Chapter 8 Interpolation

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INTERPOLATION
prepared by Razana Alwee
Interpolation
In this topic, we study methods for representing a

function based on knowledge of its behavior at certain
discrete points.
From this information, we may wish to obtain estimates
of function values at other points,
Interpolation produces a function that matches the given
data exactly; we seek a function that also provides a
good approximation to the (unknown) data values at
intermediate points.
The data may come from measured experimental values
or computed values from other numerical methods.
prepared by Razana Alwee 1

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Interpolation
Suppose we have a set of points {x0, x1, … , xn} ordered

so that x0<x1<…<xn and a set of y-values y0, y1, …, yn
corresponding to the x-values (that is, (xi, yi) is a pair).
The polynomial interpolation problem is to find a
polynomial p(x) of degree at most n that interpolates the
data (x0, y0), (x1, y1), …, (xn, yn)
p ( xk )  yk , k  0,1..., n
y ( x )  pn ( x )
Example
k 0 1 2 3 4 5
xk 10
. 12
. 14
. 16
. 18
. 2.0
yk 0.0000 01823
. 0.3365 0.4700 0.5878 0.6931
y(1.1) = ??
y(1.5) = ??

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Newton Forward-Difference Formula
x0, x1, … , xn are arranged consecutively with equal

spacing.
x1  x0  x 2  x1  ...  xn  xn 1  h
Let,
x  x0  rh
then the difference x-xi can be written as
x  xi  (r  i )h
r (r  1) 2 r (r  1)...r  n  1 n
p n ( x)  y k  ry k   y k  ...   yk
2! n!
r   x  xk  / h

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Peringkat TandaanNotationTakrif
Forward-difference
0 0 y k yk
1 1 y k y k 1  y k
2 2 y k y k 1  y k
... ... ...
j j yk  j 1 y k 1   j 1 y k
Forward-difference Table
k xk yk y k 2 y k ... n 1 y k n y k
0 x0 y0 y 0 2 y 0 ... n 1 y 0 n y 0
1 x1 y1 y1 2 y1 ... n 1 y1
... ... ... ... .... ...
n  2 x n 2 y n2 y n  2 2 y n  2
n 1 x n 1 y n 1 y n 1
n xn yn

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Example
Given the following data:
k 0 1 2 3 4 5
xk 1 .0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
yk 0.5000 0.4545 0.4167 0.3846 0.3571 0.3333
Use the Newton forward-difference formula to

approximate y(1.1).
Solution
Forward-difference Table
k xk yk y k 2 y k 3 y k 4 y k 5 y k
0 1. 0 0.5000  0.0455 0.0077  0.0020 0.0009  0.0007
1 1. 2 0.4545  0.0378 0.0057  0.0011 0.0002
2 1. 4 0.4167  0.0321 0.0046  0.0009
3 1. 6 0.3846  0.0275 0.0037
4 1.8 0.3571  0.0238
5 2. 0 0.3333
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Solution
x = 1.1 is between 1.0 and 1.2,(choose one value for the

reference point- have highest forward-difference degree)
IChoose x0 = 1.0 as reference value as have 5 forward
different degree, 5yk)
Thus, h = 1.2 – 1.0 = 0.2 and
r = (x – x0) / h = (1.1 – 1.0) / 0.2 = 0.5

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Solution
Polynomial
r( r  1) 2 r( r  1)( r  2 ) 3
p5 ( x )  y 0  ry 0   y0   y0
2! 3!
r( r  1)( r  2 )( r  3) 4 r( r  1)( r  2)( r  3)( r  4 ) 5
  y0   y0
4! 5!
( 0.5)( 0.5  1)
p5 (1.1)  0.5000  ( 0.5 )( 0.0455)  ( 0.0077)
2
( 0.5)( 0.5  1)( 0.5  2) ( 0.5)( 0.5  1)( 0.5  2)( 0.5  3)
 ( 0.0020)  ( 0.0009)
6 24
( 0.5)( 0.5  1)( 0.5  2)( 0.5  3)( 0.5  4 )
 ( 0.0007)
120
 0.5000  0.02275  0.0009625  0.000125  0.0000352  0.0000191
 0.4761
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Conclusion
The Newton Forward Difference formula suitable to

determine the approximation of the data point lies near
the beginning/centre of the table.
This will give more accuracy of the approximation value
of the data point as it involved the highest-order
difference.

