C 10 Decaderea Regatului Goryeo si aparitia Regatului Joseon (조선 朝鮮) 1392 - 1910

무사: inceput  10:37

Background istoric:

 1270 -1356 – Pen. Coreea sub dominație mongolă

Efecte:

Socio-politic - decăderea puterii centrale (sub hegemonie mongola si dupa perioada dictaturii militare)
- alianțele cu dinastia mongolă Yuan (Coreea = 부부부(부 부 부 -부부부부/ “Son-in-law nation”)

- ordinea sociala – neschimbata (apar familii puternice noi, dar in mare supravietuieste vechea
aristocratie), cu o exceptie: nobilimea rurala pierde putere in urma atacurilor mongole  isi refac averea si
prestigiul prin serviciu catre stat ( yangban)

Socio-cultural – ocazie de a interactiona cu alte culturi (chineza, mongola, centr-asiatica, vietnameza, etc) 
influenta in stilul vestimentar (apare bumbacul) si eticheta, artele (pictura, caligrafia); apar strainii
- distrugerile invaziilor  posibil intarirea identitatii culturale coreene (v. Tripitaka)

Relatii externe –atacuri: Turbanele Rosii (raiduri pe coastele Manciuriei, dar si in teritoriile Goryeo), 부부 (wakō)
ataca coastele sudice, ameninta chiar resedinta din Gangwha.

Decaderea Imperiului mongol  schimbari geo-politice in zona.

Within the kingdom, influential aristocrats, generals, and even prime ministers struggled for royal favor and vied
for domination of the court, resulting in deep divisions among various factions. With the ever-increasing number
of raids against Goryeo conducted by Japanese pirates (wakō) and the Red Turbans invasions of Korea, those who
came to dominate the royal court were the reformed-minded Sinjin aristocracy and the opposing Gweonmun
aristocracy, as well as generals who could actually fight off the foreign threats—namely a talented general named
Yi Seong-gye and his rival Choe Yeong. With the rise of the Ming Dynasty under a former monk, Zhu Yuanzhang
(the Hongwu Emperor), Mongol forces became more vulnerable. By the 1350s Goryeo regained its full
independence from the waning Mongol Empire, although Mongol remnants effectively occupied northeastern
territories with large garrisons of troops. (Seth??)

Regatul Joseon

Yi Seonggye (27 October 1335 – 18 June 1408) – general, om de arme – pilonul noului stat
Alte personaje: carturarul 부부부

Povestea:
1383 – Jeong Dojeon viziteaza granita de nord a Goryeo dupa 9 ani de exil. Acolo se intalneste cu gen. Yi
Seonggye  inceputul colaborarii.

General Yi Seong-gye had gained power and respect during the late 1370s and early 1380s by pushing Mongol
remnants off the peninsula and also by repelling well-organized Japanese pirates in a series of successful
engagements. He was also credited with routing the Red Turbans when they made their move into the Korean
Peninsula as part of their rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty. Following in the wake of the rise of the Ming
Dynasty under Zhu Yuanzhang, the royal court in Goryeo split into two competing factions: the group led by

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General Yi (supporting the Ming Dynasty) and the camp led by his rival General Choe (supporting the Yuan
Dynasty). (Wikipedia??)

1388 – gen. Yi Seonggye (se remarca in luptele impotriva piratilor japonezi si a atacurilor Turbanelor Rosii) e
trimis sa atace Ming; intoarce armele impotriva Goryeo, ocupa capitala.

Povestea:
When a Ming messenger came to Goryeo in 1388 (the 14th year of King U) to demand the return of a significant
portion of Goryeo’s northern territory, General Choe seized the opportunity and played upon the prevailing anti-
Ming atmosphere to argue for the invasion of the Liaodong Peninsula (Goryeo claimed to be the successor of the
ancient kingdom of Goguryeo; as such, restoring Manchuria as part of Korean territory was a tenet of its foreign
policy throughout its history).
A staunchly opposed Yi was chosen to lead the invasion; however, at Wihwa Island on the Amrok River, he made
a momentous decision, commonly called "Turning back the army from Wihwa Island", that would alter the course
of Korean history. Knowing of the support he enjoyed both from high-ranking government officials, the general
populace, and the great deterrent of Ming Empire under the Hongwu Emperor, he decided to revolt and swept
back to the capital, Gaesong, to secure control of the government.

In capitala, Jeong Dojeon ia repede masuri care determina schimbari politice menite sa-i permita lui Yi Seonggye sa preia
puterea: abdicarea Regelui U in favoarea Regelui Gongyang (King Gongyang (공양왕; 恭讓王), ales/ controlat de Yi.

