N = 004

TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM OF

A SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR
STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

Name : B.Sc.Engineering

Course : 29/03/2019

Index No :

Date of Sub. :
 AIM

 To study the variation of :

a) Inertia torque
b) Resultant engine torque
c) Gas torque

 With respect to the engine rotation and hence determine:

a) Maximum engine torque
b) Mean engine torque
c) Power developed by the engine
d) Maximum accelerating torque
e) Minimum decelerating torque
f) Maximum fluctuation of energy
g) Required inertia of fly-wheel for a given load and K (±1%)
NOTATIONS

θ = Crank rotation
r = Crank radius
x = Piston displacement from IDC
ẋ = Velocity of reciprocating parts
ẍ = Acceleration of reciprocating parts
l = Connecting rod length
n = l/r
m = Equivalent mass of reciprocating parts
ω = Mean engine speed
Mẍ = Inertia force on the piston
R = Cylinder reaction
T = Thrust exerted by the connecting rod
K = Constant of the indicator spring
p = Gas pressure inside the cylinder
D = Piston diameter
P = Gas load
Ks = Coefficient of speed fluctuation
J = Inertia of the flywheel
Ti = Inertia torque
Tg = Gas torque
Te = Engine torque
Tm = Mean engine torque
Tl = Load torque
 ASSUMPTIONS

i) Inertia of the connecting rod is negligible

ii) 1/𝑛2 < l

THEORY

 Gas pressure (p)

p = (Indicator diagram scale factor) x (Indicator diagram height in mm)

 Gas load (P)

P = p π (D2/4)

 Intercept ( OC )
2𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
OC = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)(1 + )
2𝑛2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃)

 Gas torque ( Tg )
Tg = P x OC

 Inertia torque (Ti )

Ti = Mẍ x OC
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
Where ẍ = r x ω2 x (cosθ + )
𝑛

 Engine torque (Te )

Engine torque = gas torque - inertia torque
Te = Tg - Ti
 Data

DATA
INDICATED NO. VALUE

Indicator diagram R1 = 4 -

Crank Radius ( r ) R2 = 0 78.1 mm

n R3 = 0 3.96

Piston Area R4 = 4 0.0256 m²

38.2 ( kN/m2) / mm
Indicator Diagram Scale Factor ( k) R5 = 0

471 r.p.m. or
Mean Engine Speed ( ωm ) R6 = 4
49.32rad/s

Mass of reciprocating Parts: ( M ) R7 = 0 3.93 kg

Allowable fluctuation of speed R8 = 0 ±2.41% of Mean Speed

 Connecting rod length ( l ) = n x r

= 3.96 x 78.1 mm
= 309.276 mm
𝐿 80
 Scale factor ( f ) = = = 0.5122
2𝑟 2×78.1

 Reduced crank radius(r`) = r x f = 78.1 x 0.5122 = 40.003mm

 Reduced con. rod length (l`) = l x f = 309.276 x 0.5122= 158.411mm

Height (h) measured on the indicator diagram

Diagram Height (mm)