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Exercise
■ Given
X 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
f(x) 0.00 0.75 2.25 3.00 2.25
Use the Newton forward-difference formula to approximate

f(1.5).
f ( x )  3 sin 2 (  x / 6 )
■ Compare the approximate f(x) with the actual value based
on the following function, f(x)
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Newton Backward- Difference

Formula
Apply for the consistent data points..

For any x, x0  x  xn can be written as:
x = x0 + rh with 0  r  n
In general:
x = x1 + (r + n – 1)h

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Newton Backward- Difference

Formula
Proven:
x  x n  ( x n  rh )  x n  rh
x  x n 1  ( x n  rh )  ( x n  h )  ( r  1)h
x  x n 2  ( x n  rh )  ( x n  2h )  ( r  2 )h
:
x  x 1  ( x n  rh )  ( x n  ( n  1)h )  ( r  n  1)h
 x  x1  ( r  n  1)h

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Newton Backward- Difference Formula
Backward Difference Notation
Stage Notation Definition

0 0yk yk
1 1yk atau yk yk – yk-1
2 2yk yk – yk-1
3 3yk 2yk – 2yk-1
… … …
j–1 j-1y k  j-2y
k – j-2yk-1
j jyk j-1yk – j-1yk-1
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Newton Backward -Difference Formula
Backward Difference Table
k xk yk yk 2yk … n-1yk nyk

0 x0 y0
1 x1 y1 y1
… … … … …
n–2 xn-2 yn-2 yn-2 2yn-2 …
n–1 xn-1 yn-1 yn-1 2yn-1 … n-1yn-1
n xn yn yn 2yn … n-1yn nyn

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Newton Backward -Difference

Formula
Newton Backward-Difference Formula
r ( r  1) 2 r ( r  1)...r  n  1 n
p n ( x )  y k  ry k   y k  ...   yk
2! n!
r = (x – xk) / h

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Example
■ Given the data in the table, Use the Newton backward-

difference formula to approximate y(1.9).
k 0 1 2 3 4 5
xk 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
yk 0.5000 0.4545 0.4167 0.3846 0.3571 0.3333

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Solution
■ Newton Backward Difference table

k xk yk yk 2yk 3yk 4yk 5yk
0 1.0 0.5000
1 1.2 0.4545 -0.0455
2 1.4 0.4167 -0.0378 0.0077
3 1.6 0.3846 -0.0321 0.0057 -0.0020
4 1.8 0.3571 -0.0275 0.0046 -0.0011 0.0009
5 2.0 0.3333 -0.0238 0.0037 -0.0009 0.0002 -0.0007

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Solution
x = 1.9 lies between 1.8 dan 2.0,

Choose x5 = 2.0 as reference point since have highest
order of backward-reference , 5yk)
Thus, h = 1.2 – 1.0 = 0.2 and
r = (x – x5) / h = (1.9 – 2.0) / 0.2 = -0.5

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Solution
Polynomial
r (r  1) 2 r ( r  1)(r  2) 3
p5 ( x)  y5  ry5   y5   y5
2! 3!
r (r  1)(r  2)(r  3) 4 r ( r  1)(r  2)(r  3)(r  4) 5
  y5   y5
4! 5!
( 0.5)(0.5  1)
p5 (1.9)  0.3333  (0.5)(0.0238)  (0.0037)
2
(0.5)(0.5  1)(0.5  2) (0.5)(0.5  1)(0.5  2)(0.5  3)
 (0.0009)  (0.0002)
6 24
(0.5)(0.5  1)(0.5  2)(0.5  3)(0.5  4)
 ( 0.0007)
120
 0.3333  0.0119  0.0004625 0.00005625 0.000007869 0.0000191
 0.3448 prepared by Razana Alwee
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Conclusion
The Newton Backward Difference formula suitable to

determine the approximation of the data point lies near
the end of the table.

