RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI

INDEX

S.No. Form Nos. Title of the Form Page Nos.

1 CF1 Preface of the Course File 1

2 CF2 Subject handled by yester years 2

3 CF3 Allocation of subject & class time table with TCH 3

4 CF4 Faculty Time Table 4

5 CF5 Syllabus 5

6 CF6 Lesson Plan & Learning Structure 7

7 CF7 Course Student List 11

8 CF8 Assignments/ Self Study Topics 12

9 CF9 Report on frequent absentees 14

10 CF10 Unit test question paper 15

11 CF11 Mark List 27

12 CF12 Result Analysis 29

13 CF13 Action taken on Slow Learners 34

14 CF14 University question paper / question bank 38

 FORM NO.CF1

PREFACE OF THE COURSE FILE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Batch : 2016-20

Branch : ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Year & Semester : III Year VI Sem

Subject Code : EE6002

Name of the Subject : POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS

Staff in charge : R.PADMAVATHI

1
 FORM NO.CF2

SUBJECT HANDLERS OF YESTER YEARS

DEPARTMENT OF Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SUBJECT : POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS

SUBJECT CODE : EE6002

S.No. Academic Year Class & Section Name of the Faculty Member

Dr.P.SIVAKUMAR
1. 2018-2019 III Yr. Mr.RAGUPATHY.P
Mrs. R.PADMAVATHI
Dr.P.SIVAKUMAR
2. 2016-2018 III Yr. Mr.RAGUPATHY.P
Mrs. B DHIVYA

2
 FORM NO. CF3
ALLOCATION OF SUBJECTS & CLASS TIME TABLE WITH TCH

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Time Table for Academic Year 2018 – 2019 (Even Semester – Dec’18 to May’19

3 3 5 5
DAY/ 1 2 4 6 7
9.50-10.10 10.10-11.00 11.50-12.40/ 12.40-1.20/
PERIOD 8.00 – 9.00 9.00-9.50 11.00-11.50 1.20-2.10 2.10-3.00
9.50-10.40 10.40-11.00 11.50-12.30 12.30-1.20

TUE EE6602 EE6603 BREAK EE6613 LUNCH EE6602 EC6651

WED EC6651 EE6002 BREAK EE6604 EE6604 EE6601 LUNCH EE6601 EC6651

THU EE6601 EE6002 BREAK EE6611 [C1] / EE6612 [C2] LUNCH EC6651 LIBRARY

FRI EE6604 EE6004 BREAK EE6601 EE 6603 EE6603 LUNCH EE6002 SEMINAR

SAT EE6002 EE6603 BREAK EE6602 EE6602 LUNCH EE6611 [C2] / EE6612 [C1]
Class Incharge: Semester : VI Year: III/ Section: C w.e.f: 19.12.2018 Class Chairman:
Mrs. R. Hall No: WB416 Mrs. J. Kavitha
Padmavathi

COURSE STAFF TUTORIAL/LAB

COURSE TITLE STAFF NAME L/T P
CODE CODE ASSISTANT/STAFF CODE
EE6601 Solid State Drives EE82 Dr. P. R. Sivaraman 4 0
EE6602 Embedded Systems EE99 Mrs. C. Amutha 4 0
EE 6603 Power System Operation and Control EE116 Dr. K. Premkumar 5 0
EE6604 Design of Electrical Machines EE56 Mrs. A. Rajalakshmi 3+1 0 Dr. M. Subbiah
EC6651 Communication Engineering EE123 Mr. M. Pradeep 4 0
EE6002 Power System Transients EE40 Mrs. R. Padmavathi 4 0
Power Electronics and EE97 Mrs. B. Lekshmi Sree [C1] Dr. A. Nazar Ali [C1]
EE6611 0 3
Drives Laboratory EE82 Dr. P.R. Sivaraman [C2] Mrs. D. Sivamani [C2]
Microprocessor and EE112 Mrs. C. Amutha [C1] Dr. K. Premkumar [C1]
EE6612 0 3
Microcontroller Laboratory EE116 Dr. K. Premkumar [C2] Dr. P.R. Sivaraman [C2]
Presentation Skills and Technical EE40
EE6613 Mrs. R. Padmavathi 0 3
Seminar

