Topic 1: Algebra Sequences and Series

A sequence is a set of terms which follow a rule (pattern) 𝑢" , 𝑢$ , 𝑢% , … , 𝑢'(" , 𝑢'

Arithmetic Progression: Terms differ by a common difference, 𝒅 𝑢" + 𝑢$ + 𝑢% + ⋯ + 𝑢'(" + 𝑢'

𝒅 = 𝒖𝒏 − 𝒖𝒏(𝟏 𝑐−𝑏 = 𝑏−𝑎 𝑢" = 𝑎 𝑢$ = 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑢% = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 𝑢' = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

𝑛 𝑛
Sum of arithmetic progression 𝑆' = (𝑢 + 𝑢' ) 𝑆' = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) + 𝑑)
2 " 2

Geometric Progression: Terms differ by a common ratio, 𝑟 𝑢" × 𝑢$ × 𝑢% × … × 𝑢'(" × 𝑢'

𝒖𝒏?𝟏 𝑏 𝑎
𝒓= = 𝑢" = 𝑎 𝑢$ = 𝑎𝑟 𝑢% = 𝑎𝑟 $ 𝑢' = 𝑎𝑟 '("
𝒖𝒏 𝑎 𝑐

𝑢" (1 − 𝑟 ' ) 𝑢"

Sum of geometric progression 𝑆' = Sum of infinite geometric progression 𝑆' =
1−𝑟 1−𝑟

Topic 1: Algebra Exponents and Logarithms

Exponent (Index) Laws: Logarithm Laws: 𝑏 = 𝑎 @ ⟺ 𝑥 = log F 𝑏

𝑎' 𝑥
𝒂𝒏 × 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒂𝒏?𝒎 𝑎' ÷ 𝑎J = = 𝑎 '(J log F 𝑥 +log F 𝑥 = log F 𝑥𝑦 log F 𝑥 +log F 𝑥 = log F
𝑎J 𝑦

𝒎 𝒎
𝒏
𝒂 𝒏 = √𝒂𝒎 𝒐𝒓 N √𝒂O
𝒏
𝑎" = 𝑎 𝑎P = 1 log F 𝑥 ' = nlog F 𝑥 log F 1 = 0 log F 𝑎 = 1

𝑎@ = 𝑎U log F 𝑎 V = 𝑟 𝑎 WXYZ @ = 𝑥 log F 𝑥 = log F 𝑦 log [ 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

1
(𝒂𝒙 )𝒚 =𝒂 𝒙𝒚 (𝑎𝑏)@ =𝑎 𝑏 @ @
𝑎 (@
= @
𝑎 𝑥=𝑦
𝑥=𝑦 log F (0) = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 log(−𝑥) = 0

Change of Base Formula

Graphs of
1
exponential functions log F 𝑏 =
log a 𝑏 ln 𝑏 log ` 𝑎
and 𝒆𝒙 𝑥= =
log a 𝑎 ln 𝑎

No stationary points Graphs of logarithms

Always positive

Always increasing

y-axis is HA

No VA

One-to-one
 Topic 1: Algebra Induction

1. Test Let 𝑛 = 1 Ensure 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

2. Assume Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 Substitute 𝑘 for 𝑛 in statement

3. Prove Let 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 Substitute part of 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 with 𝑛 = 𝑘

Since statement is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘, then it is also true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1

4. Explain
The proposition is true for 𝑛 = 1 and

Topic 1: Algebra Complex Numbers

There are two types of complex numbers 𝑖 $ = −1 𝑖 % = −𝑖 𝑖f = 1 𝑖g = 𝑖

Modulus (𝑟): The distance from

polar form mod-arg form 𝑟 = |𝑧| = j𝑎$ + 𝑏$
the origin

Argument (𝜃): the angle is 𝑏

𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝑟(𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜃) 𝜃 = tan("
subtended from the real axis 𝑎

Topic 1: Algebra Permutations and Combinations

×: AND +∶ OR −∶ EXCLUDING

Combinations (choose):
Permutations (pick):
'
𝑛! To choose 𝑟 objects out of 𝑛 '
𝑛! 𝑛
To pick 𝒓 objects out of 𝒏 𝑃V = 𝐶V = =x y
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! distinct objects (order not 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟
distinct objects is:
important) is:

Topic 1: Algebra Sum and Product of Roots

Formula of Quadratic: 𝒙𝟐 − (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝒙 + 𝜶𝜷 or 𝒙𝟐 − 𝑺𝑵 𝒙 + 𝑷𝑵

𝑏 𝑎'(" 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑆€ = 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − 𝑆€ = 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − =−
𝑎 𝑎' 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡

For a (−1)' 𝑎'

For a quadratic equation: 𝑃€ = 𝛼𝛽 =
polynomial: 𝑎' Odd number: Negative
𝑐
𝑃€ = 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝑎 = Even number: Positive
𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