Piston
Position SUCTION COMPRESSION POWER EXHAUST
1 0 77 77 0
2 -1 61 90 1
3 -2 48 88 2
4 -2 34 60 2
5 -3 23 39 2
6 -3 14 26 3
7 -3 7 17 3
8 -3 3 11 3
9 -3 0 7 3
10 -3 -1 5 2
11 -3 -2 2 2
12 -3 -3 2 2
13 -3 -3 2 2
θ h(mm) p(kN/m2) P( kN ) OC( mm ) Tg(Nm) ẍ Mẍ Ti(Nm) Te(Nm)
0 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 237.949 935.139 0.000 0.000
15 -1 -38.2 -0.978 25.155 -24.599 225.048 884.440 22.248 -46.847
30 -2 -76.4 -1.956 47.659 -93.213 188.510 740.845 35.308 -128.521
45 -2 -76.4 -1.956 65.247 -127.613 134.333 527.928 34.446 -162.059
60 -3 -114.6 -2.934 76.388 -224.105 71.001 279.033 21.315 -245.420
75 -3 -114.6 -2.934 80.523 -236.235 7.623 29.958 2.412 -238.647
90 -3 -114.6 -2.934 78.100 -229.127 -47.974 -188.536 -14.725 -214.402
105 -3 -114.6 -2.934 70.355 -206.404 -90.716 -356.512 -25.082 -181.321
120 -3 -114.6 -2.934 58.885 -172.754 -118.974 -467.570 -27.533 -145.221
135 -3 -114.6 -2.934 45.203 -132.614 -134.333 -527.928 -23.864 -108.750
150 -3 -114.6 -2.934 30.441 -89.307 -140.537 -552.309 -16.813 -72.494
165 -3 -114.6 -2.934 15.273 -44.806 -141.956 -557.886 -8.520 -36.286
180 -3 -114.6 -2.934 0.000 0.000 -142.002 -558.067 0.000 0.000
195 -3 -114.6 -2.934 -15.273 44.806 -141.956 -557.886 8.520 36.286
210 -2 -76.4 -1.956 -30.441 59.538 -140.537 -552.309 16.813 42.725
225 -1 -38.2 -0.978 -45.203 44.205 -134.333 -527.928 23.864 20.341
240 0 0 0.000 -58.885 0.000 -118.974 -467.570 27.533 -27.533
255 3 114.6 2.934 -70.355 -206.404 -90.716 -356.512 25.082 -231.486
270 7 267.4 6.845 -78.100 -534.629 -47.974 -188.536 14.725 -549.354
285 14 534.8 13.691 -80.523 -1102.430 7.623 29.958 -2.412 -1100.017
300 23 878.6 22.492 -76.388 -1718.140 71.001 279.033 -21.315 -1696.825
315 34 1298.8 33.249 -65.247 -2169.423 134.333 527.928 -34.446 -2134.977
330 48 1833.6 46.940 -47.659 -2237.115 188.510 740.845 -35.308 -2201.807
345 61 2330.2 59.653 -25.155 -1500.568 225.048 884.440 -22.248 -1478.320
360 77 2941.4 75.300 0.000 0.000 237.949 935.139 0.000 0.000
375 90 3438 88.013 25.155 2213.952 225.048 884.440 22.248 2191.704
390 88 3361.6 86.057 47.659 4101.378 188.510 740.845 35.308 4066.070
405 60 2292 58.675 65.247 3828.394 134.333 527.928 34.446 3793.948
420 39 1489.8 38.139 76.388 2913.368 71.001 279.033 21.315 2892.053
435 26 993.2 25.426 80.523 2047.370 7.623 29.958 2.412 2044.957
450 17 649.4 16.625 78.100 1298.384 -47.974 -188.536 -14.725 1313.109
465 11 420.2 10.757 70.355 756.814 -90.716 -356.512 -25.082 781.896
480 7 267.4 6.845 58.885 403.092 -118.974 -467.570 -27.533 430.625
495 5 191 4.890 45.203 221.024 -134.333 -527.928 -23.864 244.888
510 2 76.4 1.956 30.441 59.538 -140.537 -552.309 -16.813 76.351
525 2 76.4 1.956 15.273 29.871 -141.956 -557.886 -8.520 38.391
540 2 76.4 1.956 0.000 0.000 -142.002 -558.067 0.000 0.000
555 2 76.4 1.956 -15.273 -29.871 -141.956 -557.886 8.520 -38.391
570 2 76.4 1.956 -30.441 -59.538 -140.537 -552.309 16.813 -76.351
585 2 76.4 1.956 -45.203 -88.410 -134.333 -527.928 23.864 -112.273
600 3 114.6 2.934 -58.885 -172.754 -118.974 -467.570 27.533 -200.286
615 3 114.6 2.934 -70.355 -206.404 -90.716 -356.512 25.082 -231.486
630 3 114.6 2.934 -78.100 -229.127 -47.974 -188.536 14.725 -243.851
645 3 114.6 2.934 -80.523 -236.235 7.623 29.958 -2.412 -233.823
660 2 76.4 1.956 -76.388 -149.404 71.001 279.033 -21.315 -128.089
675 2 76.4 1.956 -65.247 -127.613 134.333 527.928 -34.446 -93.167
690 2 76.4 1.956 -47.659 -93.213 188.510 740.845 -35.308 -57.905
705 1 38.2 0.978 -25.155 -24.599 225.048 884.440 -22.248 -2.351
720 0 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 237.949 935.139 0.000 0.000
 CALCULATIONS
 Maximum engine Torque (Te) Max = 4066.0697Nm

