£ Q7R ? CαF
(1). RY* (2) * Y C (3) 2BR (4) RB*
25. How many symbols are there in the above arrangement each of which is immediately
preceded by but not immediately followed by a letter of English alphabet ?
(1) Nil (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3

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 4. ALPHABET SERIES

In this type of questions, a series of single, pairs or groups of letters or combinations of

letters and numerals is given. The terms of the series form a certain pattern as regards
the position of the letters in the English alphabet. The candidate is required to decipher
this pattern and accordingly find the missing term or the wrong term in the given
series.
 EXERCISE- I

Directions In each of the following questions, various terms of an alphabet series are
given with one or more terms missing as shown by (?) Choose the missing terms out of
the given alternatives. –

Freedom of choice is a universal principal to which there should be no exceptions.

5–BLOOD RELATIONS

EXAMPLES
EXERCISE – I
* You need to complete the maze by entering from the entrance (near yellow circle - bottom left) and they
leave from the exit point (near green circle - bottom middle).
You need to follow below rules:
1. You can go through one circle more than once.
2. You can move only by exchanging green and yellow circles.

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 Non – Verbal Reasoning
6. ANALOGY

‘Analogy’ implies ‘Corresponding’. In the problems based on analogy, a pair of related

figures is provided and a similar relationship is to be established between two other figures,
by selecting one or both of them from a set of alternatives. The various types of problems
upon Analogy have been discussed with examples and exercises in this chapter.

SIMILARLY RELATED PAIR

This type of Analogy involves problems consisting of four figures marked A, B, C and D
forming the Problem Set and five other figures marked 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 forming the Answer
Set. The figures A and B of the Problem set are related in a particular manner and a similar
relationship is to be established between figures C and D by choosing a figure from the
Answer set which would replace the question mark in fig. (C) or fig. (D).
EXAMPLE
 EXERCISE
Directions : Each of the following questions consists of two sets of figures. Figures A, B,
C and D constitute the Problem Set while figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 constitute the Answer
Set. There is a definite relationship between figures A and B. Establish a similar
relationship between figures C and D by selecting a suitable figure from the Answer Set
that would replace the question mark (?) in fig. (D).
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Sudoku Puzzle
 7. CLASSIFICATION

In the chapter on Classification, we deal with problems of ‘Odd-Man-Out’ type. In such

problems, we are given a set of figures, such that all, except one have similar characteristics!
features. We are required to select the figure which differs from all other figures in the given
set. Several other types of problems based upon classification are also discussed in details in
this chapter.

THE ODD FIGURE

In such type of problems, we are given a set of five/four figures, out of which all except one
are alike in some manner. We have to select the exclusively different figure in the given set.
Following examples will make understanding easier.
EXAMPLES

yxu ls Kku feyrk gSA

yxu ds vHkko esa Kku [kks tkrk gSA
 EXERCISE

Directions: In each problem, out of the flue figures marked (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e), four are
similar in a certain manner. However, one figure is not like the other four. Choose the figure
which is different from the rest.

tks HkkX;’kkyh gS og mnkj gksrk gS] vkSj mnkjrk ls

gh ekuo HkkX;’kkyh curk gSA
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Solve it with
the help of
your
guardians
 8. DICE TEST

Show Points:-
1. General Dice: In a general dice the sum of numbers on the any two adjacent faces
is 7’.
2. Standard Dice: In a standard dice the sum of numbers on the opposite faces is ‘7’.

 TYPE – I
General Dice : In a general dice the sum of numbers on the any two adjacent faces is 7’.
Standard Dice: In a standard dice the sum of numbers on the opposite faces is ‘7’.

Ex1. Which number is opposite 4 in a standard dice given below?

(A) 1 (B)3 (C)5 (D) Can’t be determined

 TYPE - II

Ex2. The figures given below show the two different positions of a dice. Which number will
appear opposite to number 2?

Step I.
The dice, when unfolded, will appear as shown in the figure given on the right side.
Step II.
Write the common number to both the dice in the middle block. Since common
number is 4, hence number 4 will appear in the central block.
Step III.
Consider the figure (i) and write the first number in the anti-clockwise direction of
number 4, (common number) in block I and second number in block II. Therefore,
numbers 3 and 2 being the first and second number to 4 in anticlockwise directions
respectively, will appear in block I & II respectively.
Step IV. Consider figure (ii) and wire first and second number in the anticlock-wise
direction to number 4, (common number) in block (III) & (IV). Hence numbers 6 and
5 will appear in the blocks Ill and IV respectively.

Step V.
Write remaining number in the remaining block. Therefore, number 1 will come in
the remaining block. Now, from the unfolded figures we find that number opposite to
6 is 3, number opposite to 2 is 5 and number opposite to 4 is 1. Therefore, option (C)
is our answer.

Short Trick: From the given dice, we will take the common number as the base and then in
its respect move clockwise direction and write as
Follows: 4—2—3 4—5—6.
Here, we find that number opposite to 6 is 3, number opposite to 2 is 5 and number opposite
to 4 is remaining number 1. Therefore, option (C) is our answer.

Ex3. On the basis of two figures of dice, you have to tell what number will be on the
opposite face of number 5?

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C)4 (D)6

Sol.(D) The above question where only two positions of a dice are given, can easily be
solved with the following method. If in the given dice, there are two numbers common, then
uncommon numbers will always be opposite of each other. Therefore, option (D) is our
answer.

 TYPE - III
Ex 4. From the following figures of dice, find which number will come in place of ?

(A) 4 (B)5 (C)2 (D) 3

Sol. (D) If the above dice is unfolded, it will look like as the figure (i) given below.

Now the number in place of ?‘ can be obtained by making a slight change in the figure as
given here. Now comparing figure (ii) with third dice as above, we get that number in place
of? is 3.

 TYPE – IV
Ex 5. A dice has been thrown four times and produces following results.

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 Which number will appear opposite to the number 3?
(A)4 (B)5 (C)6 (D)1
Sol. (A) From the figures (i), (ii) and (iv) we find that numbers 6, 1, 5 and 2 appear on the
adjacent surfaces to the number 3. Therefore, number 4 will be opposite to number 3.

 TYPE – V
Ex6. Which of the following dices is identical to the unfolded figure as shown here?

Sol. (A) From the unfolded figure of dice, we find that number opposite to 2 is 4, for 5 it is 3
and for 1 it is 6. From this result we can definitely say that figure (B), (C) and (D) cannot be
the answer figure as numbers lying on the opposite pair of surfaces are present on the
adjacent surfaces.

Ex7. Two positions of a dice are shown below. Which number will appear on the face
opposite to the face with the number 5?

(A) 2/6 (B)2 (C)6 (D)4

Sol. common faces with number 3, are in same positions. Hence the number of the opposite
face to face with number 5 will be 6.