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Example
Based on the given data in the table, Use the Newton

backward-difference formula to approximate f(3.5).
x 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

f(x) 0.00 0.75 2.25 3.00 2.25
Compare the approximate f(x) with the actual value based

on the following function, f(x)
f ( x )  3 sin 2 (  x / 6 )
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Solution
■ Newton Backward-Difference table

k x f(x) f(x) 2f(x) 3f(x) 4f(x)
0 0.0 0.00
1 1.0 0.75 0.75
2 2.0 2.25 1.50 0.75
3 3.0 3.00 0.75 -0.75 -1.50
4 4.0 2.25 -0.75 -1.50 -0.75 0.75
■ Thus, h = 1.0 – 0.0 = 1.0 and

r = (x – x4) / h = (3.5 – 4.0) / 1.0 = -0.5
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Solution
Polynomial
r( r  1 ) 2 r ( r  1)( r  2 )
p 4 ( x )  f ( x 4 )  r f ( x 4 )   f ( x4 ) 
2! 3!
r ( r  1 )( r  2 )( r  3 )
 3f ( x 4 )   4f ( x 4 )
4!
(  0.5 )(  0.5  1)
p 4 ( 3.5 )  2 .25  (  0 .5 )(  0 .75 )  (  1.50 )
2
(  0 .5 )(  0 .5  1)(  0 .5  2 )
 (  0 .75 )
6
(  0 .5 )(  0 .5  1)(  0 .5  2 )(  0.5  3 )
 ( 0 .75 )
24
 2 .25  0 .375  0 .1875  0.046875  0 .02929  2 .83
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Solution
Comparison with the actual value
f ( x )  3 sin 2 ( x / 6 )
f(3.5)  3 sin 2 [ 3.1412 * ( 3.5 ) / 6 )  2.7990
 p 4 ( 3.5 )  2.83
 p( x )  f ( x )

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Exercise
Given
(0.0 , 0.0), (0.2 , 1.05), (0.4 , 0.85), (0.6 , 0.35),
(0.8 , 0.10), (1.0 , 1.0).
Use an appropriate interpolation technique to determine the
approximation value of :
y(0.1)
y(0.9)

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Newton’s Divided-Difference
Suitable for non uniform data

The zeroth divided difference of the function f with
respect to xk
f[xk] = f(xk)
First divided difference of f with respect to xk and xk+1
f ( xk 1 )  f ( xk ) f  fk
f [ xk , xk 1 ]   k 1
xk 1  xk xk 1  xk
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Second divided difference f with respect to xk , xk+1 and xk+2
f [ xk 1 , xk  2 ]  f [ xk , xk 1 ]
f [ xk , xk 1 , xk  2 ] 
xk  2  xk
kth divided difference f with respect to xk , xk+1 , xk+2…….xk+n
f [ xk 1, xk  2 ,...., xk  n ]  f [ xk , xk 1,..., xk  n 1 ]

f [ xk , xk 1,..., xk  n ] 
xk  n  xk
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Newton Divided-Difference Table
k xk f[xk] f[xk, xk+1] f[xk, xk+1, xk+2] … f[xk, xk+1,…, xk+n]
0 x0 f0 f [ x0 , x1 ] 
f [ x1 ]  f [ x0 ]
f [ x0 , x1, x2 ] 
f [ x1 , x2 ]  f [ x0 , x1 ] … f [ x1 , x2 ,...xn ]  f [ x0 , x1 ...xn 1 ]
x1  x0 x2  x0 f [ x0 , x1 ,...xn ] 
xn  x0
1 x1 f [ x2 ]  f [ x1 ]
f1 f [ x1, x2 ] 
x2  x1 f [ x1 , x2 , x3 ] 
f [ x2 , x3 ]  f [ x1 , x2 ] …
x3  x1
… … … … …
n–1 xn-1 f n-1 f [ xn 1 , xn ] 

f [ xn ]  f [ xn 1 ]
xn  x n 1
n xn fn
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The Newton divided-difference interpolating polynomial

determine based on the first point with the highest
number of divided difference:
n k 1
p n ( x )   f [ x 0 , x1 ,..., x k ] ( x  x j )
k 0 j 0
 f [ x 0 ]  f [ x 0 , x1 ]( x  x 0 )
 f [ x 0 , x1 , x 2 ]( x  x 0 )( x  x1 )  ...
 f [ x 0 , x1 ,...., x n ]( x  x 0 )( x  x1 )...( x  x n 1 )
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Example
Construct the Newton divided-difference table based on

the following data
k 0 1 2 3 4
xk 1.0 1.6 2.5 3.0 3.2
yk 0.5000 0.3846 0.2857 0.2500 0.2381
Determine the approximation value of y(1.3)
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Solution
Newton divided-difference table
k xk f[xk] f 1[xk] f 2[xk] f 3[xk] f 4[xk]

0.0549 -0.0137 0.0032
0 1.0 0.5000 -0.1923
1 1.6 0.3846 -0.1099 0.0275 -0.0066
2 2.5 0.2857 -0.0714 0.0170

