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Flanges General For Dummies 150518091749 Lva1 App6892 PDF
Flanges General For Dummies 150518091749 Lva1 App6892 PDF
FOR DUMMIES
“It might be helped for the Engineers who are not eligible in certain fucking place”
FLANGES GENERAL
A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to form a piping
system. It also provides easy access for cleaning, inspection or modification. Flanges are usually
welded or screwed. Flanged joints are made by bolting together two flanges with a gasket between
them to provide a seal.
Pipe flanges are manufactured in all the different materials. Some flanges are made of cast and ductile
iron, but the most used material is forged carbon steel and have machined surfaces.
TYPES OF FLANGES
The most used flange types in Petro and chemical industry are:
Welding Neck Flange
Slip On Flange
Socket Weld Flange
Lap Joint Flange
Threaded Flange
Blind Flange
All types except the Lap Joint flange are provided with a raised flange face.
SPECIAL FLANGES
Except the flanges, which are mentioned above, there are still a number of special flanges such as:
Orifice Flanges
Spectacle Blinds (part of flange connection)
Spades and Ring Spacers (part of flange connection)
Long Welding Neck Flanges
Weldoflange / Nipoflange
Expander Flange
Reducing Flange
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 2
MATERIALS FOR FLANGES
The most common materials used in flanges produced is carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron,
aluminium, brass, bronze, plastic etc..
In addition, flanges, like fittings and pipes, for specific purposes sometimes internally equipped with
layers of materials of a completely different quality as the flanges themselves, which are
"lined flanges".
The material of a flange, is basically set during the choice of the pipe, in most cases, a flange is of the
same material as the pipe.
All flanges, discussed on this website fall under the ASME en ASTM standards, unless otherwise
indicated. ASME B16.5 describes dimensions, dimensional tolerances etc. and ASTM the different
material qualities.
DIMENSIOS OF FLANGES
Each flange according to ASME B16.5 has a number of standard dimensions.
If a draftsman in Japan or the work preparer in Canada or a pipefitter in Australia is speaking about a
Welding Neck flange 6"-150#-S40 according to ASME B16.5, then it goes over the flange which in the
image here below is shown.
If the flange is ordered, the supplier want to know the material quality. For example ASTM A105 is a
forged carbon steel flange, while A182 is a forged stainless steel flange.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 3
All these various elements are interrelated and depend upon one another to achieve a successful
result.
The reliability of the flanged joint depends critically upon competent control of the joint making
process.
Quoting from John H. Bickford's book, "An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted
Joints":
That all important clamping force which holds the joint together - and without which there would be
no joint - is not created by a good joint designer, nor by high quality parts. It is created by the
mechanic on the job site, using the tools, procedures, and working conditions we have provided him
with... And further: The final, essential creator of the force is the mechanic, and the time of creation is
during assembly. So it's very important for us to understand this process.
The industry has recognized the critical nature of installation and assembly for several years.
In Europe, the emphasis has been on ensuring that joint making is undertaken by trained and
validated technicians and this has led to the publication of a European Technical standard: TS EN 1591
Part 4 entitled "Flanges and their joints. Design rules for gasketed circular flange connections.
Qualification of personnel competency in the assembly of bolted joints fitted to equipment subject to
the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)".
The standard provides a methodology for the training and assessment of technicians involved in the
making and breaking of flange joints and can be viewed as being analogous to the training required
for welders involved with pressure vessel work. Its publication demonstrates the importance placed
upon the competent control of joint making process in ensuring leak-free performance from the
flange.
The gasket is but one of many reasons a bolted flange joint connection can leak.
Even when all the complex inter-related components of a bolted joint flange connection work in
perfect harmony, the single most important factor leading to success or failure of that bolted flange
connection will be attention given to proper installation and assembly procedures by the person
installing the gasket. If done properly, the assembly will remain leak-free for the target life
expectancy.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 4
Flanged pipe systems need much more space (just think of a pipe rack).
Insulation of flanged pipe systems is more expensive (special flange caps).
Of course, flange connections have great benefits; some examples:
A new line can contain multiple pipe spools and can be manufactured in a workshop.
This pipe spools can be assembled in the plant without the need to be welded.
NDO (X-ray, Hydro test etc.) in the plant is not necessary, because this has been done in the
workshop.
Blasting and painting in the plant is not necessary, because even this has been done in a workshop
(only paint damages during installation should be repaired).
As with many things, everything has its pros and cons.
PRESSURE CLASS
The Pressure Class or Rating for flanges will be given in pounds. Different names are used to indicate
a Pressure Class. For example: 150 Lb or 150 Lbs or 150# or Class 150, all are means the same.
Forged steel flanges are made in seven primary ratings:
EXAMPLE
Flanges can withstand different pressures at different temperatures. As temperature increases, the
pressure rating of the flange decreases. For example, a Class 150 flange is rated to approximately 270
PSIG at ambient conditions, 180 PSIG at approximately 400°F, 150 PSIG at approximately 600°F, and
75 PSIG at approximately 800°F. In other words, when the pressure goes down, the temperature goes
up and vice versa.
Additional factors are that flanges can be constructed from different materials, such as stainless steel,
cast and ductile iron, carbon steel etc.. Each material have different pressure ratings.
PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS
Pressure-temperature ratings are maximum allowable working gage pressures in bar units at the
temperatures in degrees celsius. For intermediate temperatures, linear interpolation is permitted.
Interpolation between class designations is not permitted.
Pressure-temperature ratings apply to flanged joints that conform to the limitations on bolting and on
gaskets, which are made up in accordance with good practice for alignment and assembly. Use of
these ratings for flanged joints not conforming to these limitations is the responsibility of the user.
The temperature shown for a corresponding pressure rating is the temperature of the pressure-
containing shell of the component. In general, this temperature is the same as that of the contained
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 5
fluid. Use of a pressure rating corresponding to a temperature other than that of the contained fluid is
the responsibility of the user, subject to the requirements of applicable codes and regulations. For any
temperature below -29°C, the rating shall be no greater than the rating shown for -29°C.
As an example, below you will find two tables with material groups acc. to ASTM, and two other tables
with flange pressure-temperature ratings for those ASTM materials acc. to ASME B16.5.
(1) Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above (1) Do not use over 425°C.