Ex8. How many points will be on the face opposite to in face which contains 2 points?

(A) 1 (B)5 (C)6 (D)4

In first two positions of dice one common face containing 5 is same. Therefore the
face opposite to the face which contains 2 point will contains 6 points.

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 EXERCISE

1. Which alphabet is opposite D ?

(A) E (B) C (C)F (D) A

2. What should be the number opposite 4 ?

(A) 5 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D)2

3.
Which letter will be opposite to letter D?
(A)A (B) B (C)E (D)F
Directions: (4 to 5) The figure (X) given below is the unfolded position of a cubical dice. In
each of the following questions this unfolded figure is followed by four different figures of
dice. You have to select the figure which is identical to the figure (X).

4.

5.

Directions (6 to 8) In each of the following questions, select the correct option for the
question asked.

6. Which number will come opposite to number 2?

(A) 5 (B)1 (C)6 (D)3
7. Which number will come opposite to number 6?
(A) 1 (B)5 (C) 4 (D) 3
8. Which number will come opposite to number 4?
(A) 3 (B)5 (C) 1 (D) 2
9. On the basis of two figures of dice, you have to tell what number will be on the
opposite face of number 5 ?

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C)4 (D)6

10. Which symbol will appear on the opposite surface to the symbol x?

(A) ÷ (C) ∆ (B)= (D)O

11. Three positions of the same dice are given below. Observe the figures carefully and
tell which number will come in place of ‘?‘ (NTSE Stage-IIRaj.12013)

(A) 1 (B)6 (C)3 (D)5

12. On the basis of the following figures you have to tell which number will come in
opposite of ‘?‘

(A) 2 (B)3 (C)6 (D) 4

Direction (13 to 15) Choose from the alternatives, the boxes that will be formed when figure
(X) is folded:

13.

14.

15.

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Direction : (16) The six faces of a cube have been marked with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
respectively. This cube is rolled down three times. The three positions are given. Choose the
figure that will be formed when the cube is unfolded.

16.

17. Which number is opposite 3 in a standard dice given below ?

(A)1 (B)4 (C) 5 (D) Can’t be determined

18. Which number is opposite 4 ?

(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1

Direction (19) In the following question four positions of the same dice have been shown.
You have to see these figures and select the number opposite to the number as asked in each
question.

19. Which number is opposite to number 5?

(A)6 (B)5 (C)1 (D)3
20. Following questions are based on different faces of the “Dice”. dice test. Numbers
from 1 to 6 are marked on (NTSE Stage-I!RajJ2007)
The number opposite to 4 is

(A)1 (B)2 (C)5 (D)6

21. Which number is on the face opposite to 6?

(A)1 (B)2 (C)4 (D)3

22. Two positions of a dice are shown below. When number '1' is on the top. What number
will be at the bottom?

(A)3 (B)2 (C) 5 (D)6

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 9. EMBEDDED FIGURE

Show Points:
A figure (X) is said to be embedded in a figure Y, if figure Y contains figure (X) as
its part. Thus problem on embedded figures contain a figure (X) followed by four
complex figures in such a way that figure (X) is embedded in one of these.
The figure containing the figure (X) is your answer.

Directions: (1 to 5) In each of the following questions, choose the alternative figure in

which the question figure (X) is embedded.

Sol. (B) On close observation, we find that figure (X) is embedded in figure (B) as shown
below

Sol. (B) On close observation, we find that figure (X) is embedded in figure (B) as shown
below

Sol. (D) On close observation, we find that figure (X) is embedded in figure (D) as shown
below.

Sol. (D) On close observation, we find that figure (X) is embedded in figure (D) as shown
below.
Sol. (C) On close observation, we find that figure (X) is embedded in figure (C) as shown
below.

EXERCISE

Directions (1 to 9) In each of the following questions, choose the alternative figure in which
the question figure (X) is embedded.
Directions : (10 to 12) In the following questions, a problem figure is given. The problem
figure is hidden in one of the figures given as alternatives. Find the figure in which the
problem figure is hidden.

13. Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

14. Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

 (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
15. Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
16. Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
17. Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
18. Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
19. Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
20. Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
21. Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
22. Find out the alternative figure which contains figure (X) as its part.

(X) (1) (2) (3) (4)

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
 Arithmetical Reasoning
10–CALENDER TEST

Some Important Point:-

1. In an ordinary year there 365 days.

2. A year divisible by 4 is a leap year.
In case of century, a leap year is that which is divisible by 400. For example 1800 is
not divisible by 400. Hence it is not a leap year.
Example : 2004 a leap year.
3. In a leap year there are 366 days.
4. Odd days : The number of days which are more than the complete number of weeks
are called old days.
In order to find the number of odd days in a certain periods the total number of day of
that period is divided by7 and thus the remainder so obtained is the number of odd
days.

365
5. A ordinary year contains 1 odd day =  52  1 .
7
366
6. A leap year contains 2 odd days   52  2 .
7
7. 100 Years contain 5 odd days. 24 leap years + 76 ordinary year
8. 200 Years contain 3 odd days.
9. 300 Years contain 1 odd days.
10. 400 Years contain no odd day.
 Note :
1. The day of week on 1st Jan. 1 A.D. is Monday
2. No. of odd days of the given years are counted form 1st Jan. I A.D.
Circular chart of days by odd years.

Sunday 0
Monday 1
Tuesday 2
Wednesday 3
Thursday 4
Friday 5
Saturday 6

 Note : Odd days cannot be more than 6.

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 EXCERSICE

1. What was the day on 26th January, 1950, when first Republic Day of India was
celebrated ?
(a) Monday (b) Tuesday (c) Thursday (d) Friday (e) Sunday
2. What is the number of odd days in a leap year ?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3 (e) N.O.T.
3. The year next to 1996 will have the same calendar as that of the year 1996.
(a) 2001 (b) 2004 (c) 2020 (d) 2024 (e) 2030
4. What was the day of the week on 2nd July, 1984 ?
(a) Wednesday(b) Monday (c) Saturday (d)Thursday (e)Tuesday
5. On what dates of December, 1984 did Sunday fall ?
(a) 4 th, 11th, 18 th, and 25th (b) 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th
(c) 2 nd , 9th, 16th, 23rd and 30th (d) 3rd , 7th, 14th, and 22nd
6. What is the day on 1st January, 1901 ?
(a) Friday (b) Wednesday (c) Monday (d) Tuesday (e) Sunday
7. What is the day on 14th March, 1993 ?
(a) Saturday (b) Friday (c) Sunday (d)Thursday
8. A couple married in 1980 had two children, one in 1982 and the other in 1984. Their
combined ages will equal the year of the marriage in
(a) 1986 (b) 1987 (c) 1984 (d) 1989 (e) 1991
9. Arjun remembers that his mother’s birthdays is between fifteenth and twenty first
November. His sister remembers that their mother’s birthdays is between nineteenth
and twenty-fifth November. If both of them remember correctly, on which day is their
mother’s birthday?
(a) Twentieth (b) Twenty- first (c) Twenty-third (d) Twenty-second (e) NOT
10. Bunny’s brother Sunny is 562 days older to him while his sister Jenny is 75 weeks older
to Sunny. If Jenny was born on Tuesday, on which day was Bunny born?
(a) Tuesday (b) Monday (c) Saturday (d) Friday (e)Thursday
11. The calendar for the year 2007 will be the same for the year:
(a) 2014 (b) 2016 (c) 2017 (d) 2018
12. Which of the following is not a leap year?
(a) 700 (b) 800 (c) 1200 (d) 2000