3 3.0 0.2500 -0.0595
4 3.2 0.2381
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Solution
Calculation
y1  y 0 0.3846  0.5000
f x0 , x1      0.1923
x1  x0 1 . 6  1 .0
f x1 , x 2   f x 0 , x1   0. 1099  ( 0 .1923 )
f x0 , x1 , x 2     0. 0550
x2  x0 2 . 5  1 .0
f [ x1 , x 2 , x3 ]  f [ x 0 , x1 , x 2 ] 0 .0275  0 .0549
f [ x0 , x1 , x 2 , x3 ]    0 .0137
x3  x0 3 . 0  1 .0
f [ x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ]  f [ x0 , x1 , x 2 , x3 ]
f [ x0 , x1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 ] 
x 4  x0
 0 .0066  0.0137
  0 .0032
3 .2  1 . 0
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Solution
Interpolation Polynomial expression

p 4 ( x )  y 0  f [ x 0 , x1 ]( x  x 0 )  f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 ]( x  x 0 )( x  x 1 )
 f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ]( x  x 0 )( x  x 1 )( x  x 2 )
 f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ]( x  x 0 )( x  x 1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 )
Assign the value into the polynomial expression
p 4 (1 .3 )  0 .5  ( 0.1923 )( 1.3  1.0 )  0.0549 ( 1.3  1.0 )( 1.3  1.6 )
 ( 0 .0137 )( 1 .3  1 .0 )( 1 .3  1 .6 )( 1 .3  2 .5 )
 0.0032 (1 .3  1 .0 )( 1.3  1.6 )( 1.3  2 .5 )( 1 .3  3.0 )
 0.5  0.05769  0.004941  0.0014796  0 .00058752
 0 .4353
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Conclusion
Can be used to determine the approximation of the point
lies near the beginning of the table where x0 < x < x1.
The data need to be reordered, if the point is not located
at the beginning of the table
Determine the range of data where the point is located and label
the lower bound range as, x0 and the upper bound as x1
Ordered the data starting with the value that closest with the
point as x2 followed by the other values as x3,x4….xn where xn
have the largest gap with the point.
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Example 2

the following data:
k 0 1 2 3 4
xk 1.0 1.6 2.5 3.0 3.2
yk 0.5000 0.3846 0.2857 0.2500 0.2381
Determine the approximation value of y(2.8)
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Solution
Position of X= 2.8
k 0 1 2 3 4
xk 1.0 1.6 2.5 3.0 3.2
yk 0.5000 0.3846 0.2857 0.2500 0.2381
The point lies between 2.5 and 3.0
Assign x0 = 2.5 and x1 = 3.0

X2 = ? X3=? X4=?
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Solution
Newton Divided-Difference value
k xk f[xk] f 1[xk] f 2[xk] f 3[xk] f 4[xk]
0 2.5 0.2857 -0.0714 0.0170 -0.0066 0.0033
1 3.0 0.2500 -0.0595 0.0229 -0.0115
2 3.2 0.2381 -0.0916 0.0458

3 1.6 0.3846 -0.1923
4 1.0 0.5000
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Solution
Solution
Polynomial expression
p 4 ( x )  y 0  f [ x 0 , x1 ]( x  x 0 )  f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 ]( x  x 0 )( x  x 1 )
 f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ]( x  x 0 )( x  x 1 )( x  x 2 )
 f [ x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ]( x  x 0 )( x  x 1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x 3 )
Assign the value into the expression

p 4 ( 2 .8 )  0.2857  (  0.0714 )( 2.8  2.5 )  0.0170 ( 2.8  2 .5 )( 2.8  3.0 )
 (  0.0066 )( 2.8  2 .5 )( 2.8  3.0 )( 2.8  3.2 )
 0.0033 ( 2.8  2.5 )( 2.8  3.0 )( 2.8  3.2 )( 2.8  1 .6 )
 0.2857  0.02142  0.00102  0 .0001584  0 .00009504
 0.2632
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Exercise

the following data:
k 0 1 2 3 4
xk 2.0 3.0 6.5 8.0 12.0
f(xk) 14.0 20.0 17.0 16.0 23.0
Determine the approximation value of f(2.2) and f(7.0).
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Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials
Denoted as Lk(x).
Suitable do the approximation value of point for non
uniform data.
Interpolation is relied on the number of data that been
given
n
p n ( x )  L 0 ( x )y 0  L 1( x )y 1  ....... L n ( x )y n   L i ( x )y i
i0
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Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials
Where
n (x  xj ) ( x  x 0 )  ( x  x k  1 )( x  x k  1 )( x  x n )
L k(x)   
j 0 (xk  xj ) ( x k  x 0 )  ( x k  x k  1 )( x k  x k  1 )( x k  x n )
j k
1, jika, k  j
Subject to L k(xj ) 
0 , jika , k  j
n
 Lk(x)  1
It shows that  k 0
It is true for any  x  [ x 0 , x n ]