425°C, the carbide phase of steel may be converted
to graphite. Permissible but not recommended for
prolonged use above 425°C.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 6
425 5.5 28.8 38.4 57.5 86.3 143.8 239.7
450 4.6 23 30.7 46 69 115 191.7
475 3.7 17.4 23.2 34.9 52.3 87.2 145.3
500 2.8 11.8 15.7 23.5 35.3 58.8 97.9
538 1.4 5.9 7.9 11.8 17.7 29.5 49.2
FLANGE TYPES
As already before described, the most used flange types acc.
to ASME B16.5 are: Welding Neck, Slip On, Socket Weld,
Lap Joint, Threaded and Blind flange.
Here below you will find a short description and definition of
each type, completed with an detailed image.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 7
by the taper is extremely beneficial, under conditions of repeated bending, caused by line expansion
or other variable forces.
These flanges are bored to match the inside diameter of the mating pipe or fitting so there will be no
restriction of product flow. This prevents turbulence at the joint and reduces erosion. They also
provide excellent stress distribution through the tapered hub and are easily radiographed for flaw
detection. This flange type will be welded to a pipe or fitting with a single full penetration, V weld
(Buttweld). 1. Slip On flange 2. Filled
weld outside
3. Filled weld inside 4. Pipe
SLIP On FLANGE
The calculated strength from a
Slip On flange under internal
pressure is of the order of two-
thirds that of welding neck flanges,
and their life under fatigue is about
one-third that of the latter.
The connection with the pipe is
done with 2 fillet welds, as well at
the outside as also at the inside of the flange. The X measure on the image, are approximately: Wall
thickness of pipe + 3 mm.
This space is necessary, to do not damage the flange face, during the welding process.
A disadvantage of the flange is, that principle always firstly a pipe must be welded and then just a
fitting. A combination of flange and elbow or flange and tee is not possible, because named fittings
have not a straight end, that complete slid in the Slip On flange.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 8
The purpose for the bottoming clearance in a socket weld is usually to reduce the residual stress at
the root of the weld that could occur during solidification of the weld metal. The image shows you the
X measure for the expansion gap.
The disadvantage of this flange is right the gap, that must be made. By corrosive products, and
mainly in stainless steel pipe systems, the crack between pipe and flange can give corrosion problems.
In some processes this flange is also not allowed. I am not an expert in this matter, but on the
internet, you will find a lot of information about forms of corrosion.
Also for this flange counts, that principle always firstly a pipe must be welded and then just a fitting.
Stub End
A Stub End always will be used with a Lap Joint flange, as
a backing flange.
This flange connections are applied, in low-pressure and
non critical applications, and is a cheap method of
flanging.
In a stainless steel pipe system, for example, a carbon
steel flange can be applied, because they are not come in
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 9
contact with the product in the pipe.
Stub Ends are available in almost all pipe diameters. Dimensions and dimensional tolerances are
defined in the ASME B.16.9 standard. Light-weight corrosion resistant Stub Ends (fittings) are defined
in MSS SP43.
BLIND FLANGE
Blind Flanges are manufactured without a bore and used
to blank off the ends of piping, valves and pressure
vessel openings.
From the standpoint of internal pressure and bolt
loading, blind flanges, particularly in the larger sizes, are
the most highly stressed flange types.
However, most of these stresses are bending types near
the center, and since there is no standard inside
diameter, these flanges are suitable for higher pressure
temperature applications.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 10
FLANGE FACES
Different types of flange faces are used as the contact surfaces to seat the sealing gasket material.
ASME B16.5 and B16.47 define various types of flange facings, including the raised face, the large
male and female facings which have identical dimensions to provide a relatively large contact area.
Other flange facings covered by these standards include the large and small tongue-and-groove
facings, and the ring joint facing specifically for ring joint type metal gaskets.
In Pressure Classes 150 and 300 Lbs, the height of raised face is approximately 1.6 mm (1/16 inch).
In these two Pressure Classes, almost all suppliers of flanges, show in their catalog or brochure, the
H and B dimensions including the raised face height. See figure 1 on the image below.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 11
In Pressure Classes 400, 600, 900, 1500 & 2500 Lbs, the height of raised face is approximately
6.4 mm (1/4 inch). In these Pressure Classes, most suppliers show the H and B dimensions excluding
the raised face height. See figure 2 on the image above.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 12
good, reliable sealing with the correct choice of profiles and material.
Ring Type Joint gaskets are designed to seal by "initial line contact" or wedging action between the
mating flange and the gasket. By applying pressure on the seal interface through bolt force, the
"softer" metal of the gasket flows into the microfine structure of the harder flange material, and
creating a very tight and efficient seal.
Most applied type is style R ring that is manufactured in accordance with ASME B16.20 used with
ASME B16.5 flanges, class 150 to 2500.
Style R ring type joints are manufactured in both oval and octagonal configurations. The octagonal
cross section has a higher sealing efficiency than the oval and would be the preferred gasket.
However, only the oval cross section can be used in the old type round bottom groove. The newer flat
bottom groove design will accept either the oval or the octagonal cross section. The sealing surfaces
on the ring joint grooves must be smoothly finished to 63 Microinches and be free of objectionable
ridges, tool or chatter marks. They seal by an initial line contact or a wedging action as the
compressive forces are applied. The hardness of the ring should always be less than the hardness of
the flanges.
Style R ring type joints are designed to seal pressure up to 6,250 psi in accordance with ASME B16.5
pressure ratings and up to 5,000 psi.
TONGUE-AND-GROOVE (T&G)
The tongue and groove faces
of this flanges must be matched.
One flange face has a raised ring
(Tongue) machined onto the flange
face while the mating flange has a
matching depression (Groove) machined into it's face.
Tongue-and-groove facings are standardized in both large and small types. They differ from male-and-
female in that the inside diameters of the tongue-and-groove do not extend into the flange base, thus
retaining the gasket on its inner and outer diameter. These are commonly found on pump covers and
valve bonnets.
Tongue-and-groove joints also have an advantage in that they are self-aligning and act as a reservoir
for the adhesive. The scarf joint keeps the axis of loading in line with the joint and does not require a
major machining operation.
