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Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
where I n is the peak current at any harmonic number n . currents injected at PCC by an industry.
The current and voltages of the industrial loads are non-
Power factor of the system is given by (3).
sinusoidal due to their nonlinear characteristics. Laboratory
experimentations were performed on the nonlinear loads listed
I1 in Table I. All the loads are supplied from 230 V, 50 Hz ac
Power factor = 2 cos(1 1 ) (3) system. The supply voltage and current waveforms, and the
I2 instantaneous values are recorded using Tektronix TDS
I + n
2
o
n =1 2
3032B, 300 MHz digital storage oscilloscope. Harmonic
= (distortion factor) (displacement factor) spectrum for each load is also recorded and THDs are
where the distortion factor is defined as the ratio of calculated for analyzing the effect of harmonics introduced by
fundamental rms current to the total rms current. The total these loads. Based on these parameters simulation models are
harmonic distortion (THD) which is the harmonic index is designed for every load and their combined effect is studied.
given by (4) This section presents the practically recorded waveforms for
some of the loads and their simulation models in
I
n=2
2
n PSCAD/EMTDC.
TABLE I
THD = (4)
RATINGS OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL LOADS MODELLED IN PSCAD
I1
Distortion factor expressed in terms of THD is given by S.No. Domestic load Ratings
Distortion factor = 1 (5) 1 Television set 50W
2 CPU & Monitor 100W
1 + (THD ) 2 3 Battery Charger 12V; 3A
Fan with electronic
4 80W
Single-phase non-linear loads, like personal computers, regulator
electronic ballasts and other electronic equipment, generate 5 CFL lamp 2 x 55W
odd harmonics (i.e. 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, etc.). Triplen harmonics 6 Air conditioner
cooling/heating 5/5 A;
(3rd order and its odd multiples) are troublesome for single- IP = 1100/1100 W
phase loads because the A-phase triplen harmonics, B-phase 7 Refrigerator 190 liters;1 door; 4.4A
8 Washing machine 500W; 2.8A
triplen harmonics and C-phase triplen harmonics are all in the
9 Water lifting pump 1hP; 4A
phase with each other. They will add rather than cancel on the
10 Hot water system 1000W; 5A
neutral conductor of a 3-phase, 4-wire system. This can
Adjustable speed
overload the neutral if it is not sized to handle this type of 11 3-phase, 400 V, 10 hP
drive
load. Additionally, triplen harmonics cause circulating currents
on the delta winding of a delta-wye transformer configuration. A. Personal Computer (PC)
The result is transformer heating similar to that produced by Personal computers are one of the most widely used
unbalanced 3-phase current. electronic loads in modern life. It produces harmonic current
On the other hand, 3-phase non-linear loads like 3-phase especially when there is a large concentration of them in a
ASDs, 3-phase DC drives, 3-phase rectifiers, etc., do not distribution system. It utilizes the switch mode power
generate current triplen harmonics. These types of loads electronics technology which draws highly non-linear currents
generate primarily 5th and 7th current harmonics and a lesser that contain large amounts of third and higher order
amount of 11th, 13th, and higher order based on the harmonics. A switch mode power supply (SMPS) has a large
configuration of the converter used. capacitor which maintains approximately constant voltage for
A digital oscilloscope is needed to measure the wave shape, the DC bus in the power supply.
THD and amplitude of each harmonic. Harmonics are to be A typical PC load model uses SMPS and comprises of a full
continuously monitored and preventive action is to be taken to wave rectifier, a DC storage capacitor, C, a diode bridge
improve the power factor in the facility and also save energy resistance, R and a series RFI choke which is represented by
by reducing losses on power system components[8],[9]. an inductance L. Fig. 1(a) shows the current waveform
recorded in storage oscilloscope and Fig. 1(b) shows the
III. MODELLING OF DOMESTIC/INDUSTRIAL LOADS harmonic spectrum of the current obtained by performing FFT
Nonlinear loads used in industries introduce current analysis. Third and fifth harmonic components are more
harmonics at the utility. This causes malfunctioning of the dominant in the PC current.
sensitive loads connected at the PCC. Hence harmonic analysis The PC's power supply converts the input ac voltage of 50
of the nonlinear loads is essential. Computer simulation is the Hz to a desired direct current output voltage by means of a
most convenient way of harmonic analysis provided that the single-phase rectifier circuit. The PSCAD simulation model of
system components are modelled accurately and verified either PC is shown in Fig. 2. The R, L and C circuit parameters are
through measurements or mathematically. This section varied for PC model and adjusted to match the practical data.
presents the simulation models for some of the commonly used The simulated waveforms of PC voltage and current are shown
industrial loads. This can be used for estimating the harmonic in Fig. 3(a).
593
Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
(b).