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13. On 8 th Dec, 2007 Saturday falls. What day of the week was it on 8th Dec, 2006?
(a) Sunday (b) Thursday (c) Tuesday (d) Friday
14. January 1, 2008 is Tuesday. What day of the week lies on Jan 1, 2009?
(a) Monday (b) Wednesday (c) Thursday (d) Sunday
15. January 1, 2007 was Monday. What day of the week lies on Jan. 1, 2008?
(a) Monday (b) Wednesday (c) Tuesday (d) Sunday
16 . If 6 th March, 2005 is Monday, what was the day of the week on 6th March, 2004?
(a)Sunday (b) Saturday (c) Tuesday (d) Wednesday
17. On what dates of April, 2001 did Wednesday fall?
(a) 1st, 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th (b) 2nd, 9th, 16th, 23rd, 30th
(c) 3rd, 10th, 17th, 24th (d) 4th, 11th, 18th, 25th
18. How many days are there in x weeks x days?
(a) 7x2 (b)8x (c) 14x (d) 7
19. The last day of a century cannot be
(a) Monday (b) Wednesday (c) Tuesday (d) Friday
20. On 8th Feb, 2005 it was Tuesday. What was the day of the week on 8th Feb, 2004?
(a) Tuesday (b) Monday (c) Sunday (d) Wednesday
 11 – Clock

Show Points:-
1. A clock has two hands — Minute band and hour hand.
2. In 60 minutes or 1 hour, the minute hand moves 3600, but the hour band
moves 30°.
3. In every hour, both hands coincide once.
Position of Both hands Angle between Minutes Gap
Coincident 0° Zero
At right angle 90° 15 mins
At opposite 180° 30 mins
4. To get the desired position of both hands, first calculate the minutes gap between
two bands, say, x, then
Time required to gain x minutes = ( ) × x minutes

The clock has a circular dial whose circumference is divided into 60 equal divisions, called
minute divisions. The clock has two hands which move around the circular dial. The smaller
and slower hand is called the Hour hand. The larger and faster hand is called the Minute
hand. The minute hand moves around the whole circumference of clock once in one hour.
The hour hand moves around the whole circumference of clock once in twelve hours. So, the
minute hand is twelve times faster than hour hand.

 Important Points:-
(a) The clock is divided into 60 equal minute divisions.
(b) 1 minute division = 6° apart.
(c) The clock has 12 hours numbered from 1 to 12 serially arranged.
(d) Each hour number evenly and equally separated by five minute divisions (= 5 x 6°) 30°
apart.
(e) In one minute, the minute hand moves one minute division or 6°.
(1) In one minute, the hour hand moves °
(g) In one minute, the minute hand gains 5 ° more than hour hand.
(h) In one hour, the minute hand goes 60 minute divisions.
(i) In one hour, the hour hand goes 5 minute divisions.
(j) In one hour the minute hand gains 55 minute divisions (= 55 x 6° = 330°) over the hour
hand.
(k) In every hour, both the hands coincide means 0° apart. In fact, if both the hands start
×
moving together from the same position, both the hands will coincide after = 65
minute.
If the two hands coincide in time less than 65 minutes, then the clock is too fast. If the two
hand coincide in time more than 65 minutes, then the clock is too slow.
(l) When the two Hands are at right angle, they are 15 minute divisions ( 15 x 6° = 90°)
apart. This happens twice in every hour.
(m) When the two hands are in opposite directions, they are 30 minute divisions (= 30 x 6° =
180°) apart. This happens once in every hour.

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(n) The hands are in the same straight line, when they are coincident or opposite to each
other or together
(o) When the hands are together, they are 0° apart. Hence,
Both hands Required Angle (A°)
to be coincident 0°
to be at right angle 90°
to be in opposite direction 180°
to be in straight line 0° or 180°
As per the required angle difference between minute hand and hour hand (A°) and initial (or
starting position of the hour hand (H), different formulae are used to find out the required
time (T).

 Incorrect Clock
An incorrect clock either gains or losses time. So, time interval indicated by such a clock will
be different from that actually shown by a true clock.

(+) ve when incorrect clock gains time

(-) ve when incorrect clock loses time
In a correct (true) clock, both hands coincide at an interval of 65 minutes.
But, if both hands coincide at an interval of x minutes ≠ 65 ’ of correct time, then the clock
is incorrect and,

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If the above expression becomes (+)ve, then time is gained and clock is too fast.
If the above expression becomes (-)ve, then time is lost and clock is too slow.

 Solved Examples

E 1: At what time between 3 and 4 o’ clock, the hands of a clock coincide?

S 1: Since, in one hour, two hands of a clock coincide only once, so, there will be only one
value.
Required time T = (H x 30 + A°) minutes past H.
H = initial position of hour hand = 3
A° = required angle = 0°(Since it coincides)
T= (3 x 30 + 0) minutes past 3 = 16 minutes past 3.

E-4 Find at what time between 7 o’ and 8 o’ clock clock will the hands of a clock be in the
same straight line but not together.