General flange faces such as the RTJ, T&G and the F&M shall never be bolted together. The reason for
this is that the contact surfaces do not match and there is no gasket that has one type on one side
and another type on the other side.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 13
MALE-AND-FEMALE (M&F)
With this type the flanges also must be matched. One flange face has an area that extends beyond the
normal flange face (Male). The other flange or mating flange has a matching depression (Female)
machined into it's face.
The female face is 3/16-inch deep, the male face is 1/4-inch high, and both are smooth finished. The
outer diameter of the female face acts to locate and retain the gasket. Custom male and female
facings are commonly found on the heat exchanger shell to channel and cover flanges.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 14
revolution up to 12 inch. For sizes 14 inch and larger, the finish is made with
3.2 mm round-nosed tool at a feed of 1.2 mm per revolution.
Spiral Serrated
This is also a continuous or phonographic spiral groove, but it differs from the
stock finish in that the groove typically is generated using a 90-deg tool which
creates a "V" geometry with 45° angled serration.
Concentric Serrated
As the name suggests, this finish is comprised of concentric grooves. A 90°
tool is used and the serrations are spaced evenly across the face.
Smooth Finish
This finish shows no visually apparent tool markings. These finishes are
typically utilized for gaskets with metal facings such as double jacketed, flat
steel and corrugated metal. The smooth surfaces mate to create a seal and
depend on the flatness of the opposing faces to effect a seal. This is typically
achieved by having the gasket contact surface formed by a continuous
(sometimes called phonographic) spiral groove generated by a 0.8 mm radius
round-nosed tool at a feed rate of 0.3 mm per revolution with a depth of 0.05
mm. This will result in a roughness between Ra 3.2 and 6.3 micrometers (125
- 250 micro inch).
GASKETS
To realize a leak-free flange connection gaskets are
necessary.
Gaskets are compressible sheets or rings used to make a
fluid-resistant seal between two surfaces. Gaskets are
built to operate under extreme temperature and pressures
and are available in a wide range of metallic, semi-metallic
and non-metallic materials.
The principle of sealing, for example, is the compression from a gasket between two flanges. A
gaskets fills the microscopic spaces and irregularities of the flange faces and then it forms a seal that
is designed to keep liquids and gases. Correct installation of damage free gaskets is a requirement for
a leak-free flange connection.
On this website gaskets according to ASME B16.20 (Metallic and semi-metallic gaskets for Pipe
flanges) and ASME B16.21 (Nonmetallic flat gaskets for pipe flanges) will be defined.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 15
WHAT IS A FLANGE GASKET
Flange gaskets are used to create a static seal between two flanges faces, at various operating
conditions, with varied pressure and temperature ratings.
A gaskets fills the microscopic spaces and irregularities of the flange faces, and then it forms a seal
that is designed to keep liquids and gases.
Correct installation of damage-free gaskets and demage-free flange faces is a requirement for a leak-
free flange connection.
If it would be technically possible, in order to manufacture flanges perfectly flat and smooth, and
perfectly compatible with one another under all operating conditions, a gasket would not be
necessary.
But in normal practice it is not possible, because flange connections under ANY circumstances should
be made. Small impurities and a small bit of dirt, is in practice not be avoided and therefore it is
necessary to use a gasket.
TYPES OF GASKETS
Materials for gaskets can be divided into three main categories:
Non-metallic types
Semi-metallic types
Metallic types
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 16
conditions and high-temperature and pressure applications, and are used on raised face, male-and-
female, and tongue-and-groove flanges.
ASME B16.20 covers materials, dimensions, dimensional tolerances, and markings for metallic and
semi-metallic gaskets.
Ring Type Joint gaskets are designed to seal by "initial line contact" or wedging action between the
mating flange and the gasket. By applying pressure on the seal interface through bolt force, the
"softer" metal of the gasket flows into the microfine structure of the harder flange material, and
creating a very tight and efficient seal.
ASME B16.20 covers materials, dimensions, dimensional tolerances, and markings for metallic and
semi-metallic gaskets.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 17
The spiral wound gasket depends upon the mechanical characteristics of a formed metal spiral strip,
rather than the compressive virtues of more traditional gasket materials. This makes it particularly
suitable for low or fluctuating bolt loads. The sealing strips, or fillers, are usually graphite, although
other materials such as Teflon (PTFE) may be used, the windings are always stainless steel. For this
type of gasket to work the spiral must not be over compressed, hence one of two types of
compression control is usually used.
The completed gasket is fitted into a steel ring of specific thickness. When the gasket is fitted into a
flange and the bolt load is applied, flange closure is governed by the outer steel ring of the gasket. To
further improve the pressure rating of the spiral wound gasket, a steel ring may be added to the
inside. This gives an additional compression limiting stop and provides a heat and corrosion barrier
protecting gasket windings and preventing flange erosion. It is customary to select inner ring material
to be the same as the metal winding.
ASME B16.20 which covers spiral wound gaskets requires the use of solid metal inner rings in:
Pressure Class 900, nominal pipe sizes 24 and larger, Pressure Class 1500 from nominal pipe sizes 12
and larger, Pressure Class 2500 from nominal pipe sizes 4 and larger and all PTFE filled gaskets. In
the same standard is also described how a spiral wound gasket should be characterized, below you will
find an image on it.
Camprofile gaskets
Camprofile or "Grooved" gaskets have proven themselves in all industrial applications. Camprofile
gaskets are found in industrial power plants and in the primary circuits in nuclear installations. Used
either between flanges or in heat exchanger units in nuclear applications. The Petro and chemical
industry benefit too, as the gaskets are used in applications where high pressures and temperatures
are maintained and consequently high bolt loads need to be controlled.
Camprofile gaskets consist of a metal core (generally Stainless Steel) with concentric grooves on
either side with sealing materials. The sealing layers (depending on the service duty) can be Graphite,
PTFE (Teflon), CAF or Metal (e.g. Aluminium or Silver). Camprofile's can be used without sealing
layers to provide an excellent seal but there is a risk of flange surface damage - especially at high
seating loads. The sealing layers protect the flange surfaces from damage in addition to providing an
effective seal. In the main Menu "Others" you will find a link to the dimensions of that kind of grooved
gasket.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 18
They are traditionally used for heat exchanger applications, pumps and valves, however the resilience
and recovery properties of these gaskets are limited. Metal Jacketed gaskets require smooth flange
surface finishes, high bolt loads and flange flatness in order to seal effectively.