 Minimum Engine torque (Te) Min = -2201.807Nm

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ

 Mean Engine Torque (Te) Mean = 4𝜋

1390.079
= 4𝜋
= 115.7308 Nm

 Power developed by the engine = Mean Engine Torque (Te) Mean x Mean Engine Speed (ω)
= 115.7308 Nm x 49.32 rad/s

= 5707.843 W

 Maximum accelerating torque = Max. engine Torque (Te) Max - Mean Engine Torque (Te) Mean
= 4066.0697 Nm – 115.7308 Nm

= 3950.3389Nm

 Maximum decelerating torque = Min. Engine torque (Te) Min - Mean Engine Torque (Te) Mean
= -2201.807 Nm – 115.7308 Nm
= -2086.0762 Nm

 Maximum fluctuation of energy = Area above (Te) Mean and below (Te) curve
= 4679.4 – 363.579

= 4315.821 J

 Ks,

The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called coefficient of
fluctuation of speed.
N1 = Maximum speed in during the cycle,
N2 = Minimum speed in during the cycle,
N = Mean speed = (N1+N2) / 2
N1 = 50.508 rad/s N2 = 48.131 rad/s

Ks = 2(N1-N2)/ (N1+N2)
Ks = 0.0482

Maximum fluctuation of energy

 Required moment of inertia of fly wheel = 𝜔 2 .𝐾𝑠

4315.821
= 50.5082 ×0.0482

= 35.0991 kgm2
 Results

 Maximum engine Torque (Te) Max = 4066.0697Nm

 Minimum Engine torque (Te) Min = -2201.807Nm

 Mean Engine Torque (Te) Mean = 115.7308Nm

 Power developed by the engine = 5707.843 W

 Maximum accelerating torque = 3950.3389Nm

 Maximum decelerating torque = -2086.0762 Nm

 Maximum fluctuation of energy = 4315.821 J

 Required moment of inertia of fly wheel = 35.0991kgm2

Gas Torque (Nm) Vs. Crank Angle

θ Tg ( Nm )
0 0.000
15 -24.599
30 -93.213
45 -127.613
60 -224.105
75 -236.235
90 -229.127
105 -206.404
120 -172.754
135 -132.614
150 -89.307
165 -44.806
180 0.000
195 44.806
210 59.538
225 44.205
240 0.000
255 -206.404
270 -534.629
285 -1102.430
300 -1718.140
315 -2169.423
330 -2237.115
345 -1500.568
360 0.000
375 2213.952
390 4101.378
405 3828.394
420 2913.368
435 2047.370
450 1298.384
465 756.814
480 403.092
495 221.024
510 59.538
525 29.871
540 0.000
555 -29.871
570 -59.538
585 -88.410
600 -172.754
615 -206.404
630 -229.127
645 -236.235
660 -149.404
675 -127.613
690 -93.213
705 -24.599
720 0.000
 Gas Torque ( Nm ) Vs. Crank Angle
5000.000

4000.000

3000.000

2000.000
Gas Torque ( Nm )

1000.000
Tg ( Nm )

0.000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-1000.000

-2000.000

-3000.000
Crank Angle
Inertia Torque (Nm) Vs. Crank Angle

θ Ti ( Nm)
0 0.000
15 22.248
30 35.308
45 34.446
60 21.315
75 2.412
90 -14.725
105 -25.082
120 -27.533
135 -23.864
150 -16.813
165 -8.520
180 0.000
195 8.520
210 16.813
225 23.864
240 27.533
255 25.082
270 14.725
285 -2.412
300 -21.315
315 -34.446
330 -35.308
345 -22.248
360 0.000
375 22.248
390 35.308
405 34.446
420 21.315
435 2.412
450 -14.725
465 -25.082
480 -27.533
495 -23.864
510 -16.813
525 -8.520
540 0.000
555 8.520
570 16.813
585 23.864
600 27.533
615 25.082
630 14.725
645 -2.412
660 -21.315
675 -34.446
690 -35.308
705 -22.248
720 0.000
 Inertia Torque ( Nm ) Vs. Crank Angle