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Macro Vision Academy Page 65
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 Exercise

1. An accurate clock shows 8 o'clock in the morning. Through how may degrees will
the hour hand rotate when the clock shows 2 o'clock in the afternoon?
A) 144º B) 150º C) 168º D)180º
2. The reflex angle between the hands of a clock at 10.25 is:
A) 180º B) 192 º C) 195º D) 197 º
3. A clock is started at noon. By 10 minutes past 5, the hour hand has turned through:
A) 145º B) 150º C) 155º D) 160º
4. A watch which gains 5 seconds in 3 minutes was set right at 7 a.m. In the afternoon of the
same day, when the watch indicated quarter past 4 o'clock, the true time is:
A) 59 min. past 3 B) 4 p.m. C) 58 min. past 3 D)2 min. past 4
5. A clock is set right at 8 a.m. The clock gains 10 minutes in 24 hours will be the true
time when the clock indicates 1 p.m. on the following day?
A) 48 min. past 12. B) 46 min. past 12. C) 45 min. past 12. D)47minpast 12.
6. At what time between 4 and 5 o'clock will the hands of a watch point in opposite
directions?
A) 54 past 4 B) (53 + 7/11) past 4 C) (54 + 8/11) past 4 D)(54+6/11)p 4
7. The minute hand of a clock overtakes the hour hand at intervals of 65 minutes of the
correct time. How much a day does the clock gain or lose?
A) (10 + 10/143 )min B) (10 + 1/143 ) min
C) (10 + 20/143 ) min D)(10+30/143) min
8. A clock is set right at 5 a.m. The clock loses 16 minutes in 24 hours. What will be the
true time when the clock indicates 10 p.m. on 4th day?
A) 11pm B) 12pm C) 1pm D) 2pm
9. A watch which gains uniformly ,is 5 min, slow at 8 o'clock in the morning on Sunday and
it is 5 min 48 sec. fast at 8 p.m on following Sunday. when was it correct?
A) 7pm on Wednesday B) 20 min past 7pm on Wednesday
C) 15min past 7pm on Wednesday D) 8pm on Wednesday
10. A watch which gains 5 seconds in 3 minutes was set right at 7 a.m. In the afternoon of the
same day, when the watch indicated quarter past 4 o'clock, the true time is:
A) 4pm B) 5pm C) 6pm D) 7pm
11. At what time between 5 and 6 o' clock are the hands of a 3 minutes apart ?
A) 24min B) 12min C) 13min D) 14min
12. The reflex angle between the hands of a clock at 10.25 is
A) 197 1/2 B) 167 ½ C) 157 1/2 D) 187 ½
13. How much does a watch lose per day, if its hands coincide ever 64 minutes?
A) 32 8/11 B) 33 8/11 C) 34 8/11 D) 35 8/11
14. Find the angle between the hour hand and the minute hand of a clock when the time is
3.25?
A) 47.5 degrees B) 57.5 degrees C) 45.5 degrees D) 55.5 degrees
15. At what time between 7 and 8 o'clock will the hands of a clock be in the same straight
line but, not together?
A) (5 + 5/11 )min past 7 B) (6 + 5/11) min past 7 C) 7 D) 8
16. At what time between 5.30 and 6 will the hands of a clock be at right angles?
A) (43 + 5/11) min past 5 B) (43 + 7/11) min pats 5 C) 45 D) 47
17. At what angle the hands of a clock are inclined at 15 minutes past 5?
A) 57.5 degrees B) 67.5 degrees C) 77.5 degrees D) 87.5 degrees

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18. Find at what time between 8 and 9 o'clock will the hands of a clock be in the same
straight line but not together?
A) 100/11 min past 8 B) 120/11 min past 8
C) 90/11 min past 8 D) 80/11 min past 8
19. The angle between the minute hand and the hour hand of a clock when the time is 8:30
A) 80 Degrees B) 75 Degrees C) 60 Degrees D) 105 Degrees
20. An accurate clock shows 8 o'clock in the morning. Through how may degrees will the
hour hand rotate when the clock shows 2 o'clock in the afternoon?
A) 360 B) 180 C) 90 D) 60
21. At what time between 2 and 3 o'clock will the hands of a clock be together?
A) (9 + 10/11) min past 2 B) (10 + 10/11) min past 2
C) (11 + 10/11) min past 2 D) (12 + 10/11) min past 2
22. At what time, in minutes, between 3 o'clock and 4 o'clock, both the needles will coincide
each other?
A) 11 4/11 B) 13 4/11 C) 15 4/11 D) 16 4/11
23. How many times do the hands of a clock coincide in a day?
A) 20 B) 21 C) 22 D) 23
24. In every 60 minutes, the minute hand gains -------- minutes on the hour hand
A) 53 B) 54 C) 55 D) 56
25. How many times are the hands of a clock at right angle in a day?
A) 44 B) 54 C) 64 D) 22
26. A watch which gains uniformly is 2 minutes low at noon on monday and is 4 min.48 sec
fast at 2 p.m on the following monday. when was it correct ?
A) 2 p.m on Tuesday B) 2 p.m on Wednesday
C) 3 p.m on Thursday D) 1 p.m on Friday
27. What time between 4 and 5 o'clock will the hands of a clock be at rightangle?
A) 3 5/11 B) 4 5/11 C) 5 5/11 D) 6 5/11
28. At 3.40, the hour hand and the minute hand of a clock form an angle of:
A) 110 B) 120 C) 130 D) 140
29. The angle between the minute hand and the hour hand of a clock when the time is 4.20,
is:
A) 0 B) 10 C) 30 D) 60
30. A clock is started at noon. By 10 minutes past 5, the hour hand has turned through
A) 145 B) 155 C) 165 D) 175
31. At what time between 9 and 10 o'clock will the hands of a watch be together?
A) (49 + 3/11) min past 11 B) (49 +1/11) min past 9
C) (45 +1/11) min past 9 D) (45 +7/11) min past 11
32. When the hands are in the opposite directions, they are ------- minute spaces apart,
A) 15 B) 30 C) 60 D) 0
33. When the two hands are at right angles, they are ---------- minute spaces apart,
A) 13 B) 14 C) 15 D) 16
34. How many times in a day, are the hands of a clock in straight line but opposite in
direction?
A) 11 B) 22 C) 33 D) 44.
35. An accurate clock shows 7 o'clock in the morning. Through how may degrees will the
hour hand rotate when the clock shows 3 o'clock in the afternoon?
A) 144º B) 168º C) 180º D) 240º

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 12 – Average

Show Points:-

1. Average =
.
2. Sum = Average × No. of items.
3. Average of m’ items in one group is ‘a’ and average of ‘n’ items in second group is
‘b’ then average of combined group =
4. When n’ number of new items are ADDED, then
average of ‘n’ new items = A + (1 + )x
N = no. of items before adding
x = change in average
A = average of N items
put (-) ve, if average drops.
5. When n’ number of items are REMOVED, then
average of ’ n’ removed items = A + (1 - )x
put (-) ve, if average drops.
6. When equal no. of quantity (a) are replaced, then
value of new quantities added — value of new quantities removed = ± Nx

 Introduction

The idea of average is not new to us. We all are familiar with the following types of
statements.
(i) The average runs scored by Sachin Tendulkar in a series is 72.
(ii) The average marks secured by Kana is 78%.

If a man earns Rs 40, Rs 50, Rs 56, Rs 46 and P.s 48 on five consecutive days of a week,
then he earns a total of Rs (40 + 50 + 56 + 46 + 48) = Rs 240.
To find his average earning per day, his total earning is divided by the number of days, i.e.,
Average = = Rs. 48
Average earning does not mean that he earned Rs 48 everyday . But had he earned Rs 48
everyday, then his total earnings would have also been Rs 240 in 5 days.