There are many different styles of jacketed gaskets available. In the main Menu "Others" you will find
a link to the dimensions of double jacketed flange gaskets. In that type the filler material is completely
enclosed by a two piece metal jacket, which covers both the inside and outside diameters and both
contact surfaces.
BOLTS
To connect two flanges with each other, also bolts are necessary.
The quantity will be given by the number of bolt holes in a flange, diameter and length of bolts is
dependent of flange type and Pressure Class of flange.
The most used bolts in Petro and chemical industry for ASME B16.5 flanges are stud bolts. Stud bolts
are made from a threaded rod and using two nuts. The other available type is the machine bolt that
using one nut. On this site only stud bolts will be discussed.
Dimensions, dimensional tolerances etc. have been defined in the ASME B16.5 and ASME 18.2.2
standard, materials in different ASTM standards.
TYPES OF BOLTS
In Petro and chemical industry for flange connections actually only stud bolts are used, but in
principle, two types of bolts for flange connections are available.
1. Stud bolt
2. Hex bolt
The stud bolt is a threaded rod with 2 heavy hexagon nuts, while the hex bolt has a head with one
nut. Nuts and head are both six sided.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 19
Note: The length of metric stud bolts measured parallel to axis, is the distance from each stud bolt,
including the point.
The quantity of bolts for a flange connection will be given by the number of bolt holes in a flange,
diameter and length of bolts is dependent of flange type and Pressure Class of flange.
To allow the use of hydraulic tensioning equipment, larger dimension studs shall be often one
diameter longer than "standard". That bolts to have plastic end cap protection.
Bolts threading are defined in ASME B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads, (UN and UNR Thread Form).
The most common thread is a symmetrical form with a V-profile. The included angle is 60°. This form
is widely used in the Unified thread (UN, UNC, UNF, UNRC, UNRF) form as the ISO / metric threads.
The advantage of a symmetrical threads is that they are easier to produce and inspect compared with
non-symmetrical threads. These are typically used in general-purpose fasteners.
Thread series cover designations of diameter/pitch combinations that are measured by the number of
threads per inch (TPI) applied to a single diameter.
Hex nuts (dimensional data) are defined in ASME B18.2.2, and even as bolts the threading in ASME
B1.1.
Depending on a customer specification, nuts must be both sites chamfered or with on one side a
washer-face.
The height of a nut for stud bolts are the same as the diameter of the thread rod.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 20
IMAGE of a nut with on one side a
IMAGE of a both sites chamfered nut. washer-face.
MARKING OF STUDBOLTS
Thread rods and nuts must be marked by the manufacturer with a unique identifier to identify the
manufacturer or private label distributor, as appropriate. Below you will find a number of ASTM
examples.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 21
DESIGN
FLANGES GRADE THREAD RODS GRADE NUTS
TEMPERATURE
ASTM A 182
-195° to 102°C Gr. F304, F304L, F316, A320 Gr. B8 Class 2 A194 Gr. 8A
F316L, F321, F347
ASTM A 350
-101° to -47°C A 320 Gr. L7 A 194 Gr. 7
Gr. LF3
ASTM A 350
-46° to -30°C A 320 Gr. L7 A 194 Gr. 7
Gr. LF2
ASTM A 182
428° to 537°C A 193 Gr. B16 A 194 Gr. 2H
Gr. F11, F22
ASTM A182
538° to 648°C A 193 Gr. B8 Class 1 A 194 Gr. 8A
Gr. F11, F22
ASTM A182
649° to 815°C A 193 Gr. B8 Class 1 A 194 Gr. 8A
Gr. F304 H, F316 H
Note: materials in the table above are being provided for guidance purposes
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 22
WHAT ARE SPECIAL FLANGES
On this page are the special flanges discussed, and parts that may include a flange connection. Special
Flanges are basically identical to standard flanges, but have a number of special features.
ORIFICE FLANGE
Orifice Flanges are intended for use instead of standard pipe flanges when an orifice plate or flow
nozzle must be installed. Pairs of pressure "Tappings", mostly on 2 sides, directly opposite each other,
are machined into the orifice flange. This makes separate orifice carriers or tappings in the pipe wall
unnecessary.
On the image above a set Orifice Flanges is
shown, where the tappings are sealed with a plug,
and where a jack screw is machined. This jack
screw is used to facilitate separating the flanges
for inspection or replacement of the "Orifice Plate"
and gaskets.
The range of orifice flanges covers all standard
sizes and ranges, and all common flange
materials. Flanges are available in Welding Neck,
Slip On, and Threaded form, and are typically
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 23
They are normally mounted between a set of Orifice Flanges and are installed in
a straight run of smooth pipe to avoid disturbance of flow patterns from fittings
and valves.
1. Orifice Plate 2. Hole in Plate The image of a CROSS-SECTION
3. Tappings 4. Orifice flange
of a set of Orifice Flanges, gives you a
good impression.
Orifices Plates are used to create a
differential pressure that relates to
the velocity of the gas from which a
flow rate can be calculated. As the
following gas passes through the
restriction in the line caused by the
orifice plate, the difference in the
upstream and downstream pressure can be
measured at set points, called taps, and a flow rate at
the point can be determined. As the plate serve as a
restriction in a pipeline, then we talk about a Restriction Orifice Plate, abbreviated ( RO).
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 24
SPECTACLE BLINDS
Spectacle Blinds are generally applied to permanently separating pipe systems, or just to connect with
each other.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 25
Spades and Spacers are applied in systems where maintenance is often not necessary, or in
applications with large pipe sizes. Depending on the flange size and the Pressure Class, Spades can
weigh hundreds of pounds. To prevent unnecessary weight to a flange connection, usually will be
chosen not for a Spectacle Blind, but for 2 separate parts.
So as for the Spectacle Blind already described, maintenance on a pipe system can be a reason to
temporarily replace a Ring Spacer for a Spade. By loosening of all bolts, and half of the bolts
temporarily remove, the Spade or Spacer can be placed. After replacing the gaskets (new gaskets are
to recommend), the bolts can be re-assembled and tightened.
A small problem is that we basically cannot see, or a Spade or a Spacer mounted between the flanges.
Therefore the handles are often specially marked, or both have a different design; a customer often
provides its own specification.
