4/4/19

Selecting topic and literature review

Crucial steps in research

syakrani@ulm.ac.id

1. Literature review for deep understanding you

selected topic and research problem
2. About 90% in developing research proposal is on
AFTER THAT … behind the table
3. Reading, reviewing, and discussing your topic or
your research problem
4. Is it worth studying?

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

1
 4/4/19

Topic of research …
1. Poverty
2. Stunting
3. Waste management, etc.
These is your research areas (your
interests)
Describe the topic in a few words or
in a short phrase
AFTER THAT …
SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Drafting of your research title by:

1. Recognizing your scientific background
2. Mastering the public administration theories and
paradigms
AFTER THAT … 3. Mastering other issues in public administration, then
§ Narrowing and focusing
§ Collecting relevant program
§ Collecting relevant data
These is your research title

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

2
 4/4/19

Changeable, but
1. The working or draft title becomes a major road
Your research title… sign in your research
2. A tangible idea that the researcher can keep
refocusing on and changing as the project goes
on

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Changeable, but
1. Research title becomes an orienting device
Your research title… 2. Research title grounds us and provides a sign of
what we are studying, as well as a sign useful
for conveying to others the central notion of the
study

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

3
 4/4/19

Tips
§ Title no longer than 12 words
§ Be brief and avoid wasting words
§ Eliminate unnecessary words
§ It avoids double titles
§ It includes the focus or topic of the
study
§ Formulate your title in question style
Tips in drafting research title …

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Literature review
Crucial step …

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

4
 4/4/19

After topic and title …

Once the researcher …

… identifies a topic/research title that can and should be studied, the search
can begin for related literature on the topic/title
SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

How to do that …

Keeping in focus (in mind) your research problem or your

research title
Searching (or buying) relevant literatures (book, journal,
Literature articles, or other references
review .. Reading carefully, reviewing diligently, discussing
intensively
Be patience, be smart, etc.

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

5
 4/4/19

Searching the answers conceptually of

your research questions:
§ Descriptive questions
§ Associative questions
§ Comparative questions

Why do we do that …
SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Descriptive questions
1. Seberapa tinggi tingkat kredibilitas
kepemimpinan kepala desa?
2. Seberapa rendah etos kerja ASN Dinas
Kesehtan?
3. Seberapa tinggi mutu pelayanan RSU
Ulin, sehingga nilai akreditasinya turun?
4. Seberapa tinggi tingkat kienerja Prodi
Ilmu Admininastrasi Publik mencapai
tujuan program mutu?
Why do we do that …
SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

6
 4/4/19

Associative questions
1. Adakah pengaruh tingkat pendidikan
karyawan terhadap kinerja kerja di Dinas
Kesehatan?
2. Sejauhmana penurunan nilai akreditasi
RSU Ulin dipengatuhi oleh penurunan
kualitas pelayanan?

Why do we do that …
SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Comparative questions
1. Adakah perbedaan kinerja pengelolaan
sampah antara pendekatan birokrasi dan
non birokrasi di Kota Banjarmasin?
2. Adakah perbedaan kualitas pelayanan
antara Puskesmas A dan Puskesmas B di
Kabupaten Balangan?

Why do we do that …
SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

7
 4/4/19

Literature review …

The title of literatures you are reading and reviewing (books,

articles, other references)
The author(s) and publisher
Component…
Year of published, where, and page(s)

Opinions you cite from the literatures

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Finding the answers

Literature review … of your research
questions here
Up-to-date

Opinions Year of
No Titles Author(s) Publisher Where
Cited Published
1 Key words, definitions, conceptualization, theory, variables …
2 Key words, definitions, conceptualization, theory, variables …
3 Key words, definitions, conceptualization, theory, variables …
4 Key words, definitions, conceptualization, theory, variables …
Optimize index
5 Key words, definitions, conceptualization, theory, variables …
6 Key words, definitions, conceptualization, theory, variables …
7 Key words, definitions, conceptualization, theory, variables …
n Key words, definitions, conceptualization, theory, variables …

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

8
 4/4/19

Some recommendations in reviewing …

Recommendations
§ Begin by identifying key words in your topic, title, research problems or research questions
§ These key words may emerge in identifying a topic or may result from preliminary readings

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Some recommendations in reviewing …

Recommendations
§ With these key words in mind, use your home computer to begin searching the databases
for holdings (i.e., journals and books).
§ Most major libraries have computerized databases, and we suggest you focus initially on
journals and books related to the topic.

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

9
 4/4/19

Some recommendations in reviewing …

Recommendations
§ Initially, try to locate about 50 reports of research in articles or books related to research
on your topic.
§ Set a priority on the search for journal articles and books because they are easy to locate
and obtain.
§ Determine whether these articles and books exist in your academic library or whether you
need to send for them by interlibrary loan or purchase them through a bookstore

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Some recommendations in reviewing …

Recommendations
§ Skim this initial group of articles or chapters and collect those that are central to your topic.
§ Throughout this process, simply try to obtain a sense as to whether the article or chapter
will make a useful contribution to your understanding of the literature.

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

10
 4/4/19

Some recommendations in reviewing …

Recommendations
§ As you identify useful literature, begin designing a literature map
§ This is a visual picture (or figure) of groupings of the literature on the topic that illustrates
how your particular study will add to the existing literature and position your study within
the larger body of research.

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Some recommendations in reviewing …

Recommendations
§ As you put together the literature map, also begin to draft summaries of the most relevant
articles.
§ These summaries are combined into the final literature review that you write for your proposal or
research study.
§ Include precise references to the literature using an appropriate style guide, such as the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association
[APA], 2010) so that you have a complete reference to use at the end of the proposal or study.

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

11
 4/4/19

Some recommendations in reviewing …

Recommendations
§ After summarizing the literature, assemble the literature review, structuring it thematically
or organizing it by important concepts.
§ End the literature review with a summary of the major themes and suggest how your
particular study further adds to the literature and addresses a gap in the themes.

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Some recommendations in reviewing …

Recommendations
§ This summary should also point toward the methods (i.e., data collection and data analysis)
that need to be undertaken to add to the literature.
§ It is at this point as well that you could advance a critique of the past literature and point
out deficiencies in it and issues in its methods

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

12
 4/4/19

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

13
 4/4/19

Functions of literature review

Crucial steps …

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

Literature review:
§ It shares with the reader the results of other studies
that are closely related to the one being undertaken
Its functions … § It relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the
literature, filling in gaps and extending prior studies
§ It provides a framework for establishing the
importance of the study as well as a benchmark for
comparing the results with other findings

SYAKRANI@ULM.AC.ID

14