Chapter 3

1. A wireless receiver with an effective diameter of 250 cm is receiving signals at 20

GHz from a transmitter that transmits at a power of 30 mW and a gain of 30 dB.
(a) What is the gain of the receiver antenna?
(b) What is the received power if the receiver is 5 km away from the transmitter?
[Solution]
Given
de = Effective diameter = 250 cm.
fc = Carrier frequency = 20 GHz.
Pt = Transmitter power = 30 mW
Gt = Transmitter gain = 30 dB = 1000.
d = Distance of receiver = 5 km.
π d e2
Ae = Effective area = ( ) = 4.91 m2
4
λ = Wavelength = c( speed − of − light ) = 0.015 m
fc
4π Ae
(a) Gr = Receiver antenna gain = = 2.74 *105 = 54.38 dB.
λ 2

AeG t P t = 4.69*10−7
(b) Pr = Received power at distance of 5 km = Watts.
4π d 2

4. The transmission power is 40 W, under a free-space propagation model,

(a) What is the transmission power in unit of dBm?
(b) The receiver is in a distance of 1000 m; what is the received power,
assuming that the carrier frequency fc = 900 MHz and Gt = Gr = 1 dB?
(c) Express the free space path loss in dB.

[Solution]
(a) 10 × log (40 × 1000) = 46 dBm.
(b)

G tG r P t
Pr = 4π d 2
( )
λ

1
40 ×1×1× ( ) 2
= 3
(4 × π ×1000)2

= 2.82 ×10−8 W.
 (c) L f (dB)=32.45+20log10 f c +20log10 d = 91.5349dB

11. How is radio propagation on land different from that in free space?
[Solution]
Propagation in free space does not have any obstacles and hence it characterizes
the most ideal situation for propagation. Whereas, radio propagation on land may
take place close to obstacles which cause reflection, diffraction, scattering.

12. What is the difference between fast fading and slow fading?
[Solution]
Slow fading is caused by movement over distances large enough to produce
gross variations in overall path length between base station and mobile station. In
other words, the long term variation in the mean level is known as slow fading.
Rapid fluctuations caused by local multipath are known as fast fading. It is
short-term fading.

14. A BS has a 900 MHz transmitter and a vehicle is moving at the speed of 50 mph.
Compute the received carrier frequency if the vehicle is moving
(a) Directly toward the BS.
(b) Directly away from the BS.
(c) In a direction which is 60 degree to the direction of arrival of the transmitted
signal.
[Solution]
Given
fc = Carrier frequency = 900 MHz
c
λ = Wavelength = = 0.3333 m
fc
v = Velocity = 50 mph = 22.22 m/s.
Let Doppler shift frequency be denoted by fd.
(a)θ = 180, (direction is towards BS.)
v
fd= cos θ = −67.06
λ
Received carrier frequency:

f r = f c − f d = 900*106 + 67.06 = 900.000067 *106 MHz.

(b)θ = 0, (direction away from BS.)

 v
fd= cos θ = 67.06
λ
Received carrier frequency:

f r = f c − f d = 900 *106 − 67.06 = 899.99993*106 MHz.

(c) θ = 60, (direction is towards BS.)

v
fd= cos θ = −33.53
λ
Received carrier frequency:

f r = f c − f d = 900 *106 + 33.53 = 900.000033*1010 MHz.

 Chapter 5
3. Two adjacent BSs i and j are 30 kms apart. The signal strength received by the MS is given by
the following expressions.
G tG r Pt
P ( x) =
L( x )
Where
L(x) = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 fc(MHz) – 13.82 log10 hb(m) - α [hm(m)]
+ [44.9 – 6.55 log10 hb(m)] log10 (x),

and x is the distance of the MS from BS i. Assume unity gain for Gr and Gt, given that Pi(t) = 10
Watts, = 100 Watts, fc = 300 MHz, hb = 40 m, hm = 4 m, α = 3.5, x = 1 km, and Pj(t) is the
transmission power of BS j.
(a) What is the power transmitted by BS j, so that the MS receives signals of equal strength at x?
(b) If the threshold value E = 1 dB and the distance where handoff is likely to occur is 2 km
from BS j, then what is the power transmitted by BS j ?
[Solution]
(a)Assume that the distance of the MS from base station i is x. Since
Gt = Gr = 1. Since GR = GT = 1,
Pi Pj
= (1)
L( x) L(30 − x)