3
 SEM EE56
Seminar Mrs. A. Rajalakshmi 1
INAR
LIBRARY Library EE124 Mrs. C. Kavitha 1

FACULTY TIME TABLE

F
TIME 8.00 – 9.00 9.00-9.50
9.50-10.10 10.10-11.00
11.00-11.50
11.50-12.40/ O
12.40-1.20/
1.20-2.10 2.10-3.00
9.50-10.40 10.40-11.00 11.50-12.30 12.30-1.20R
M
Day 1 2 BREAK 3 4 5 5 6 7
N
TUE EE 6613 O EE 6002
.
WED EE 6002 EE 6002 GE 6075 GE 6075
C
THU GE 6075 EE 6002 F GE 6075 VAP
4
EE 17262 [D1 – I/C]
FRI
Mrs. R. [8.00 – 11.15]
Padmavathi
SAT EE 17411 [B1]

4
COURSE
COURSE TITLE SEM/BRANCH/SECTION HOURS
CODE
EE 6002 Power System Transients VI SEM EEE C 4
GE 6075 Professional Ethics VIII SEM EEE B 4
Presentation Skills and Technical
EE 6613 VI SEM EEE C 3
Seminar
EE 17411 Electrical Machines Laboratory – I IV SEM EEE [B2 – I/C] 3
Basic Electrical, Electronics and
EE 17262 II SEM MECH [D1] 4
Instrumentation Laboratory
VAP Value Added Program IV SEM EEE A 2
Total 20

5
6
 FORM NO. CF5
SYLLABUS

EE6002 POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS LTP

C 3003

AIM
To review the over voltages (or) surges due to the phenomena of switching operations
and lighting discharge. Also to study propagation, reflection and refraction of these
surges on the equipment’s their impact on the power system grid.

OBJECTIVES:
 To study the generation of switching transients and their control using circuit –
theoretical concept.
 To study the mechanism of lighting strokes and the production of lighting surges.
 To study the propagation, reflection and refraction of travelling waves.
 To study the impact of voltage transients caused by faults, circuit breaker action,
load rejection on integrated power system.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY
9
Review and importance of the study of transients - causes for transients. RL circuit
transient with sine wave excitation - double frequency transients - basic transforms of
the RLC circuit transients. Different types of power system transients - effect of
transients on power systems – role of the study of transients in system planning.
UNIT II SWITCHING TRANSIENTS
9
Over voltages due to switching transients - resistance switching and the equivalent
circuit for interrupting the resistor current - load switching and equivalent circuit -
waveforms for transient voltage across the load and the switch - normal and abnormal
switching transients. Current suppression - current chopping - effective equivalent
circuit. Capacitance switching - effect of source regulation - capacitance switching with
a restrike, with multiple restrikes. Illustration for multiple restriking transients - Ferro
resonance.