What should never lack is, that in the handle, the diameter and the Pressure Class of a Spade or
Spacer is engraved; this applies also for the Spectacle Blind.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 26
WELDOFLANGE / NIPOFLANGE
The Weldoflange and Nipoflange is a combination of a Welding Neck flange and a supposedly Weldolet
or Nipolet. The 2 components are manufactured in one piece, and not welded. These flanges are
primarily in Branchconnections.
On the website of Promat BD you can find more information about the various performances,
dimensions etc.. Furthermore, they have an expanded range of special flanges, fittings and branch
connections.
EXPANDER FLANGE
Expander Flanges is a Welding Neck pipe flange where
the nominal size of the non-flanged end is larger than
the nominal size of the flanged end. They can be used
to change the size of a pipe run. These are usually
used to increase the line size to the first or second
larger size. This is an alternative to using a separate
reducer and weld neck flange combination. The
expander flange can be used to connect pipe to pumps,
compressors and valves.
REDUCING FLANGE
Reducing Flanges are suitable for changing line size, but
should not be used if abrupt transition would create
undesirable turbulence, as at pump connections. A
reducing flange consists of a flange with one specified
diameter having a bore of a different and smaller,
diameter. Except for the bore and hub dimensions, the
flange will have dimensions of the larger pipe size.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 27
Method for calculating Stud bolt lengths
The stud bolt theoretical length can be calculated by means of the formula:
L = 2 (s + n + h + rf) + g
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 28
Dimensions Stud bolts for RF and RTJ flanges acc to ASME B16.5
General notes:
Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.
The length of the stud bolt does not include the height of the CHAMFERS (points).
Length dimensional tolerances for all stud bolts:
length to 12 inch tolerance = ± 1.6 mm
length over 12 inch to 18 inch tolerance = ± 3.2 mm
length over 18 inch tolerance = ± 6.4 mm
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 29
Dimensions Stud bolts for RF and RTJ flanges acc to ASME B16.5
General notes:
Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.
The length of the stud bolt does not include the height of the CHAMFERS (points).
Length dimensional tolerances for all stud bolts:
length to 12 inch tolerance = ± 1.6 mm
length over 12 inch to 18 inch tolerance = ± 3.2 mm
length over 18 inch tolerance = ± 6.4 mm
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 30
Dimensions Stud bolts for RF and RTJ flanges acc to ASME B16.5
General notes:
Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.
The length of the stud bolt does not include the height of the CHAMFERS (points).
Length dimensional tolerances for all stud bolts:
length to 12 inch tolerance = ± 1.6 mm
length over 12 inch to 18 inch tolerance = ± 3.2 mm
length over 18 inch tolerance = ± 6.4 mm
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 31
Dimensions Stud bolts for RF and RTJ flanges acc to ASME B16.5
General notes:
Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.
The length of the stud bolt does not include the height of the CHAMFERS (points).
Length dimensional tolerances for all stud bolts:
length to 12 inch tolerance = ± 1.6 mm
length over 12 inch to 18 inch tolerance = ± 3.2 mm
length over 18 inch tolerance = ± 6.4 mm
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 32
Dimensions Stud bolts for RF and RTJ flanges acc to ASME B16.5
General notes:
Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.
The length of the stud bolt does not include the height of the CHAMFERS (points).
Length dimensional tolerances for all stud bolts:
length to 12 inch tolerance = ± 1.6 mm
length over 12 inch to 18 inch tolerance = ± 3.2 mm
length over 18 inch tolerance = ± 6.4 mm
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 33
Dimensions Stud bolts for RF and RTJ flanges acc to ASME B16.5
General notes:
Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.
The length of the stud bolt does not include the height of the CHAMFERS (points).
Length dimensional tolerances for all stud bolts:
length to 12 inch tolerance = ± 1.6 mm
length over 12 inch to 18 inch tolerance = ± 3.2 mm
length over 18 inch tolerance = ± 6.4 mm
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 34
Dimensions Stud bolts for RF and RTJ flanges acc to ASME B16.5
General notes:
Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.
The length of the stud bolt does not include the height of the CHAMFERS (points).
Length dimensional tolerances for all stud bolts:
length to 12 inch tolerance = ± 1.6 mm
length over 12 inch to 18 inch tolerance = ± 3.2 mm
length over 18 inch tolerance = ± 6.4 mm
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 35
ASTM GRADES
Dimensions from carbon steel and stainless steel flanges are defined in the ASME B16.5 standard. The
material qualities for these flanges are defined in the ASTM standards.
These ASTM standards, define the specific manufacturing process of the material and determine the
exact chemical composition of pipes, fittings and flanges, through percentages of the permitted
quantities of carbon, magnesium, nickel, etc., and are indicated by "Grade".
For example, a carbon steel flange can be identified with Grade F9 or F11, a stainless-steel flange with
Grade F316 or Grade F321 etc..
Below you will find as an example a table with chemical requirements for flanges according to ASTM
A182 Grade F304, F304L, F316L, and a table with frequent Grades, arranged on pipe and pipe-
components, which belong together as a group.
As you may be have noted, in the table below, ASTM A105 has no Grade. Sometimes ASTM A105N is
described;
"N" stands not for Grade, but for normalized. Normalizing is a type of heat treatment, applicable to
ferrous metals only. The purpose of normalizing is to remove the internal stresses induced by heat
treating, casting, forming etc..