After indirectly enforcing his grasp on the royal court through the puppet king, Yi then proceeded to ally himself with Sinjin
aristocrats such as Jeong Do-jeon and Jo Jun. In 1392 (the 4th year of King Gongyang), Yi dethroned King Gongyang, exiled
him to Wonju (where he and his family were secretly murdered), and ascended the throne. The Goryeo Dynasty had come to
an end after 475 years of rule.

Jeong Do-jeon – trimis in exil in 1391 de rivalii lui e salvat de Yi Bangwon (al cincilea fiu al lui Yi Seonggye),
care ii si elimina pe rivalii lui Jeong Do-jeon si pe multi loialisti Goryeo)

Contributia lui Jeong Do-jeon:

- redacteaza o serie de documente care stau la baza organizarii noii dinastii  cod de legi, tratate pentru aplicarea
ideilor confucianiste in practica politica, sustine ideea selectiei functionarilor de stat in urma examenelor 
institutionalizarea meritocratiei confucianiste, scrie o istorie oficiala a Reg. Goryeo, ajuta la crearea planurilor
pentru noua capitala Hanyang, militeaza pentru imbunatatirea vietii taranilor.

부부부 (1335-1408)  Regele 부부 (1392-1398) – Regatul 부부 cu o noua capitala la 부부

Yi Seonggye justifica noua dinastie pe modelul “mandatului ceresc”, doar ca mandatul se obtine acum pe baza
integritatii morale si a virutii personale  monarhul model moral ( noua clasa a aristocratiei pe baza de merite
부부)

Seth: Yi So˘ng-gye justified the new dynasty with the concept of the Mandate of Heaven (Chinese: Tianming;
Korean: cho˘nmyo˘ng). According to Yi and his supporters, the last years of the Koryo˘ saw rule by immoral men
who ruled through puppet kings. Confucian belief was that the ruler must be a person of integrity and virtue who
sets a moral example or else the harmony between Heaven and Earth can not be maintained, there will be
calamities, and the people will become restless. This, according to Yi, had happened in the years after Kongmin,
when self-serving, evil officials ruled through weak monarchs. To further justify his assumption of power, the
dynastic founders argued that the legitimate line of Wang kings had died out with Kongmin. In such a situation
there was no recourse but to assume the throne:

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 “The ancestral altar must surely be returned to the man of virtue and the great throne should not be left vacant too
long. With merit and virtue, the public mind can be won. The ranks and offices [of government] should be
correctly reestablished to pacify the people’s discontent. I, lacking virtue, decline [the offer of the throne]
repeatedly for fear that I may not be competent to carry the burden. Everyone is saying, however, that the
Heavenly mandate has already been manifested in the popular will. No one should resist the public will. Nor
should he go against Heaven. Holding this [principle] firmly, I have decided, with humility, to follow the public
will and to accept the throne.”

Sursa: Ch’oe Yong-ho, The Civil Examinations and the Social Structure in Early
Yi Dynasty Korea: 1392–1600 (Seoul: Korean Research Center, 1987), 67.

정종 Jeongjong si 대종 Daejong

Perioadă cunoscută în istorie dret ”Strife of princes”

In 1392 Yi Bangwon helped his father to overthrow Goryeo and establish a new dynasty, Joseon. He
expected to be appointed as the successor to the throne for he contributed most to the founding of Joseon, but his
father, Taejo, and prime minister Jeong Do-jeon favored Taejo's eighth son and Yi Bangwon's half-brother (second
son of Queen Shindeok), Yi Bangseok, as the crown prince. This conflict arose chiefly because Jeong Dojeon,
who shaped and laid down ideological, institutional and legal foundations of the new dynasty more than anyone
else, saw Joseon as a kingdom led by ministers appointed by the king while Yi Bangwon wanted to establish the
absolute monarchy ruled directly by the king. (Problema de logica politica aici?) Both sides were well aware of
each other's great animosity and were getting ready to strike first. After the sudden death of Queen Shindeok, and
while King Taejo was still in mourning for his second wife, Yi Bang-won struck first by raiding the palace and
killed Jeong Do-jeon and his supporters, as well as Queen Shindeok's two sons including the crown prince
in 1398. This incident became known as the First Strife of Princes.
Aghast at the fact that his sons were willing to kill each other for the crown, and psychologically
exhausted from the death of his second wife, King Taejo abdicated and immediately crowned his second son
Yi Bang-gwa, or King Jeongjong, as the new ruler. One of King Jeongjong's first acts as monarch was to revert
the capital to Gaeseong, where he is believed to have been considerably more comfortable. Yet Yi Bangwon
retained real power and was soon in conflict with his disgruntled older brother Yi Bang-gan, who also yearned for
power. In 1400, General Bak Po, who was disappointed by Yi Bangwon for not rewarding him enough for his
action in the First Strife of Princes, allied with Bangwon's older brother Yi Bang-gan (Prince Hoean) and rebelled
against him in what came to be known as the Second Strife of Princes. Yi Bangwon successfully defeated his
brother's forces, then executed Bak Po and sent Yi Bang-gan into exile. King Jeongjong, who was afraid of his
powerful brother, named Yi Bangwon as crown prince and abdicated in the same year. Yi Bangwon 이방원
assumed the throne of Joseon at long last as King Taejong 대종, the third king of Joseon, father or 세종.

