The stability phenomena

 stability is a condition of equilibrium between opposing forces

 under stead-state conditions: if the system is perturbed this equilibrium is upset causing
acceleration and deceleration of the rotors.
 If one generator runs temporarily faster than the other one. Then the angular position of its
rotors relative to that of the slower machine will advance.
 For any given situation, the stability of the system depends on whether or not the deviation in
angular position of the rotors result insufficient restoring torque.
 The change in electrical torque of a synchronism machine following a perturbation can be
resolved into two components: Te  TS s  TD 
where TS s : is the component of torque change in phase with the rotor angle.
TD  :is the component of toque in phase.
it can result in 2 types of instability
1. Lack of sufficient synchronizing (aperiodic drift).
2. Lack of sufficient damping (oscillating instability).
steady increase in rotor angle
due to lack of sufficient
synchronizing torque

small signal

rotor oscillation of increasing

amplitude due to lack of
sufficent damping torque

Motor angle stability

phenomena it depends on the initial
operating state and the
severity of the disturbance

contingency consider are

short circuit: phase to ground,
transient stability
phase to phase to ground or
three phase.

usually occur on transmission

lines, but occasionally bus or
transformer faults are
consider.

The voltage stability: the ability of a power system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all
buses in the system under normal operating conditions and often bring subjected to a
disturbance.
 disturbance

Voltage increase load

instability demand

change in system
conditions

These three all cause a progressive and uncontrollable drop in voltage.

The main factor that causes instability is the inability of the power system to meet the demand for
reactive power. When voltage drop occurs active and reactive power flow through inductive reactance
associated with the transmission network.

The condition that occurs in a power system for voltage stability is when voltage magnitude increases
the reactive power increases (both occurring in the same bus). Voltage instability may occur when in the
same bus, the reactive power increases and the voltage magnitude decreases. In other words, we can
say that:

- Voltage stability when V-Q are sensitivity positive

- Voltage instability when V-Q are sensitivity negative

When in a power system the voltage stability is being analyze, it is classified into two subclasses:

Large-disturbance: concerned with the system’s ability to control voltages. These disturbances can be
system faults, loss of generation or circuit contingencies.

Small-disturbance: concerned with the system’s ability to control voltages following small perturbations
such as incremental changes in system load.
There are 3 types of studies that exist when handling a instability in the system:

- Short-term or transient: 0 to 10sec

- Mid-term: 10 second to a few min
- Long-term: a few minutes to 10’s of minutes

The mid-term studies focuses on synchronizing power oscillations between machines.

Generally, the long-term and mid-term stability problems are associated with inadequacies in
equipment responses, poor coordination of control and protection equipment, or insufficient
active/reactive power reserves.

We doin a long-term stability study we must separate the system into islands and figure out whether or
not each island will reach a satisfactory stability with preventing load loss to reach an equilibrium state.