Chemical requirements composition, %
Nickel 8 - 11 8 - 13 10 - 15
Chrome 18 - 20 18 - 20 16 - 18
Molybdenum - - 2.00-3.00
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 36
ASTM Grades
Material Pipes Fittings Flanges Valves Bolts & Nuts
A106 Gr A A234 Gr WPA A105 A216 Gr WCB
A193 Gr B7
Carbon Steel A106 Gr B A234 Gr WPB A105 A216 Gr WCB
A194 Gr 2H
A106 Gr C A234 Gr WPC A105 A216 Gr WCB
A335 Gr P1 A234 Gr WP1 A182 Gr F1 A217 Gr WC1
A335 Gr P11 A234 Gr WP11 A182 Gr F11 A217 Gr WC6
Carbon Steel
A335 Gr P12 A234 Gr WP12 A182 Gr F12 A217 Gr WC6 A193 Gr B7
Alloy
A335 Gr P22 A234 Gr WP22 A182 Gr F22 A217 Gr WC9 A194 Gr 2H
High-Temp
A335 Gr P5 A234 Gr WP5 A182 Gr F5 A217 Gr C5
A335 Gr P9 A234 Gr WP9 A182 Gr F9 A217 Gr C12
Carbon Steel A333 Gr 5 A420 Gr WPL6 A350 Gr LF2 A352 Gr LCB
A320 Gr L7
Alloy
A333 Gr 3 A420 Gr WPL3 A350 Gr LF3 A352 Gr LC3 A194 Gr 7
Low-Temp
A312 Gr TP304 A403 Gr WP304 A182 Gr F304 A182 Gr F304
Austenitic
A312 Gr TP316 A403 Gr WP316 A182 Gr F316 A182 Gr F316 A193 Gr B8
Stainless
A312 Gr TP321 A403 Gr WP321 A182 Gr F321 A182 Gr F321 A194 Gr 8
Steel
A312 Gr TP347 A403 Gr WP347 A182 Gr F347 A182 Gr F347
Pipes
A106 = This specification covers carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service.
A335 = This specification covers seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe for high-temperature service.
A333 = This specification covers wall seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipe intended for
use at low temperatures.
A312 = Standard specification for seamless, straight-seam welded, and cold worked welded
austenitic stainless steel pipe intended for high-temperature and general corrosive service.
Fittings
A234 = This specification covers wrought carbon steel and alloy steel fittings of seamless and
welded construction.
A420 = Standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for low-
temperature service.
A403 = Standard specification for wrought austenitic stainless steel piping fittings.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 37
Flanges
A105 = This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is,
flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-
temperature service conditions.
A182 = This specification covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged
fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service.
A350 = This specification covers several grades of carbon and low alloy steel forged or ring-rolled
flanges, forged fittings and valves for low-temperature service.
Valves
A216 = This specification covers carbon steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, or other
pressure-containing parts for high-temperature service and of quality suitable for assembly with
other castings or wrought-steel parts by fusion welding.
A217 = This specification covers steel castings, martensitic stainless steel and alloys steel castings
for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for high-
temperature and corrosive service.
A352 = This specification covers steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-
containing parts intended primarily for low-temperature service.
A182 = This specification covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged
fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 38
Dimensions Slip On flanges and Stud bolts according to ASME B16.5
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 39
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - A 49 54 54 54 52 52 -
Diameter - D 110 125 125 125 150 150 -
12.7 15.9 17.5 17.5 28.6 28.6
Thickness - B -
14.3 17.5 23.9 23.9 35 35
Diameter - G 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 -
Diameter - K 79.4 88.9 88.9 88.9 101.6 101.6 -
16 25 27 27 41 41
Height - H -
17.6 26.6 33.4 33.4 47.4 47.4
Bolt Holes 4 4 4 4 4 4 -
Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 19.1 19.1 25.4 25.4 -
Stud bolt 1/2" 5/8" 5/8" 5/8" 7/8" 7/8" -
Dia x Length 65 75 90 90 125 125 -
Nominal Pipe Size 1 ID = 34.5
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 40
Diameter - K 120.7 127 127 127 165.1 165.1 -
24 32 37 37 57 57
Height - H -
25.6 33.6 43.4 43.4 63.4 63.4
Bolt Holes 4 8 8 8 8 8 -
Diameter - L 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 25.4 25.4 -
Stud bolt 5/8" 5/8" 5/8" 5/8" 7/8" 7/8" -
Dia x Length 85 90 110 110 145 145 -
Nominal Pipe Size 2 ID = 62
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 41
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - A 135 146 146 152 159 - -
Diameter - D 230 255 254 275 290 - -
22.3 30.2 35 38.1 44.5
Thickness - B - -
23.9 31.8 41.4 44.5 50.9
Diameter - G 157.2 157.2 157.2 157.2 157.2 - -
Diameter - K 190.5 200 200 215.9 235 - -
32 46 51 54 70
Height - H - -
33.6 47.6 57.4 60.4 76.4
Bolt Holes 8 8 8 8 8 - -
Diameter - L 19.1 22.2 25.4 25.4 31.8 - -
Stud bolt 5/8" 3/4" 7/8" 7/8" 1 1/8" - -
Dia x Length 90 115 140 145 170 - -
Nominal Pipe Size 4 ID = 116.1
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 42
Diameter - K 362 387.4 387.4 431.8 469.9 - -
48 65 73 86 108
Height - H - -
49.6 66.6 79.4 92.4 114.4
Bolt Holes 12 16 16 16 16 - -
Diameter - L 25.4 25.4 31.8 34.9 38.1 - -
Stud bolt 7/8" 1" 1 1/8" 1 1/4" 1 3/8" - -
Dia x Length 115 160 190 215 235 - -
Nominal Pipe Size 10 ID = 276.3
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 43
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - A 457 483 483 495 508 - -
Diameter - D 595 650 650 685 705 - -
35 55.6 63.5 76.2 88.9
Thickness - B - -
36.6 57.2 69.9 82.6 95.3
Diameter - G 469.9 469.9 469.9 469.9 469.9 - -
Diameter - K 539.8 571.5 571.5 603.2 616 - -
62 81 94 106 133
Height - H - -
63.6 82.6 100.4 112.4 139.4
Bolt Holes 16 20 20 20 20 - -