Hence, to find the average of given quantities:

Step 1 The given quantities are added to get a Sum
Step 2 The Sum is divided by the Number of items to get the Average.

Average =
.
Note: The average is also called the Mean.
The quantities, whose average is to be determined, should be in the same unit.

* Sum of all Items = Average × no. of Items

 Average of Different Groups

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 A=
* This formula is also applicable for more than two groups forming the combined
group.

 Addition or Removal of Items and change in Average

Since, average =

So, the original average may increase/decrease or may remain the same if
1. one or more new items are added, or
2. one or more items are removed
3. one or more items are replaced

Case I - Addition of new item (or items)

Let the original average of N quantities A
One new item is added so that average increases/decreases by x, then
Value of new item added = A+(N+ l)x
But, when ‘n’ number of items are added, then
Average of ‘n’ new items = A + (1 + )x

Case II - Removal of quantity (or items)

Let the original average of N quantities = A
One item out of it is removed so that average changes by x,
Then, Value of the item removed = A + (1 — N) x
But, when ‘n’ number of items are removed, then
Average of ’ n’ removed items = A + (1 - )x

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Example: The average age of 40 students in a class is 15 years. When 10 new students
are admitted, the average is increased by 0.2 year. Find the average age of the new
students.
Solution: Here, 10 students are added and average increases by 0.2 year. Therefore,
Average of ‘n’ new items = A + (1 + )x
= 15 + ( 1 + ) 0.2 = 16 Years
Example: The average salary of 15 teachers is Rs 4500 per month. Three teachers left
the school and the average salary of the remaining teachers dropped by Rs 175. Find
the total salary of the teachers who left the school.
Solution: Here, 3 teachers have been removed from the group, and the average salary
dropped by Rs 175. Therefore,
Average of ’ n’ removed items = A + (1 - )x
= 4500 – (1 - )(175) = 5200
Hence, total salary of 3 teachers who left the school = 3 x 5200 = Rs 15,600

 Replacement of Some of the Items

Here, equal number of quantity (quantities) are replaced, so the number of quantities remain
the same if one quantity is replaced with another quantity of different value, then.
Value of new quantity added — Value of removed item. = ± Nx (+ ) ye,
If the number of quantities replaced is more than one say, ‘n’ quantities arc replaced with ‘n’
new quantities, then
Sum of new quantities added — Sum of removed quantities ± Nx

Example: When a man weighing 80 kg is replaced by another man in a group of five

persons, the average weight decreases by 3 kg. What is the weight of new man?
Solution: Using formula (6),
Weight of new man — Weight of removed man =—Nx (—ye, average decrease)
Weight of new man — 80 = —5 x 3
Weight of new man =80 — 15 = 65 kg.

 Solved Examples

E-1 The average age of students in section A of 40 students is 10 years and the average
age of students in section B of 30 students is 12 years. Find the average age of
students in both the sections taken together.
S-I Here, average of 40 + 30 students is to be found out.

So Average age of all the students = 10.86 years.

E-2 The average of 5 quantities is 6. The average of three of them is 4. What is the
average of remaining two quantities?
S–2 Let the average of two quantities be x, then as per question,
× ×
6=
So x = 9, required average 9.

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E-3 30 pens and 75 pencils were purchased for Rs 510. If the average price of a pencil was
Rs 2.00, find the average price of a pen.
S–3 Average of quantities x Number of quantities = Sum of quantities
Here quantity is the cost of pen.
Let average price of pen be Rs y
:. 30 × y+75x2510 = Sum
Y = 12,
Average price of pen = Rs 12.

E-4 The average age of A and B is 20 years. If C were to replace A, the average would be
19 and if C were to replace B, the average would be 21. What are the ages of A, B and
C?
S-4 Say, a, b, c are the ages of A, B, and C
Since the average age of A and B is 20 years, so,
= 20
So a + b = 40
As per question, when C replaces A, average drops by 19— 20 = —1,
So, using formula, we get, c—a = -2 × 1
Similarly, when C replaces B, average increases by 21 —20 = + 1,
c—b = 2x1
Adding we get
c = 20,
Then from (ii), a = 22 and from (iii), b = 18
Age of A = 22 yrs. age of B= 18 yrs, age of C=20 yrs.

E-5 The average monthly expenditure of a family was Rs 2,200 during first 3 months, Rs
2,550 during next 4 months and Rs 3,120 during last 5 months of the year. If the total
saving during the year was Rs 1,260, find average monthly income.
S-5 Total yearly income = yearly expenditure + yearly saving
=[2200 x 3 +2550x4+3120x 5]+ 1260=Rs 33,660
Average monthly income = 33600/12 = 2805
E-6 The average temperature on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday was 37 °C. The
average temperature on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday was 38 °C. If the
temperature on Friday was 39 °C, find the temperature on Tuesday.
S-6

It is same.
Here, Tuesday is replaced by Friday. So, using the relation 8 for replacement of one
quantity only. Replacing quantity — replaced quantity = Change in average x Number
of quantity
Temperature of Friday — Temperature of Tuesday = (+) 1 x 3
39—Temperature of Tuesday = + 3
Temperature of Tuesday = 39— 3 = 36 °C.
E-7 The average weight of 29 students in a class is 48 kg. If the weight of the teacher is
included, the average weight rises by 500 g. Find the weight of the teacher.

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S-7 Here, weight of the teacher added and final average of the group increases by 0.5 kg.
Since, here only one item (i.e. weight of one teacher) has been added, so using the
formula weight of teacher =A +(N+ 1)x
= 48+(29+ l)x 0.5 =63 kg
E-8 There are 50 boys in a class. Their average weight is 45 kg. When one boy leaves the
class, the average reduces by 100 g. Find the weight of the boy who left the class.
S-S Since here only one item (i.e. weight of boy who leaves the class) has been removed,
so, using formula
Value of one item removed = A — (1 — N) x (here, average drops)
weight of boy who left = 45— (1 —50) x 0.1 [100gm = 0.1 kg]
= 45 + 4.9 = 49.9 kg.
Weight of boy who left the class is 49.9 kg.

E-9 The average of 11 results is 50. If the average of first six results is 49 and that of last
six results is 52, find the sixth result.

S-9 Average of 11 results

Average of first 6 results = 49

From the above diagram, it is quite obvious that the ‘sixth result’ is included twice,
once in the first six results and second in the last six results.
Value of the sixth result = (Sum of first six results) + (Sum of last six results) —
(Sum of 11 results) = 6 x 49+6 x 52— l1 × 50=56.
E-10 A batsman’s runs just before the last match of the season, adds up to 750. In his
last two innings, he scores only 6 runs, and his average drops by 2. Find his final
average of the season.