Fig. 4. (a). Current waveform recorded for fluorescent lamp and (b). FFT
(a). analysis of current waveform.
(b).
Fig. 3. (a). Voltage and current waveforms obtained from simulation model
of PC and (b). Harmonic spectrum of current drawn by PC.
Fig. 5. Simulation model of fluorescent lamp.
594
Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
(a).
(b).
Fig. 6. (a). Current waveform obtained from simulation model of fluorescent
lamp and (b). Harmonic spectrum of the current drawn by the lamp.
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Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
Fig. 8. Simulation model of the electrical load distribution used for Cartosat-
servo motor is modeled as RL load fed by a 3-phase, 600 volts
2A.
inverter. Antenna position is controlled by the servomotor such
TABLE III that the antenna is maintained perpendicular to the satellite
RATINGS OF LOADS CONNECTED FOR CARTOSAT-2A CONTROL position. The current drawn by the motor varies from 0.6A to
Sl. 20A depending on the position of the satellite. Air heating unit
Loads Quantity Ratings
no
consists of three 5HP water pumps used to supply water to air
Fire fiting 75HP; 1440rpm,
1 3 conditioning system. Lighting and fan loads are used in
Pump 0.8 pf; 415V; 50Hz, 100 A
Capacitor 1 in each 250 kVAr; with steps of 2.5% machine analysis room, machine control room and logistic
2
bank phase increment room. Table III shows the specification of all the loads
3 UPS 4 Each 120kVA, 270 480 V connected in the system. In addition, spare panels are provided
4 servo motors, 600V; 3ph;
4 Antenna 4
2kHz PWM inverter, 0.6A ~ 25A
for future extension of distribution system.
Telemetry & For the above distribution system, simulation is performed
5 Tracking - PCs and Lamp loads using PSCAD/EMTDC and the voltage and current waveforms
Control obtained from simulation are shown in Fig. 9. The three phase
Air Heating 5HP; 1490rpm, 0.8p.f; 415V;
6
Unit
3
50Hz, 4A
voltages given in Fig. 9(a) shows that the supply voltage is
10HP; 1490rpm, 0.8p.f; 415V; balanced. Figs. 9(b) to 9(d) are the currents in phase A, B and
Air 3
7 Conditioner
50Hz C respectively. These currents are unbalanced in magnitude
plant 100kW; 1490rpm, 0.8p.f; 415V; due to non-uniform distribution of single phase loads.
3
50Hz
Machine
4PCs; PCs and Lamp(2x55W) loads
8 Analysis
12 CFLs with brightness control dimmer
Room
Machine 7PCs; PCs and Lamp(2x55W) loads
9
Control Room 12 CFLs with brightness control dimmer
10 Logistic Room PCs, Lamps and Fans
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Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
Fig. 10. Harmonic spectrums of the supply current in phase A, B and C. V.CONCLUSION
Harmonic analysis of power system is performed to study
Single phase loads such as lamps, PCs are connected in the system behavior under harmonics and take preventive
phase A and B. The peak values of currents are 23.24A, action to improve the pf or minimize losses. This paper
19.05A and 5.03A in phase A, B and C respectively. The presented the simulation modeling of various nonlinear loads
harmonic spectrum of supply current in Fig. 10 shows that the used for both domestic and industrial applications. Case study
harmonics present are very small. The THD values of supply of harmonic analysis is performed using these models for
voltage and current obtained from simulation are given in Cartosat-2A distribution system at ISRO, Bangalore. THD is
Table IV. To improve the power factor (pf), 3-phase, star- used as the harmonic index and harmonic spectrum is
connected capacitor bank is connected. The THD of current in presented for each load and for the industrial distribution
all 3-phases are also reduced by adding the capacitor banks. system. Simulation result of power factor improvement by the
The actual values of THD are 1.18% and 4.25% for voltage addition of capacitor bank is also presented. The simulation
results of THD and pf are acceptable with the practical
and current respectively; obtained during measurement in
measurement values. These models can hence be employed for
phase A. Table V gives the THDs of voltages and currents in
harmonic analysis of a practical system and to design a
all three phases. These values of THDs are comparable with
suitable filter to mitigate harmonics in the distribution system.
the simulation results of THDs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE IV
SIMULATION RESULTS OF THDS OF INDIVIDUAL The authors would like to acknowledge the Electrical
PHASEVOLTAGES AND CURRENTS Division, Department of Space, Indian Space Research
THD (%)
Voltage / Current
Organisation (ISRO), Bangalore, India for providing the
Phase Phase
Phase A electrical supply distribution scheme to carry out the work.
B C
Voltage 1.46% 1.45% 0.32%
Current without
5.35% 6.89% 0.59% REFERENCES
capacitor bank
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2007, pp. 1049-1055.
TABLE V
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