CAPACITOR SWITCHING DEVICE

Zero-Crossing Breaker
vs
Pre-Insertion Resistor

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Cover Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion

 CAPACITOR SWITCHING DEVICE

Zero-Crossing Breaker
vs
Pre-Insertion Resistor

1. Method of Transient Control :

1.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker
1.2. Pre-Insertion Resistor

2. Design & Reliability :

2.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs Pre-Insertion Resistor

3. Computer Simulation of Capacitor Switching Transients :

3.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs Pre-Insertion Resistor
3.2. Summary & Conclusion
3.3. Reference :
“Pre-Insertion Resistors in HV Capacitor Bank Switching”

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion

 1

Method of Transient Control

1.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker

1.2. Pre-Insertion Resistor

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index 1
 Method of Transient Control 1.1
Zero–Crossing Breaker

4 4

+
6 5
1 6 5 2
1 2

1. Circuit Breaker (single pole)

3 2. Synchronous Closing Device
3. Capacitor Bank
4. Voltage Transformer
3 5. Input Command
6. Output Command
Synchronous Closing Device

THREE “MUST” CONDITIONS :

1. CLOSING of ALL 3 PHASES at a ZERO VOLTAGE is a MUST
2. PRECISE TUNING and CONTROL of the 3 INDIVIDUAL POLES is a MUST
3. NO DRIFT of TIMING CALIBRATION is a MUST

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Zerocrossing Breaker (Rev.1)

 Method of Transient Control 1.2
Pre-Insertion Resistor

1
4
3
2
5 4

2 3
1. Pre-Insertion Resistor
2. Resistor Contact
1. Pre-Insertion Resistor
3. Main Contact
2. Resistor Contact
5 4. Capacitor Bank
4 3. Main Contact
5. Substation
4. Capacitor Bank
5. Substation

“RESISTORS” (1) are typically inserted into the capacitive-energizing circuit through the closing of “RESISTOR CONTACT” (2) for 5 ms
to 15 ms, prior to the closing of the “MAIN CONTACT” (3).

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Preinsertion Resistor (Rev. 1)

 2

Design & Reliability

2.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs

Pre-Insertion Resistor

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index 2
 Design & Reliability
Zero-Crossing Breaker vs Pre-Insertion Resistor 2.1

Description ZERO-CROSSING BREAKER PRE-INSERTION RESISTOR

1. Specifically Designed and Tested for Capacitor Switching No Yes

2. Number of Operating Mechanisms 3 1

(spring loaded systems, shunt trips, motor operators) (one per phase) (one for 3 phases)

3. Allows Two or One Phase Closing of the Capacitor Bank Yes No

(if one operating mechanism fails to operate)

4. Key Factor for Successful Transient Suppression • Capacitor Bank must be switched • Simple electrical principle of a resistor
exactly when the voltage is crossing in the circuit.
ZERO. • Key factor is simple physics.
• Electronic circuitry must successfully
detect when the voltage wave is
crossing ZERO and order the
mechanical mechanism that drives
the interrupter to close.
• Complicated calculation are required
to offset effects of external
conditions, mechanical wear, etc.

5. Reliability Factors • Synchronous closing system is hard • Highly reliable

to maintain within required precision.
• A highly precise electronic system
tied to a mechanical device
(interrupter) is not a guarantee for
performance.
 3

Computer Simulation of
Capacitor Switching Transients

3.1. Zero-Crossing Breaker vs

Pre-Insertion Resistor

3.2. Summary & Conclusion

3.3. Reference :
“Pre-Insertion Resistors in
HV Capacitor Bank Switching”

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Index 3
 Computer Simulation of
3.1
Capacitor Switching Transients

Zero-Crossing Breaker
0 00m
15.0 30.000m .5
4000m m
60.000 .5
7000m 00m
90.0 105.000m 2
10.000m 0m
135.00 0 00m
15.0 30.000m .5
4000m m
60.000 .5
7000m 00m
90.0 105.000m 2
10.000m 0m
135.00
0
20.000k k7.200 0
20.000k k7.200

5
10.000k k6.600 5
10.000k k6.600

0
10.000k k6.000 0
10.000k k6.000
V
c1 V
c2

.0
5000k Vc
1 k5.400 .0
5000k Vc
2 k5.400

k4.800 Vc
2 Vc
2 k4.800

00k
-50.0 Vc
1 k4.200 00k
-50.0 k4.200

Vc
1
000k
-100. k3.600 000k
-100. k3.600

000k
-150. k3.000 000k
-150. k3.000

000k
-200. k2.400 000k
-200. k2.400

000k
-250. k1.800 000k
-250. k1.800

000k
-300. k1.200 000k
-300. k1.200

000k
-350. 0600.0 000k
-350. 0600.0

cI 1
c1
I c2
I
000k
-400. 000k
-400. cI 2 cI 2
cI 1
cI 1 cI 2

000k
-450. -600.000 000k
-450. -600.000

000k
-500. -.1200k 000k
-500. -.1200k

000k
-550. -.1800k 000k
-550. -.1800k

000k
-600. -.2400k -.2400k
0 00m
15.0 30.000m .5
4000m m
60.000 .5
7000m 00m
90.0 105.000m 2
10.000m 0m
135.00 000k
-600.
0 00m
15.0 30.000m .5
4000m m
60.000 .5
7000m 00m
90.0 105.000m 2
10.000m 0m
135.00