S-10 For a batsman, average =

Suppose,
Just before the last match, the batsman played “N” number of innings.
Original average A =

Total no. of innings played before the last match = 25

Original average = 30
Final average = 30 — 2 = 28 runs.
E-11 The average weight of 15 students in a class is increased by 1.5 kg when one of the
students weighing 40 kg is replaced by a new student. Find the weight of the new
student.
S-1l Using formula , for one item replacement,
weight of new student — weight of removed student = +Nx
= weight of new student —40 = 15 x 1.5
weight of new student =40 + 22.5 = 62.5 kg.

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E-12 Find the average of
(a) 9 consecutive odd numbers a, b, c, d, e, f g, h, i
(b) 7 consecutive even numbers k, 1, m, n, o, p. q
(c) 6 consecutive odd numbers a, b, c, d, e, f
(d) 4 consecutive numbers j, k, l, m
S-12 (a) There are 9 (odd) consecutive odd numbers.
Hence, the average of 9 consecutive odd numbers is the middle number (i.e. 5th
number) the average is ‘e’.
(b) There are 7 (odd) consecutive even numbers.
The average of 7 consecutive even numbers is the middle number
(i.e. 4th number) the average is ‘n’.
(c) There are 6 (even) consecutive odd numbers.
The average of 6 consecutive odd numbers is the average of two middle numbers (i.e.
3rd and 4th number)
The average is
The average of 4 consecutive numbers is the average of two middle numbers (i.e. 2nd
and 3rd numbers)
The average is
EXERCISE
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20. The average of two numbers is XY If one number is X, then the other number is:
(a) Y (b) (c) 2XY—X (d) X(Y-1) (e)
21. Of three numbers whose average is 60, the first is th of the sum of other two. The
first number is:
(a) 30 (b) 60 (c) 36 (d) 24 (e) 20
22. The average weekly pay of five brothers is Rs. 60 and if one of the brothers gets a pay
hike of Rs. 10 per week, then new average is
(a) Rs. 72 (b) Rs. 62 (c) Rs. 64 (d) Rs. 65
23. A cricket player makes 200 runs in the 15th over. In doing so, his average at the end
of the 14th over increases by 10. What was his average at the end of 15th over?
(a) 60 (b) 50 (c) 40 (d) 45 (e) 35
24. Average weight of three students P, T and R is 56 kgs, while the average weight of
three students T, F and G is 54 kg. what is average of P, T, R, F and G is
(a) 55.4 kg (b) 54.8 kg (c) data inadequate (d) 55.5 kg
25. A body weighs 121 grams and 125.44 grams on two different pans of a faulty balance.
Its true weight will be:
(a) 4.44 gms (b) 120 gms (c) 123.22 gms (d) 130 gms (e)122 gms
26. The average of three consecutive odd numbers is 14 more than one-third of the first of
these numbers. What is the last of these numbers?
(a) 17 (b) 19 (c) 15 (d) data inadequate
27. Ten years ago, the average age of a family of four members was 23 years. Three
children having been born, the average age of the family is same today. What are the
present ages of children, if two children are identical twins and differ by one year
from the younger one?
(a) 12, 12, 11 (b) 8,8,7 (c) 11, 11,9 (d) 9,9,8 (e) 10,10,9
28. The captain of a cricket team of 11 players is 25 years and the wicket keeper is 3
years older. If the age of these two are excluded, the average age of the remaining
players is 1 year less than the average age of the whole team. The average age of the
whole team is
(a) 24 years (b) 21 years (c) 26 years (d) 22 years (e)25 yrs
29. What fraction must be subtracted from the sum of and to have an average of of
all the two fractions?

(a) (b) (c) (d)
30. In a coconut groove, (x + 2) trees yield 60 nuts per year, x trees yield 120 nuts per
year and(x- 2) trees yield 180 nuts per year. If the average yield per year is per tree be
100. Then the value of x is
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 10 (e) 14
31. The average of 4 positive integers is 52.5. The highest integer is 76 and the lowest
integer is 31. The difference between the remaining two integers is 4. Which of the
following integers is higher of the remaining two integers?
(a) 52 (b) 53.5 (c) 48 (d) Cannot be determined
32. The average of 5 consecutive even numbers A, B, C, D and E is 66. What is the
product of B and E?
(a) 4352 (b) 4340 (c) 4480 (d) 4224
33. The average age of 40 students of a class is 18 years. When 20 new students are
admitted to the same class, the average age of students of the class is increased by 6
months. The average age of newly admitted students is

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 (a) 19 yrs. (b) 19.5 yrs. (c) 20 yrs. (d) 20.5
35. A cricketer had a certain average of runs for his 64 innings. In his 65th innings, he is
bowled out for no score. This brings down his average by 2 runs. His new average of
runs is
(a) 130 (b) 128 (c) 70 (d) 68
36. In a cricket eleven, the average age of eleven players is 23 years. Out of these, the
average ages of three groups of three players each are 21 years, 24 years, and 26 years
respectively. If in these groups, the captain and the youngest players are not included,
and the captain is 8 years older than the youngest players, what is the age of the
captain?
(a) 22 yrs. (b) 23 yrs. (c) 25 yrs. (d) 24 yrs.
37. There were 24 students in a class. One of these, who was 18 years old, left the class
and his place was filled up by a new comer. If the average of the class, thereby was
lowered by one month, the age of the new comer is
(a) 15 yrs. (b) 16 yrs. (c) 14 yrs. (d) 19 yrs.
38. If a, b, c, d, e are five consecutive odd numbers, their average is
(a) abcde /5 (b) 5 (a + 4) (c) 5 (a + b + c + d + e) (d) a + 4
39. If the average of m number is n2 and that of n number is m2, then the average of
(m+n) numbers is (Bank P0’ 08)
(a) mn (b) m/n (c) m — n (d) m + n
40. The average age of 30 boys in a class is 15 years. One boy aged 20 years, left the
class, but two new boys came in his place whose ages differ by 5 years. If the average
age of all the boys now in the class still remains 15 years, the age of the younger new
corner is
(a) 20 yrs. (b) 15 yrs. (c) 18 yrs. (d) 16 yrs.

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 13 – Ration and Proportion

Show Points:-
1. If a quantity P is divided in the ratio a:b, then the First part P1 = × P
Second (other) part P2 = × P and P1 + P2 = P.
2. If a:b=b:c, then, = ≡b2 = ac
3. If a: b = 2:3 and b:c = 4:7 then a:b:c = 2 × 4 : 4×3 :3 × 7 = 8:12:21
4. If ka = pb = nc, then = = =
and a:b:c = : :

Ratio is a quantity which represents the relationship between two similar quantities. It
expresses a magnitude by which quantity is multiple of another one. Ratio is represented as
2:3 or 2/3. Here, numerator i.e. 2 is known as "ANTECEDENT" and denominator i.e. 3 is
known as "CONSEQUENT".