Diameter - L 28.6 31.8 38.1 41.3 44.5 - -
Stud bolt 1" 1 1/4" 1 3/8" 1 1/2" 1 5/8" - -
Dia x Length 135 190 220 255 285 - -
Nominal Pipe Size 16 ID = 410.5
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 44
Diameter - K 749.3 812.8 812.8 838.2 901.7 - -
81 105 114 140 203
Height - H - -
82.6 106.6 120.4 146.4 209.4
Bolt Holes 20 24 24 24 20 - -
Diameter - L 34.9 41.3 47.6 50.8 66.7 - -
Stud bolt 1 1/4" 1 1/2" 1 3/4" 1 7/8" 2 1/2" - -
Dia x Length 170 230 265 330 440 - -
Nominal Pipe Size 24 ID = 615.9
Drilling
Bolt Circle = 1.6 mm | Bolt Hole Spacing = ±
Diameter of Counterbore 0.8 mm
Same as for Inside Diameter Eccentricity of Bolt Circle with Respect to
Facing
≤ 2½ = 0.8 mm max. | ≥ 3 = 1.6 mm max.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 45
Dimensions Socket Weld flanges and Stud bolts according to ASME B16.5
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 46
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - A 49.2 54 - 54 - 52 -
Diameter - D 110 125 - 125 - 150 -
12.7 15.9 17.5 28.6
Thickness - B - - -
14.3 17.5 23.9 35
Diameter - G 50.8 50.8 - 50.8 - 50.8 -
Diameter - K 79.4 88.9 - 88.9 - 101.6 -
16 25 27 41
Height - H - - -
17.6 26.6 33.4 47.4
Bolt Holes 4 4 - 4 - 4 -
Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 - 19.1 - 25.4 -
Stud bolt 1/2" 5/8" - 5/8" - 7/8" -
Dia x Length 65 75 - 90 - 125 -
Nominal Pipe Size 1 (ID = 34.5) (F = 12.7)
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 47
24 32 37 57
Height - H - - -
25.6 33.6 43.4 63.4
Bolt Holes 4 8 - 8 - 8 -
Diameter - L 19.1 19.1 - 19.1 - 25.4 -
Stud bolt 5/8" 5/8" - 5/8" - 7/8" -
Dia x Length 85 90 - 110 - 145 -
Nominal Pipe Size 2 (ID = 62.0) (F = 17.5)
Drilling
Bolt Circle = 1.6 mm | Bolt Hole Spacing = ±
Diameter of Counterbore 0.8 mm
Same as for Inside Diameter Eccentricity of Bolt Circle with Respect to
Facing
≤ 2½ = 0.8 mm max. | ≥ 3 = 1.6 mm max.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 48
Dimensions Lap Joint flanges and Stud bolts according to ASME B16.5
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 49
Height - H 17 27 27 27 41 41 48
Bolt Holes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 19.1 19.1 25.4 25.4 25.4
Stud bolt 1/2" 5/8" 5/8" 5/8" 7/8" 7/8" 7/8"
Dia x Length 65 75 90 90 125 125 140
Nominal Pipe Size 1 (ID = 35 / r = 3)
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 50
Diameter - K 139.7 149.2 149.2 149.2 190.5 190.5 196.8
Height - H 29 38 41 41 64 64 79
Bolt Holes 4 8 8 8 8 8 8
Diameter - L 19.1 22.2 22.2 22.2 28.6 28.6 31.8
Stud bolt 5/8" 3/4" 3/4" 3/4" 1" 1" 1 1/8"
Dia x Length 90 100 120 120 160 160 195
Nominal Pipe Size 2½ (ID = 75.4 / r = 8)
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 51
Diameter - G 215.9 215.9 215.9 215.9 215.9 215.9 215.9
Diameter - K 241.3 269.9 269.9 292.1 317.5 317.5 368.3
Height - H 40 52 57 67 86 119 152
Bolt Holes 8 12 12 12 12 12 8
Diameter - L 22.2 22.2 25.4 28.6 31.8 38.1 54
Stud bolt 3/4" 3/4" 7/8" 1" 1 1/8" 1 3/8" 2"
Dia x Length 100 120 150 170 190 260 345
Nominal Pipe Size 6 (ID = 171.4 / r = 13)
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 52
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - A 400 425 425 432 451 495 -
Diameter - D 535 585 585 605 640 750 -
Thickness - B 35 54 60.4 69.9 85.8 133.4 -
Diameter - G 412.8 412.8 412.8 412.8 412.8 412.8 -
Diameter - K 476.3 514.4 514.4 527 558.8 635 -
Height - H 79 111 117 127 156 241 -
Bolt Holes 12 20 20 20 20 16 -
Diameter - L 28.6 31.8 34.9 38.1 41.3 60.3 -
Stud bolt 1" 1 1/8" 1 1/4" 1 3/8" 1 1/2" 2 1/4" -
Dia x Length 135 180 210 235 275 405 -
Nominal Pipe Size 14 (ID = 360.2 / r = 13)
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 53
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - A 663 702 702 718 750 762 -
Diameter - D 815 915 915 940 1040 1170 -
Thickness - B 47.7 69.9 76.2 101.6 139.7 203.2 -
Diameter - G 692.2 692.2 692.2 692.2 692.2 692.2 -
Diameter - K 749.3 812.8 812.8 838.2 901.7 990.6 -
Height - H 111 152 159 184 267 330 -
Bolt Holes 20 24 24 24 20 16 -
Diameter - L 34.9 41.3 47.6 50.8 66.7 92.1 -
Stud bolt 1 1/4" 1 1/2" 1 3/4" 1 7/8" 2 1/2" 3 1/2" -
Dia x Length 170 230 265 330 440 615 -
Nominal Pipe Size 24 (ID = 615.9 / r = 13)
Drilling
Bolt Circle = 1.6 mm | Bolt Hole Spacing = ±
Diameter of Counterbore 0.8 mm
Same as for Inside Diameter Eccentricity of Bolt Circle with Respect to
Facing
≤ 2½ = 0.8 mm max. | ≥ 3 = 1.6 mm max.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 54
Dimensions Threaded flanges and Stud bolts according to ASME B16.5
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 55
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - A 49.2 54 54 54 52 52 57
Diameter - D 110 125 125 125 150 150 160
12.7 15.9 17.5 17.5 28.6 28.6 35
Thickness - B
14.3 17.5 23.9 23.9 35 35 41.4
Diameter - G 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8
Diameter - K 79.4 88.9 88.9 88.9 101.6 101.6 108
16 25 27 27 41 41 48
Height - H
17.6 26.6 33.4 33.4 47.4 47.4 54.4
Bolt Holes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 19.1 19.1 25.4 25.4 25.4
Stud bolt 1/2" 5/8" 5/8" 5/8" 7/8" 7/8" 7/8"
Dia x Length 65 75 90 90 125 125 140
Nominal Pipe Size 1
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 56
24 32 37 37 57 57 70
Height - H
25.6 33.6 43.4 43.4 63.4 63.4 76.4
Bolt Holes 4 8 8 8 8 8 8
Diameter - L 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 25.4 25.4 28.6
Stud bolt 5/8" 5/8" 5/8" 5/8" 7/8" 7/8" 1"
Dia x Length 85 90 110 110 145 145 180
Nominal Pipe Size 2
Drilling
Bolt Circle = 1.6 mm | Bolt Hole Spacing = ±
Diameter of Counterbore 0.8 mm
Same as for Inside Diameter Eccentricity of Bolt Circle with Respect to
Facing
≤ 2½ = 0.8 mm max. | ≥ 3 = 1.6 mm max.