Caracteristica principală a perioadei de tranziție: aparitia neoconfucianismului

Confucianismul – norme sociale, acceptarea ierarhiei, familia la baza societatii, indatoririle individului fata de
familie si societate, rolul paragonic al monarhului, educatia formala, etc.

Neoconfucianismul – cauta raspunsuri la intrebari existentiale (realitate, adevar, legatura omului cu lumea, etc.)
 practica sociala confucianista completata cu idei budiste si daoiste (i.e. practici meditative, idea de iluminare).

In Coreea ajung operele fratilor Cheng Hao si Cheng Yi si ale maestrului Zhu Xi  carturari coreeni care
promoveaza neoconfucianismul: 부부 (sau 부부 1243-1306), 부부부 (1337-1392), 부부부 (1337-1398) – ostili budismului
(=strain) – sprijina accesul lui Yi Seonggye la tron si intemeierea Reg. Joseon – Yi Seonggye si-a pus sustinatorii
in pozitii cheie (“Supusi cu merite in intemeierea dinastiei”)

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Social
- apariţia noilor clase: birocraţi 부부부 (înalţi funcţionari) şi 부부 (unii dintre ei clerici, admin. locală  domenii
agricole 부부) a membrilor armatei 부부 (fără examen de stat)  부부 (doua clase/ grupari - civila si militara) 
implicare sociala, politica si culturala = "societatea yangban" (elitism)
- personaj iconic: 부부부부 (1418-1450)

Politic
Organizare interna
 부부부 (Consiliul de stat/ Cancelaria regala) - inalti cancelari (3) + acordul regelui
 부부 (부 부) (Sase oficii ministeriale): 부부(Personal) · 부부(Taxe) ·부부(Rituri) ·부부(Armata) ·부부(Lege/ Pedepse) ·부부
(Administratie publica) - pe model Goryeo
- organe de stabilire a actiunilor politice si executarea lor
 부부부 (Secretariatul regal) - trnsmiterea documentelor catre/ dinspre rege
 부부 - trei organisme de control
- organe de consiliere, control si cenzura
* reorganizarea armatei la inceput de Joseon

Relatiile externe
 cu China - relatie de vasalitate 부부 (부 부) fata de din. Ming - misiuni diplomatice cu daruri (cai, ginseng,
textile)
 cu Japonia - conflicte pe coasta din cauza piratilor japonezi --> export de grane si textile, obiecte
decorative, sutre budiste, carti confucianiste; import de sulf, cupru, plante medicinale si condimente
- granita de nord a reg. Joseon - neclara: incidente cu triburile jurchen din N.

Organizare dministrativa
 8 provincii (v. harta Cap. 9/ pag. 177) - guvernator (부부 sau 부부) + magistrati

Social
 yangban - inital improprietariti, apoi doar cu salarii
 militarii - improprietariti dupa rang
 taranii (부부 sau 부부) - unii cu pamant, altii lucrau pentru yangban
- nu au drept de libera miscare  lege pentru 부부 (placuta ID)
- platesc taxe si tribut, presteaza zile de munca in folosul statului si serviciu militar obligatoriu

 sclavii (부부 - din afara si 부부 - de casa), cu statut ereditar - apartin statului sau unui individ (부부 - outcasts,
erau oameni liberi)
 mestesugarii si micii producatori (textile - matase, bumbac, in; fierari - arme, armuri, obiecte casnice -->
artisani ai statului - v. p. 186)
 negustorii - mai mult local; 1423 - primele monede din arama; 1464 - moneda din fier / alternativ:
bumbac si in

Cultural
 Scrieri
- începuturile istoriografiei şi a documentărilor istorice de tip 부부 1413 (eg. 부부부부, 부부 부부 부부), 1451 - istoria
revizuita a reg, Goryo (부부부)
- schite geografice: 1432 부부 부부 부 ("Explicatii geografice pentru cele 8 provincii")
- poemele 부부 - stilul de exprimare carturaresc
- aparitia alfabetului 부부 (1443-1446) a.k.a. 부부부부 (v. justificarea p. 192) - opozitia yangban-ilor

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- indreptare si manuale de administratie si de etica deontologica: 1431 부부(부 부) 부부 (Indrumari pentru guvernarea
corecta), 1432 부부부부 (Actiunea celor trei legaturi)
- tratate de medicina, agricultura si militare (m.a. despre arme)
Arta
- arta culta - tus si pensula - "pictura carturareasca" eg. 부부부, 부부