If antecedent is more than the consequent, then it is known as improper ratio and if less ,then
it is known as proper ratio.

 Some important points:

1) If ratio is written as A:B, it is said to be a linear form and in case it is written as A/B,
it is said to be fractional form.
2) Ratio does not have any unit. It is mere number.
3) The equality of two ratios is known as proportion i.e. a/b = c/d
If a/b = c/d , then it is also equal to a/c= b/d
Invertendo : If a/b = c/d , then b/a = d/c
Alterendo : If a/b = c/d , then a/c = b/d
Componendo : If a/b = c/d , then a+b/b = c+d/d
Dividendo : If a/b = c/d , then a-b/b = c-d/d
Componendo and Dividendo : If a/b = c/d , then a+b/a-b = c+d/c-d
4) If a/b = b/c = c/d =...... so on, then a,b,c,d... are in G.P.
Proof: Let a/b = b/c = c/d =k
c= dk, b= ck, a= bk
Therefore, b= dk^2 and a= dk^2
All are in G.P
5) If a>b and same positive number is added to each term, then ratio decreases.
For example: a/b = 4/3 = 1.3, If 2 is added to each term, then a/b = 4+2/3+2 = 6/5 =
1.2 Therefore, ratio decreases.
6) If a<b and same positive number is added to each term, then ratio increases.
For example: a/b = 3/4 = 0.7, If 2 is added to each term, then a/b = 3+2/4+2
= 5/6 = 0.8
Therefore, ratio increases.
7) If we multiply or divide any number, there will be no effect on ratio.

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 8) Let a:b is a ratio
a^2:b^2 is duplicate ratio of a:b
a^3:b^3 is triplicate ratio of a:b
a^1/2:b^1/2 is sub-duplicate ratio of a:b
a^1/3:b^1/3 is sub-triplicate ratio of a:b

 Continued Proportions

Given a: b = c: d
a and d are known to be extremes
b and c are known to be means.
In a:b :: c:d, d is fourth proportional to a, b and c.
If x is third proportional to a, b then it is written as a:b :: b:x.

Three quantities a, b, c of the same kind are said to be in continued proportion, when
a: b = b : c.
In this case, the last number (c, here) is said to be third proportional to other two numbers
(a and b, e). The middle number (b, here) is said to be a mean proportional to two extreme
numbers (a and c).
So, in such case of continued proportion, b2 = ac
(middle number)2 = first number x last number

Examp1e 1: Find the mean proportional between 9 and 16.

Solution: Required mean proportional = 12

Example 2: If 3, x, 27 are in continued proportion, then find the value of x.

Solution: Since 3, x, 27 are in continued proportion, therefore,
(middle number)2 = First number x last number
x2=3 x 27
x= √81
x =9

Example 3: 94 is divided into two parts in such a way that the fifth part of the first and the eighth
part of the second are in the ratio 3 : 4. The first part is :
Solution: Let these parts are A and B
A/5 = 3 , This implies, A = 15
B/8 = 4, B = 32
1st part = 94*15/47 = Rs30

 Relating two or more proportion

(i) for Two continued proportions a: b=x:y and b:c=p:q
Given a: b = x : y and (follow the arrows and multiply to get the proportion values)

b:c=p:q
then a: b: c=xp :py :yq
(ii) Three continued proportions
a: b = x :y, b: c =p : q, c : d= m: n,

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 Then a:b: c: d=xpm : mpy :yqm :yqn

Example 4: Find B’s share in Rs 6,300 ifA : B 2 : 3, B: C = 4 : 5, and C: D 3 : 7.

Solution:

= 24: 36: 45: 105

B’s share in Rs 6,300 = × 6300
= 1080

 Equality ratio (Convert Rule)

It is a very important rule to convert an equality to a ratio.

Example 5 If O.75 :x::5 :8 then find x.

Solution product of extremes product of middle terms
0.75 ×8 = x×5
x = 1.2.

Example 6 What is the mean proportion of 0.32 and 0.02 ?

Solution If x be the required mean proportional then,
x2 =0.32x0.02
x =0.08.
Example 7 Find the third proportional to 16 and 24
Solution Here 24 is the middle number
third proportional = = 36.
Example 8 Find the fourth proportional o 16, 4 and 4.
Solution 16 : 4 :: 4 : x
×
X= =1

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Example 9 The ratio of number of ladies to gents at a party was 1: 2, but when 2 ladies
and 2 gents left, the ratio became 1: 3. How many people were originally
persent at the party?
Solution Let the number of ladies = x, then the number of gents = 2x
As per question, = . So X = 4
Total number of people originally present = x + 2x = 3x = 12.
Example 10 A bag contains an equal number of one rupee, 50 paise and 25 paise coins
respectively. If the total value is Rs 35, how many coins of each type are there?
Solution Here number of each type of coin is same. Hence, we may write,

Number of each type of coin =

Number of each type of coin = = 20 coins of each type.
. .

