Power to be generated, P = 300 W

Fluid density, ρ = 1.225 kg/m3 (the fluid here is air)

2
πd
Swept area, A = (where d = rotor diameter)
4

Rated wind speed, V = 12 m/s

Average wind speed at 10m height is 3.41 m/s

EXTRAPOLATION OF WIND SPEED AT DIFFERENT HUB HEIGHT

Wind speed increases with height. Since wind speed data used in this study were obtained at a height of 10m

and most modern wind turbines have hub heights considerably higher, the measured wind speed must be

extrapolated to typical hub heights. A typical extrapolation composes of power law as shown below:

v
=¿
v°

Where v = wind speed at required height of h

vº = wind speed at original height of hº

α = surface roughness coefficient or wind profile exponent, which lies between range 0.05 – 0.5. It is

usually taken as 0.143.

S/N hº (m) vº (m/s) α h (m) v (m/s)

1 10 3.41 0.15 14 3.59

2 10 3.41 0.15 15 3.62

3 10 3.41 0.15 16 3.66

4 10 3.41 0.15 17 3.69

5 10 3.41 0.15 18 3.72

6 10 3.41 0.15 19 3.75

7 10 3.41 0.15 20 3.78

ROTOR DESIGN

The following inputs parameters are to be identified for the design:

i. Radius (R) {this will be the blade length also)

ii. Number of blades (B)

iii. Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) of the rotor at the design point (λD)

iv. Design lift coefficient of the airfoil (CL)

v. Angle of attack (AOA) of the airfoil(s) lift coefficient(s) (α)

The Radius (R)

This depends on the power expected and the wind speed. The rated wind speed will be used here.

NOTE: the rate wind speed for a wind turbine is the wind speed at which the turbine is designed to produce

its maximum rated power output. Wind turbines are designed to operate over a range of wind speeds and the

power output will increase with increasing wind speed up to the rated wind speed.

The radius can be calculated from the equation below:

1 3
P= ρ A V C p ηd ηg eqn. (1)
2

Where P = power output, 300 W

ρ = fluid density, 1.225 kg/m3

V = rated wind speed, 12 m/s

C p = design power coefficient, 0.30

η g = generator efficiency

η d = drive train efficiency

η d ηg = 0.70
NOTE: according to Betz’s Law, no turbine can capture more than 59.3% of the K.E in the wind stream. The

factor 16/17 (0.593) is known as Betz’s coefficient or Betz’s limit. Practical utility-scale wind turbine

achieves approximately 75% pf the Betz’s limit on average or 35 – 40% efficiency. A reasonable

approximation of the coefficient of power and the combines effect of the drive train and generator for a well-

built DIY turbine would be 0,30 and 0.70, respectively.

Substituting in eqn. (1) above, we have

300 = ½ * 1.225 * πd2/4 * 123 * 0.30 * 0.70

Solving for d, we have,

d=
√ 300∗2∗4
1.225∗π∗123∗0.3∗0.7

d = √ 1.71855029794J

d = 1.31093489462 meters

let’s say, d= 1.40 m

Therefore, radius, R = 1.40/2 = 0.70 meters

Thus, Radius (blade length) = 0.70 m or 700 mm

Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) and Number of Blades (B)

Design TSR depends on the application for which the turbine is being developed. Our intention is to

generate electricity. Thus, we require a fast-running rotor and hence a high TSR.

Number of blades in a rotor is directly related to the design TSR. The higher the TSR, the lower the number

of blades. {there is a graph to which gives guideline for selection}.

As the application is to generate electricity, we prefer a low solidity, rotor with minimum number of blades

and working at high TSR.

For aerodynamic and structural stability, a three-bladed rotor is considered.

Therefore, B = 3
 BC
NOTE: Solidity, σ =
πD

Where B = number of blades

C = average chord length

D = rotor diameter

From the graph, it is logical to take a design TSR of 5 for such rotors

Therefore, TSR, λD = 5

Design Lift Coefficient(s) of the airfoil(s) (CL) and Angle of attack of the airfoil(s) (α)

The NREL S823 and NREL S822 airfoils will be used to design the blade; NREL S823 for the root region

and the NREL S822 for the tip region of the blade. These airfoils are designed specifically for wind turbine

blade applications and are widely used in the wind energy industry. These airfoils have been optimized for

high lift and low drag performance in the low Reynolds’ number range typically encountered by wind

turbine blades.

The NREL S823 airfoil has a high maximum lift coefficient, which is beneficial for wind turbine blade

design because it allows for greater power production at lower wind speeds. Additionally, it has a relatively

thick and cambered profile, which allows for better structural integrity and easier manufacturing.

The NREL S822 airfoil has a lower maximum lift coefficient than the S823, but it has a lower drag

coefficient at higher angles of attack. This characteristic makes it more suitable for use in the outer sections

of wind turbine blades where higher wind speeds prevail, and lower lift coefficients are required to minimize

blade loads and structural stress.

Overall, the NREL S823 and NREL S822 airfoils offer a good balance between high lift and low drag

performance. Making them popular choices for wind turbine blade designs.

The airfoil performance data for the NREL S823 and NREL S822 airfoils were obtained from

www.airfoiltools.com

The total blade length (700mm) starting from the root is divided into 10 sections at an interval of 70mm.
The chord (C) and blade setting angle (β) at these sections are calculate using the below equations:+

λ D∗r
λ r=
R

2 1
∅ = tan−1
3 λr

β= ∅ −α

8 πr
∁= (1−cos ∅ )
βCL

The maximum thickness: For NREL S822 = 16% of chord length at 39.2% of the chord length

For NREL S823 = 21.2% of chord length at 24.3% of the chord length

RESULTS

Below is the table of results

S/ r Airfoil AOA CL CL λr ∅ Β C Max. Position of

CD
N (mm) (º) (º) (º) (mm) thickness max.

(mm) Thickness

(mm)

1 70 NREL 6.25 1.1 101.5 0.5 42.29 36.04 131.54 27.89 31.96

S823 6 0

2 140 NREL 6.25 1.1 101.5 1.0 30.00 23.75 135.46 28.72 32.92

S823 6 0

3 210 NREL 6.25 1.1 101.5 1.5 24.46 16.21 115.04 24.39 27.95

S823 6 0

4 280 NREL 6.25 1.1 101.5 2.0 17.71 11.46 95.83 20.32 23.29

S823 6 0

5 350 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 2.5 14.53 9.78 95.69 15.31 37.51

S822 8 0

6 420 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 3.0 12.29 7.54 82.28 13.16 32.25
 8 0

S822

7 490 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 3.5 10.63 5.88 71.88 11.50 28.18

S822 8 0

8 560 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 4.0 9.36 4.61 63.74 10.20 24.99

S822 8 0

9 630 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 4.5 8.35 3.60 57.09 9.13 22.38

S822 8 0

10 700 NREL 4.75 0.9 117.1 5.0 7.54 2.79 51.74 8.29 20.28

S822 8 0