Pi = 10 log(10) = 10 dB
By substituting data given in L(x), we get
L(x) = 69.55 + 64.801 – 22.140 – 14 + 34.406 log(x)
= 98.211

L(30 – x) = 98.211 + 34.406 log(30 – x)

= 98.211 + 50.315
= 148.526
Substituting in Equation (1), we have
10 Pj
=
98.211 148.526

Solving for Pj , we get

Pj = 15.123 dB = 32.512 Watts

(b) Assume that the distance of the MS from the BS i is x, and if E = 1 dB

 then the point of hand
d off will be w
when
Pm (i) + 1dB = Pm(j)
Pm(i) = 10 log10 10 = 10 dB
Similar to (a), we get
L(x) = 69.55 + 64.8801- 22.140 – 14 + 34.406 log10(x)
= 98.2211 + 34.406 log
l 10(x)
= 98.2211 + 34.406 log10 2
= 108.5682

L(30
L – x) = 988.211 + 34.406 log10(30 – x)
x
= 988.211 + 34.406 log10(28)
= 1448.0019.
Using Equattion (1), we get
(10 + 1) * 1448.0019 = 108
8.5682 * Pm(j)
Thus,
Pm(j) = 144.995 dB = 31..589 Watts.

5. Prove that D = R 3 N .

[Solution]

To prove thaat
D = R (3
( N)

Let R be thee radius of thee cell and D thhe reuse distan

nce.

where i and j are the num

mber of cells inn the correspon
nding directio
ons. In the figuure as we trav
verse
from C1-C22-C1, we .firstt move 1 cell iin the i directiion, from C1 to
t C2 and thenn 2cells in the j
direction froom C2 to C1.
We have

3
R1 = R cos 30 = R (2)
2
 The distancee D can be fou
und using the cosine law,
D 2 = (i (2 R1 )) 2 + ( j ((2 R1 )) 2 − 2i (2 R1 ) j (2 R1 ) cos120
= (i 2 + j 2 )(2 R1 ) 2 + ij (2 R1 ) 2
= (2R R1 ) 2 (i 2 + j 2 + ij )
= (2R R1 ) 2 ( N ),

where N is the
t number off cells in the clluster.
Using Equattion (2) descriibed above, w
we get
D 2 = 3NR
R 2 ⇒ D = 3 N R.

9. For the folloowing cell patttern,

(a) Find the reuse distance if radius of eeach cell is 2 kms.

(b) If each channel
c ow many calls can be simulttaneously
is mulltiplexed amonng 8 users, ho
processed byy each cell if only 10 channnels per cell arre reserved for control, assuuming a total
bandwidth of
o 30 MHz is available
a and each simplex channel consists of 25 kHzz ?
u keeps a traffic channel busy for an av
(c) If each user verage of 5% time and an aaverage of 60
requests perr hour are geneerated, what i s the Erlang value
v ?
[Solution]

(a) D = 3 N R ⇒ D = 2 * (3*12) 00.5

The reusee distance = 12

2 kms
(b) One dupplex channel = 2 (BW of onne simplex chaannel ) = 2 * 25
2 = 50 kHz

30*103
Number of channels
c = ( ) − 110*12 = 600
0 − 120 = 480 channels
50
480
Number of channels
c per cell
c = = 40 /cell
12
Total numbeer of calls per cell = 8 * 40 = 320 calls/ceell
 60 1
(c) The requuest rate α = = requests/seco
ond
3600 60
Holding tim
me = 5% = 0.05
5 * 3600 = 5 * 36 = 180 secconds
Therefore thhe offered trafffic load in Erllangs is
1
α =request rate * holdingg time = ( ) *180 = 3 Erlangs.
600

10. A TDMA-bassed system shown in the Figgure, has a tottal bandwidth of 12.5 MHz and contains 20
control channnels with equaal channel spaccing of 30 kH
Hz. Here, the arrea of each ceell is equal to 8
km2, and cellss are required to cover a tottal area of 360
00 km2. Calculate the follow
wing:
(a)Num
mber of traffic channels/cell
(b)Reusse distance

[Solution]
(a)

12.5×106
− 200
30×103
≈ 44 trafficc channels/cell
9
(b)

D = 3N R
= 3 × 9 ×1.75
5  
= 99.12 Km