And can be used to check the calculation
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Example
Given
k 0 1 2 3 4
xk 1.0 1.6 2.5 3.0 3.2
yk 0.5000 0.3846 0.2857 0.2500 0.2381
Determine the approximation value of y(1.3).
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Solution
Based on the data given

4
p 4 ( x )   L i ( x )y i
i 0
p 4 ( x )  L 0 ( x )y 0  L 1( x )y 1  L 2 ( x )y 2  L 3 ( x )y 3  L 4 ( x )y 4
4 (x  x )
j
where L i(x)  
j0 ( x i  x j )
j i
Therefore,
4 4 (1.3  x j )
p4 (1.3)   Li (1.3) yi where Li (1.3)  
i0 j 0 ( xi  x j )
j i
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Solution
Calculate L0(1.3)
(1.3  x1 )(1.3  x 2 )(1.3  x 3 )(1.3  x 4 )
L 0 (1.3 ) 
( x 0  x 1 )( x 0  x 2 )( x 0  x 3 )( x 0  x 4 )
(1.3  1.6 )( 1.3  2.5 )(1.3  3.0 )(1.3  3.2 )
  0.2936
(1.0  1.6 )(1.0  2.5 )(1.0  3.0 )(1.0  3.2 )
Calculate L1(1.3)
(1.3  x 0 )(1.3  x 2 )(1.3  x 3 )(1.3  x 4 )
L 1 (1.3) 
( x1  x 0 )( x 1  x 2 )( x 1  x 3 )( x1  x 4 )
(1.3  1.0 )(1.3  2.5 )(1.3  3.0 )(1.3  3.2 )
  0.9613
(1.6  1.0 )(1.6  2.5 )(1.6  3.0 )(1.6  3.2 )
50

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Solution
Calculate L2(1.3)
(1.3  x 0 )( 1.3  x1 )( 1.3  x 3 )( 1.3  x 4 )
L 2 (1.3) 
( x 2  x 0 )( x 2  x1 )( x 2  x 3 )( x 2  x 4 )
( 1.3  1.0 )( 1.3  1.6 )( 1.3  3.0 )( 1.3  3.2 )
  0.6152
( 2.5  1.0 )( 2.5  1.6 )( 2.5  3.0 )( 2.5  3.2 )
Calculate L3(1.3)
(1.3  x 0 )(1.3  x 1 )(1.3  x 2 )(1.3  x 4 )
L 3 (1.3 ) 
( x 3  x 0 )( x 3  x 1 )( x 3  x 2 )( x 3  x 4 )
(1.3  1.0 )(1.3  1.6 )(1.3  2.5 )(1.3  3.2 )
  0.7329
( 3.0  1.0 )( 3.0  1.6 )( 3.0  2.5 )( 3.0  3.2 )
51
Solution
Calculate L4(1.3)
(1.3  x 0 )(1.3  x 1 )(1.3  x 2 )(1.3  x 3 )
L 4 (1.3 ) 
( x 4  x 0 )( x 4  x 1 )( x 4  x 2 )( x 4  x 3 )
(1.3  1.0 )(1.3  1.6 )(1.3  2.5 )(1.3  3.0 )
  0.3726
( 3.2  1.0 )( 3.2  1.6 )( 3.2  2.5 )( 3.2  3.0 )
Check:
4
 L i (1.3)  L 0 (1.3)  L 1( 1.3 )  L 2 (1.3)  L 3 (1.3 )  L 4 (1.3)
i 0
 0.2936  0.9613  0.6152  0.7329  0.3726  1
52

