during periods when the canal would be out of service for annual

maintenance. Attention must also be paid to hydraulic design to minimize

head losses. Acceleration of flow velocity through the entry is acceptable
if economically justified and compatible with flow conditions at the power
plant intake. Deceleration of flow velocity should be avoided. Layout
concepts should be based on successful designs of similar plants. Central
Board for Irrigation and Power (CBIP, 2003) gives an inventory of Indian
hydropower plants with salient data and drawings.
3.3 Layout of Dam Toe Schemes.
As for plants at canal falls, practical consideration of site characteristics,
foundations, access and the like will probably determine the optimal
arrangement. Occasionally original designs will include provision for
addition of a power plant. Layout concepts should be based on successful
designs of similar projects. Design of cofferdams and other protective
works must be done with equal care as these works form an integral part
of a successful project. Examples of successful designs can be found in
CBIP (2003).

3.4 Determination of Capacity and Energy Benefits.

For run-of-river hydro schemes average energy benefits are determined by
integration of the project flow duration curve (FDC) using the net head
appropriate for each flow class. For isolated or stand alone projects firm
energy is of greater interest. Indian practice is to base firm energy
determinations on the Q90% flow from the FDC. For this exercise it is
convenient to express hydraulic losses as a function of Q2. Normally,
maximum head loss is normally found to be between 2% and 10% of gross
head. Energy output should be expressed in mean kWh per year. Firm
capacity should be calculated based on the capacity that can be produced
with Q90%. Firm capacity, firm energy and mean energy should all be
referenced to the transmission, or distribution line, voltage as appropriate.

3.5 Benefits and Economic Evolutions

The determination of benefits and economic evolution should be carried
out in accordance with Sections 1.4, 1.6 and 1.7 of the Standard. For
isolated SHP the capacity providing the least cost of energy should be
selected. For grid connected plants the optimum capacity should be based
on benefit-cost analysis using appropriate incremental costs for energy and
capacity. These values should be selected in consultation with the
responsible State or Central Government authority.

3.6 RET Screen

RET Screen is a computer model developed by the Government of
Canada, Department of Natural Resources and available freely over the
internet at www.retscreen.net. The model is available in several languages,
including Hindi. The purpose of the model is to compute costs and
benefits, including greenhouse gas analysis, for small scale run-of-river

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/ /Feb 2008 14