50.000

40.000

30.000

20.000

10.000
Inertia Torque ( Nm )

Ti ( Nm )

0.000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-10.000

-20.000

-30.000

-40.000

-50.000
Crank Angle
Engine Torque (Nm) Vs. Crank Angle

θ Te (Nm)
0 0.000
15 -46.847
30 -128.521
45 -162.059
60 -245.420
75 -238.647
90 -214.402
105 -181.321
120 -145.221
135 -108.750
150 -72.494
165 -36.286
180 0.000
195 36.286
210 42.725
225 20.341
240 -27.533
255 -231.486
270 -549.354
285 -1100.017
300 -1696.825
315 -2134.977
330 -2201.807
345 -1478.320
360 0.000
375 2191.704
390 4066.070
405 3793.948
420 2892.053
435 2044.957
450 1313.109
465 781.896
480 430.625
495 244.888
510 76.351
525 38.391
540 0.000
555 -38.391
570 -76.351
585 -112.273
600 -200.286
615 -231.486
630 -243.851
645 -233.823
660 -128.089
675 -93.167
690 -57.905
705 -2.351
720 0.000
 Engine Torque ( Nm ) Vs. Crank Angle

5000.000

4000.000

3000.000

2000.000
Engine Torque ( Nm )

1000.000 Te ( Nm )

0.000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-1000.000

-2000.000

-3000.000
Crank Angle
 Torque (Nm) Vs. Crank Angle
θ Tg (Nm) Ti (Nm) Te (Nm)
0 0.000 0.000 0.000
15 -24.599 22.248 -46.847
30 -93.213 35.308 -128.521
45 -127.613 34.446 -162.059
60 -224.105 21.315 -245.420
75 -236.235 2.412 -238.647
90 -229.127 -14.725 -214.402
105 -206.404 -25.082 -181.321
120 -172.754 -27.533 -145.221
135 -132.614 -23.864 -108.750
150 -89.307 -16.813 -72.494
165 -44.806 -8.520 -36.286
180 0.000 0.000 0.000
195 44.806 8.520 36.286
210 59.538 16.813 42.725
225 44.205 23.864 20.341
240 0.000 27.533 -27.533
255 -206.404 25.082 -231.486
270 -534.629 14.725 -549.354
285 -1102.430 -2.412 -1100.017
300 -1718.140 -21.315 -1696.825
315 -2169.423 -34.446 -2134.977
330 -2237.115 -35.308 -2201.807
345 -1500.568 -22.248 -1478.320
360 0.000 0.000 0.000
375 2213.952 22.248 2191.704
390 4101.378 35.308 4066.070
405 3828.394 34.446 3793.948
420 2913.368 21.315 2892.053
435 2047.370 2.412 2044.957
450 1298.384 -14.725 1313.109
465 756.814 -25.082 781.896
480 403.092 -27.533 430.625
495 221.024 -23.864 244.888
510 59.538 -16.813 76.351
525 29.871 -8.520 38.391
540 0.000 0.000 0.000
555 -29.871 8.520 -38.391
570 -59.538 16.813 -76.351
585 -88.410 23.864 -112.273
600 -172.754 27.533 -200.286
615 -206.404 25.082 -231.486
630 -229.127 14.725 -243.851
645 -236.235 -2.412 -233.823
660 -149.404 -21.315 -128.089
675 -127.613 -34.446 -93.167
690 -93.213 -35.308 -57.905
705 -24.599 -22.248 -2.351
720 0.000 0.000 0.000
 Torque ( Nm ) Vs. Crank Angle
5000.000

4000.000

3000.000

2000.000
Torque ( Nm )

Tg ( Nm )
1000.000
Ti ( Nm )
Te ( Nm )

0.000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

-1000.000

-2000.000

-3000.000
Crank Angle