4/25/2016
Solution
Thus,
4
p 4 (1.3)   L i (1.3 )y i
i 0
 0.2936( 0.5000 )  0.9613( 0.3846 )  0.6152( 0.2857 )
 0.7329( 0.2500 )  0.3726( 0.2381)
 0.4353
53
Exercise
Given
k 0 1 2 3 4
xk 2.0 3.0 6.5 8.0 12.0
f(xk) 14.0 20.0 17.0 16.0 23.0
Determine the approximation value of f(2.2) and f(7.0)

based on Lagrange interpolating polynomials method
54

4/25/2016
Least Square Approximation
Determine the coefficient values of polynomials,( a0,

a1, …, am ) to minimise the sum or error square
difference between p(xk) dan fk at any points based
on n
2
n
2
S    k   [ p( x k )  f k ]
k 0 k 0
where
k is the error at point xk which is the difference
between the approximation value based on the
polynomial , p(xk) and the actual value at point xk
S ia the summation of error square at all points
k=0,1,…n.
62
Thus, we required that

n

S   a 0  a 1x    a m x m  f k
k0
 2
be minimum
The minimum value of S can be obtained when the
partial differential is equal 0 for j = 0, 1, …, m
S n
a j
 
 2  a 0  a 1x    a m x m  f k x kj  0
k 0
63

4/25/2016
It gives
n n n n
a 0  x kj  a 1  x jk 1    a m  x jk m   x kj f k
k 0 k 0 k 0 k0
In Linear system equation form :

a 0 s 0  a 1s 1    a m s m  v 0
a 0 s 1  a 1s 2    a m s m  1  v 1


a 0 s m  a 1s m  1    a m s 2 m  v m
64
where
n
s j   x kj , j  0 ,1, 2 ,  , 2 m
k0
n
v l   x lk f k , l  0 ,1, 2 ,  , m
k0
Matrix form
 s0 s1  sm   a 0   v 0 
s s2  s m 1   a 1   v 1 
 1     
         
    
s m s m 1  s 2 m  a m   v m 
65

4/25/2016
The coefficient values of a0, a1, …, am can be determine

using the system of linear equations method that been
discussed in chapter 2.
66
Example
Determine the appropriate linear polynomial expression,

p(x) = a0 + a1x based on the following data:
Determine f(4.5)
k 0 1 2 3 4
xk 1 3 4 5 8
fk 5 9 11 13 19
67

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Solution
System of linear equations
s 0 s1  a 0  v 0 
s s   a    v 
 1 2  1   1 
where
4
s j   x kj , j  0 , 1 , 2
k0
and
4
v l   x kl f k , l  0 , 1
k 0
68
Solution
Calculation table:
xk0 Xk1 xk2 fk xk0fk xk1fk

1 1 1 5 5 5
1 3 9 9 9 27
1 4 16 11 11 44
4 1 5 25 13 13 65

k0
1 8 64 19 19 152
5 21 115 - 57 293
69

4/25/2016
Solution
In matrix form :
 5 21  a 0   57 
21 115  a   293
  1   
Solution, a0 = 3.0 dan a1 = 2.0
Therefore, the polynomial expression is p(x) = 2.0x + 3.0
To determine f(4.5):
p( 4.5 )  2.0( 4.5 )  3.0  12
f ( 4.5 )  p( 4.5 )  12
70
Exercise
Determine the appropriate linear polynomial expression,

p(x) = a0 + a1x based on the following data:
Determine f(2.3)
x 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 0.50 1.40 2.00 2.50 3.10
71

Chapter 8 Interpolation

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Chapter 8 Interpolation

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4/25/2016

prepared by Razana Alwee

In this topic, we study methods for representing a

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Suppose we have a set of points {x0, x1, … , xn} ordered

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Newton Forward-Difference Formula

x0, x1, … , xn are arranged consecutively with equal

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Newton Forward-Difference Formula

Newton Forward-Difference Formula

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Newton Forward-Difference Formula

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Newton Forward-Difference Formula

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The Newton Forward Difference formula suitable to

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Use the Newton forward-difference formula to approximate

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Newton Backward- Difference

Apply for the consistent data points..

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Newton Backward- Difference

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Newton Backward- Difference Formula

Backward Difference Notation

Stage Notation Definition

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k xk yk yk 2yk … n-1yk nyk

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Newton Backward -Difference

Newton Backward-Difference Formula

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■ Newton Backward Difference table

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x = 1.9 lies between 1.8 dan 2.0,

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The Newton Backward Difference formula suitable to

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Based on the given data in the table, Use the Newton

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Compare the approximate f(x) with the actual value based

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■ Thus, h = 1.0 – 0.0 = 1.0 and