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 Exercise

1) Find the ratio between 6 dollars to 25 cents

A) 25:2 B) 24:5 C) 24:1 D) 25:10
2) What is the compounded ratio of (5 : 3),(6 : 5) and (11 : 3)
A) 22:3 B) 11.:5 C) 10:6 D) 17:12
3) Find out the third proportion to 0.27 to 0.45?
A) 0.75 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
4) The price of Computer and CD player are in the ratio 6:5. If the computer costs Rs.
5000 more than CD player. What is the price of the computer?
A) 25,000 B) 15,000 C) 50,000 D) 30,000
5) If Rs. 582 be divided into three parts, proportional to 1/2:2/3:3/4, then the first part is?
A) 161 B) 151.8 C) 142 D) 153
6) The price of mixer, grinder and washing machine are in the ratio 3:4:5. After one
year the price of the items are increased 20%,15%,25% respectively. Then what will
be ratio after one year?
A) 18:23:25 B) 17:22:23 C) 16:10:22 D) 72:92:125
7) A person has 25p, 10p and 5p in the ration 2:3:4 in his pocket. If the person has Rs.
45 in all, how many 5 paise cons are there?
A) 110 B) 100 C) 130 D) 180
8) A shopkeeper contains apples, oranges and bananas in the ratio 5:7:8. There is a
demand to increase their quantity by 50%, 60% and 70% respectively. What will be
ratio of the increased quantity?
A) 25:75:100 B) 26:72:112 C) 75:112:136 D) 76:100:201
9) A packet of sweets is distributed among A,B,C,D in the proportion of 6:8:5:4. If B
gets 10 sweets more than D then what is A’s share?
A) 16 B) 17 C) 15 D) 18
10) If A’s 60% of salary is equal to two-third of B’s salary. Now find the ratio of A’s
salary to B’s salary.
A) 9:10 B) 10:9 C) 11:12 D) 13:11
11) Rs. 850 was divided among three sons Prasath, Baskar, Chadru. If each of them had
received Rs 35 less, their shares would have been in the ratio of 2:3:5. What was the
amount received by Prasath?
A) 184 B) 174 C) 164 D) 154
12) Prasath divided Rs. 2500 and gave it to his three kids A, B, C. If their shares are
reduced by Rs. 5, Rs. 10 and Rs. 15 respectively the ratio of the remaining will be
3:4:5. Find out A ’s share.
A) 600 B) 617.50 C) 627 D) 622.5
13) 75 kg of alloy A is mixed with 100kg of alloy B. If alloy A has lead and tin in the
ratio of 3:5 and alloy B has tin and copper in the ratio of 2:5, then what is the amount
of tin in new alloy?
A) 79 B) ~75 C) ~77 D) None of these
14) The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 1/3:1/4:1/5 and its perimeter is 204 cm. What is
the length of the longest triangle?
A) 76.8 B) 85.8 C) 86.8 D) 98
15) Tin and Zinc are melted together in the ratio of 9:11. What is the weight of melted
mixture if 25.5 kg of zinc has been consumed?
A) 66.6 B) 76.6 C) 54.6 D) 46.36

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16) There are totally three bottles which contains milk and water together. The ratio of the
volumes of the three bottles are 2:3:4. The mixture contains milk and water in the
ratio of 3:1,4:1, 5:1respectively. If the contents are poured together in another bottle
then what is the price of ratio between milk and water in the fourth bottle?
A) 218:52 B) 217:53 C) 215:54 D) 219:59
17) Two numbers are respectively 60% and 40% more than a third number. What is the
ratio between two numbers?
A) 7:8 B) 9:8 C) 8:7 D) 6:5
18) One piece of cloth 21 meters long is to be cut into two pieces, with the lengths of the
pieces being in a 2 : 5 ratio. What are the lengths of the pieces?
A) 15 B) 18 C) 19 D) 20
19) If 12 inches correspond to 30.48 cm, how many number of Centimeters are there in
30[thirty] inches?
A) 76.2 B) 77.2 C) 78.2 D) 88.2
20) The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio of the first to second is 2 :3 and that of the
second to the third is 5 : 8. What is the value of second number?
A) 30 B) 40 C) 50 D) 60
21. The ratio of number of males to number of females in a club is 7 : 4. If there are 84
males in the club, the total number of members in the club are:
(A) 126 (B) 132 (C) 136 (D) 148
22. The fourth proportional to 5, 6 and 150 is:
(A) 30 (B) 125 (C) 180 (D) 120
23. Two numbers are in the ratio of 3:5. If 9 be subtracted from each, they are in the ratio
of 12: 23. The first number is:
(A) 27 (B) 33 (C) 55 (D) 49
24. A map is drawn on the scale of 4 mm for each 16 km. Two places are shown on the
map at the distance of 7.2 mm. How far away are they from each other?
(A) 22.3 KM (B) 9.21 KM (C) 28.8 KM (D) 21.8KM
25. If a 13 rn-long iron rod weighs 23.4 kg, then what will be the weight of 6 m-long iron
rod?
(A) 7.2 KG (B) 12.4 KG (C) 10.8 KG (D) 18KG
26. The ratio of two numbers is 3 : 8 and their difference is 115. The greater number is:
(A) 69 (B) 115 (C) 184 (D) 230 (E) 240
27. The sum of three numbers A, B and C is 98. If A : B = 2/3and B: C = 5/8 then B is:
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 32 (E) 45
28. If 3x=8y and 5y=9z, then x/z =?
(A) 72/15 (B) 83/15 (C) 9/8 (D) 11/83
29. A lady has 25 paise and 50 paise coins in her bag. She has a total of 120 coins
amounting to Rs 50. What is the respective number of 25 and 50 paise coins in her
bag?
(A) 40, 80 (B) 70, 50 (C) 90, 30 (D) 60, 60 (E)56, 64
30. The marks obtained by Suresh in English, Mathematics and Science are in the ratio
: : If his total score is 860, his marks in English are:
(A) 160 (B) 300 (C) 228 (D) 312
31. It rains cx cm in t minutes on the first day c/2 and c/2 cm in t/x minutes on the next
day. The ratio of rainfall on 1st day and 2nd day is: (ITI, ‘89)
(A) 2x: 1 (B) 1: 2t (C) c : 2x (D) 2: 1 (E) x: 1

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32. Half of one number is equal to 0.07 of another. The ratio of the numbers is:
(A) 50: 7 (B) 5 : 7 (C) 7: 50 (D) 1: 14 (E) 2 : 7
33. Find the ratio whose terms differ by 40 and the measure of which is 2/7
(A) 15:55 (B) 2:42 (C) 16:56 (D)14:49 (E) 18:63.
34. In a bag, 25 paise, 10 paise and 5 paise coins are in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3. If their total
value is Rs 30, then the number of 5 paise coins is:
(A) 50 (B) 100 (C) 150 (D) 200
35. If the ratio of boys to girls in a class is B, and the ratio of girls to boys is G, then B +
G is:
(A) equal to 1 (B) greater than 1 (C) less than 1 (D) greater than or
equal to 1. (e) None of these
36. Two numbers are such that their difference, their sum and their product are in the ratio
of 1: 7 : 24. The product of the numbers is:
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 24 (D) 48 (E) 36
37. If a packet containing a dozen glasses is dropped, which of the following cannot be
the ratio of broken glasses to unbroken glasses?
(A) 3 : 1 (B) 6 : 1 . (C) 4 : 2 (D) 5 : 7 (E) 1: 5
38. A, B, C together earn Rs 1,450 and spend 60%, 65% and 70% of their salaries
respectively. If their savings are 14 : 21: 15. The salary of B is:
(A) Rs 750 (B) Rs 500 (C) Rs 350 (D) Rs 600
39. There is a ratio of 5 : 4 between two numbers. If 40 per cent of the first number is 12,
then what would be 50 per cent of the second number? (Baroda P0, ‘99)
(A) 12 (B) 24 (C) 18 (D) None
40 A mother divides a certain amount (consisting of rupees only) between her two sons
such that fourth part of the elder son and two-fifth part of the younger son are in the
ratio 2 : 3. The amount with the mother is:
(A) RS 60 (B) RS 90 (C) RS 80 (D)RS64 (E) RS93

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