Voltage and Current for Energization of 1st Bank Voltage and Current for Energization of 2nd Bank

Zero-crossing Peak Frequency Peak Zero-crossing Peak Frequency Peak

Breaker Current Voltage Breaker Current Voltage
Bank 1 942A 944Hz 120kV Bank 2 5228A 16,667Hz 108kV
Energization (1.28pu) Energization (1.15pu)
Bank 2 5021A 16,807Hz 108kV Bank 2 Ringing 420A 670Hz
Transient (1.15pu)
Bank 2 Ringing 419A 672Hz

Pre-Insertion Resistor
0 m
0
.15
0 m
0
.30
0 m
0
.45
0 m
0
.60
0 m
0
.75
0 m
0
.90
00 0m
00
5.
10 0m
00
0.
12 0m
00
5.
13 0 m
0
.15
0 m
0
.30
0 m
0
.45
0 m
0
.60
0 m
0
.75
0 m
0
.90
00 0m
00
5.
10 0m
00
0.
12 0m
00
5.
13
0
20. 00k 0k
20
7. 020k
0. 0k
20
7.

0
5
10k
0. 0k
60
6. 0
5
10k
0. 0k
60
6.

010k
0. 0k
00
6. 010k
0. Vc
2 0k
00
6.
Vc
1

Vc
1 Vc
2
k0
.50
0 0k
40
5. k0
.50
0 0k
40
5.

Vc
2 Vc
2 0k
80
4.
0k
80
4.

0k
00
-5
0. Vc
1 0k
20
4. 0k
00
-5
0. 0k
20
4.

Vc
1
k0
.-10 0k
60
3. k0
.-10 0k
60
3.

k0
.-1
50 0k
00
3. k0
.-1
50 0k
00
3.

k0
.-20 0k
40
2. k0
.-20 0k
40
2.

k0
.-2
50 0k
80
1. k0
.-2
50 0k
80
1.

k0
.-30 0k
20
1. k0
.-30 0k
20
1.

k0
.-3
50 0
00
0.
60 k0
.-3
50 0
00
0.
60

cI 1 cI 1 cI 2 cI 2 cI 2
k0
.-40 cI 1 cI 1 k0
.-40 cI 2

k0
.-4
50 -0
.60 k0
.-4
50 -0
.60

k0
.-50 -1
0
k2
. k0
.-50 -1
0
k2
.

k0
.-50 -1
0
k8
. k0
.-50 -1
0
k8
.

k0
.-60 -2
0
k4
. k0
.-60 -2
0
k4
.
0 m
0
.15
0 m
0
.30
0 m
0
.45
0 m
0
.60
0 m
0
.75
0 m
0
.90
00 0m
00
5.
10 0m
00
0.
12 0m
00
5.
13 0 m
0
.15
0 m
0
.30
0 m
0
.45
0 m
0
.60
0 m
0
.75
0 m
0
.90
00 0m
00
5.
10 0m
00
0.
12 0m
00
5.
13

Voltage and Current for Energization of 1st Bank at 80 Ohms Voltage and Current for Energization of 2nd Bank at 80 Ohms

Pre-insertion Peak Frequency Peak Pre-insertion Peak Frequency Peak

Resistor Current Voltage Resistor Current Voltage
Bank 1 835A NA 97kV Bank 2 1100A 892Hz 98.7kV
Energization (1.03pu) Energization (1.05pu)
Bank 1 Transient 404A 948Hz 101kV Bank 2 Transient 1820A 16,529Hz
(1.07pu)
Bank 2 1100A 809Hz 114kV Bank 2 235A 672Hz 98.3kV
Energization (1.21pu) Ringing (1.05pu)
Bank 2 Transient 1520A 16,400Hz
Bank 2 Ringing 235A 670Hz 97kV
(1.03pu)

In addition, the I2t for the 80 ohm pre-insertion

resistor is 330A2s.

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Computer Simulation

 Computer Simulation of Capacitor Switching Transients 3.2
Summary

Single-Bank Back-to-Back
PEAK
Simulation Case
VOLTAGE
PEAK CURRENT FREQUENCY PEAK CURRENT FREQUENCY

ZERO-CROSSING BREAKER (1 ms error) 942 A 944 Hz 5021 A 16.807 Hz 1.28 pu

PRE-INSERTION RESISTOR (80Ω) 835 A 948 Hz 1820 A 16.529 Hz 1.22 pu

Remarks : All above values are summarized from the most significant data.

Conclusion

Mitigation of Mitigation of
Simulation Case Remarks
CURRENT TRANSIENTS VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS

TRANSIENTS will INCREASE, if

ZERO-CROSSING BREAKER (1 ms error) Successful Good
“TIMING CALIBRATION” DRIFTS

PRE-INSERTION RESISTOR (80 Ω) Successful Significant

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Summary (Rev. 1)

 3.3

“Pre-Insertion Resistor in
HV Capacitor Bank Switching”

Prepared for :
Western Protective Relay Conference
October 19 - 21, 2004
Spokane, WA

Misc/SS/Zerocrossing vs Preinsertion/Reference