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 57
Dimensions Blind flanges and Stud bolts according to ASME B16.5
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 58
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - D 115 135 125 135 160 160 185
14.3 17.5 20.7 20.7 28.6 28.6 38.1
Height - B
15.9 19.1 27.1 27.1 35 35 44.5
Diameter - G 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5
Diameter - K 88.9 98.4 98.4 98.4 111.1 111.1 130
Bolt Holes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 19.1 19.1 25.4 25.4 28.6
Stud bolt 1/2" 5/8" 5/8" 5/8" 7/8" 7/8" 1"
Dia x Length 70 85 95 95 125 125 150
Nominal Pipe Size 1¼
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 59
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - D 190 210 210 210 240 265 305
22.3 27 31.8 31.8 38.1 47.7 66.7
Height - B
23.9 28.6 38.2 38.2 44.5 54.1 73.1
Diameter - G 127 127 127 127 127 127 127
Diameter - K 152.4 168.3 168.3 168.3 190.5 205 230
Bolt Holes 4 8 8 8 8 8 8
Diameter - L 19.1 22.2 22.2 22.2 25.4 31.8 34.9
Stud bolt 5/8" 3/4" 3/4" 3/4" 7/8" 1 1/8" 1 1/4"
Dia x Length 90 110 125 125 145 180 220
Nominal Pipe Size 3
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 60
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - D 345 380 381 420 470 485 550
27 39.7 47.7 55.6 63.5 92.1 127
Height - B
28.6 41.3 54.1 62 69.9 98.5 133.4
Diameter - G 269.9 269.7 269.7 269.7 269.7 269.7 269.7
Diameter - K 298.5 330.2 330 349.2 393.7 395 438.1
Bolt Holes 8 12 12 12 12 12 12
Diameter - L 22.2 22.2 28.6 31.8 38.1 44.5 54
Stud bolt 3/4" 7/8" 1" 1 1/8" 1 3/8" 1 5/8" 2"
Dia x Length 110 140 170 190 220 290 380
Nominal Pipe Size 8
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 61
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - D 595 650 650 685 705 825 -
35 55.6 63.5 76.2 88.9 146.1
Height - B -
36.6 57.2 69.9 82.6 95.3 152.5
Diameter - G 469.9 469.9 469.9 469.9 469.9 469.9 -
Diameter - K 539.8 571.5 571.5 603.2 616 705 -
Bolt Holes 16 20 20 20 20 16 -
Diameter - L 28.6 31.8 38.1 41.3 44.5 66.7 -
Stud bolt 1" 1 1/4" 1 3/8" 1 1/2" 1 5/8" 2 1/2" -
Dia x Length 135 190 220 255 285 445 -
Nominal Pipe Size 16
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 62
Dimensions Weld Neck flanges and Stud bolts according to ASME B16.5
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 63
54 60 62 62 73 73 89
Height - H
55.6 61.6 68.4 68.4 79.4 79.4 95.4
Bolt Holes 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 19.1 19.1 25.4 25.4 25.4
Stud bolt 1/2" 5/8" 5/8" 5/8" 7/8" 7/8" 7/8"
Dia x Length 65 75 90 90 125 125 140
Nominal Pipe Size 1 - O.D. = 33.4
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 64
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - A 90 100 100 100 125 125 114
Diameter - D 180 190 190 190 245 245 265
20.7 23.9 28.6 28.6 41.3 41.3 57.2
Thickness - B
22.3 25.5 35 35 47.7 47.7 63.6
Diameter - G 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6
Diameter - K 139.7 149.2 149.2 149.2 190.5 190.5 197
68 75 79 79 105 105 143
Height - H
69.6 76.6 85.4 85.4 111.4 111.4 149.4
Bolt Holes 4 8 8 8 8 8 8
Diameter - L 19.1 22.2 22.2 22.2 28.6 28.6 31.8
Stud bolt 5/8" 3/4" 3/4" 3/4" 1" 1" 1 1/8"
Dia x Length 90 100 120 120 160 160 195
Nominal Pipe Size 2½ - O.D. = 73
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 65
75 84 89 102 114 124 190
Height - H
76.6 85.6 95.4 108.4 120.4 130.4 196.4
Bolt Holes 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Diameter - L 19.1 22.2 25.4 25.4 31.8 34.9 41.3
Stud bolt 5/8" 3/4" 7/8" 7/8" 1 1/8" 1 1/4" 1 1/2"
Dia x Length 90 115 140 145 170 195 255
Nominal Pipe Size 4 - O.D. = 114.3
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 66
Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
Diameter - A 305 321 321 345 368 368 375
Diameter - D 405 445 445 510 545 585 675
28.6 46.1 54 63.5 69.9 108 165
Thickness - B
30.2 47.7 60.4 69.9 76.3 114.4 171.5
Diameter - G 323.9 323.9 323.9 323.9 323.9 323.9 323.9
Diameter - K 362 387.4 387.4 431.8 469.9 485 539.7
100 116 124 152 184 254 419
Height - H
101.6 117.6 130.4 158.4 190.4 260.4 425.4
Bolt Holes 12 16 16 16 16 12 12
Diameter - L 25.4 25.4 31.8 34.9 38.1 50.8 66.7
Stud bolt 7/8" 1" 1 1/8" 1 1/4" 1 3/8" 1 7/8" 2 1/2"
Dia x Length 115 160 190 215 235 335 490
Nominal Pipe Size 10 - O.D. = 273
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 67
125 144 152 178 216 311
Height - H -
126.6 145.6 158.4 184.4 222.4 317.4
Bolt Holes 16 20 20 20 20 16 -
Diameter - L 28.6 31.8 38.1 41.3 44.5 66.7 -
Stud bolt 1" 1 1/4" 1 3/8" 1 1/2" 1 5/8" 2 1/2" -
Dia x Length 135 190 220 255 285 445 -
Nominal Pipe Size 16 - O.D. = 406.4
“If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.” Albert Einstein 68