7
UNIT III LIGHTNING TRANSIENTS
9
Review of the theories in the formation of clouds and charge formation - rate of
charging of thunder clouds – mechanism of lightning discharges and characteristics of
lightning strokes – model for lightning stroke - factors contributing to good line design
- protection using ground wires - tower footing resistance - Interaction between
lightning and power system.
UNIT IV TRAVELING WAVES ON TRANSMISSION LINE COMPUTATION
OF TRANSIENTS
9
Computation of transients - transient response of systems with series and shunt lumped
parameters and distributed lines. Traveling wave concept - step response - Bewely’s
lattice diagram - standing waves and natural frequencies - reflection and refraction of
travelling waves.
UNIT V TRANSIENTS IN INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEM
9
The short line and kilometric fault - distribution of voltages in a power system - Line
dropping and load rejection - voltage transients on closing and reclosing lines - over
voltage induced by faults -switching surges on integrated system Qualitative
application of EMTP for transient computation.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Allan Greenwood, ‘Electrical Transients in Power Systems’, Wiley Inter Science,
New York, 2nd Edition, 1991.
2. Pritindra Chowdhari, “Electromagnetic transients in Power System”, John Wiley and
Sons Inc., Second Edition, 2009.
3. C.S. Indulkar, D.P.Kothari, K. Ramalingam, ‘Power System Transients – A
statistical approach’, PHI Learning Private Limited, Second Edition, 2010.
REFERENCES:
1. M.S.Naidu and V.Kamaraju, ‘High Voltage Engineering’, Tata McGraw Hill, Fifth
Edition, 2013.
2. R.D. Begamudre, ‘Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering’, Wiley
Eastern Limited, 1986.
8
 3. Y.Hase, Handbook of Power System Engineering,” Wiley India, 2012.
4. J.L.Kirtley, “Electric Power Principles, Sources, Conversion, Distribution and use,”
Wiley, 2012.

FORM NO. CF6

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Thandalam, Chennai – 602 105
LESSON PLAN

Faculty Name : Mrs.R PADMAVATHI Staff Code : EE 112

Subject Name : POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS Subject Code : EE6002
Year : III Semester : VI
Degree & Branch : B.E. - EEE Section : C

Sl. Actual
Unit

Planned T/R Mode of

No date/ Topic(s) Page(s)
date/ hour Book No. teaching
. hour

UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY

Review and importance of the study of
1. T1 1-9 Board
19-12-2018 19-12-2018 transients
2. 25-01-2019 25-01-2019 Causes for transients T1 1-9 Board
RL circuit transient with sine wave
3. T1 37-41 Board
20-01-2019 20-01-2019 excitation
4. 21-12-2018 21-12-2018 Double frequency transients T1 52-57 Board
basic transforms of the RLC circuit
5. T1 64-80 Board
22-12-2018 22-12-2018 I transients
Different types of power system
6. R2 1.8-1.11 PPT
23-12-2018 23-12-2018 transients
7. 27-12-2018 27-12-2018 Effect of transients on power systems R2 1.11 PPT
Role of the study of transients in
1.11-
8. system planning R2 PPT
1.12
28-12-2018 28-12-2018
9. 28-12-2018 28-12-2018 Revision

9
10. 29-12-2018 29-12-2018 Class Test

UNIT II SWITCHING TRANSIENTS

Over voltages due to switching
11. 3/1/2019 3/1/2019 Board
transients
resistance switching and the equivalent
12. 4/1/2019 4/1/2019 circuit for interrupting the resistor T1 80-83 Board
current
load switching and equivalent circuit
13. 4/1/2019 4/1/2019 and waveforms for transient voltage T1 83-87 Board
across the load and the switch
normal and abnormal switching
14. 5/1/2019 5/1/2019 T1 92 Board
transients
II Current suppression - current chopping
15. 6/1/2019 6/1/2019 T1 92-100 Board
- effective equivalent circuit.
16. 8/1/2019 8/1/2019 Capacitance switching T1 100-104 Board
17. 10/1/2019 10/1/2019 effect of source regulation T1 100-104 Board
capacitance switching with a restrike,
18. 11/1/2019 11/1/2019 with multiple restrikes, Illustration for T1 100-104 Board
multiple restriking transients
19. 11/1/2019 11/1/2019 Ferro resonance T1 116-122 Board
20. 31-01-2019 31-01-2019 Revision
21. 19-01-2019 19-01-2019 Class Test
UNIT III LIGHTNING TRANSIENTS
Review of the theories in the formation
24 27-01-2019 27-01-2019 286-288 Board
of clouds and charge formation
25 7/2/2019 7/2/2019 rate of charging of thunder clouds 288-289 Board
26 7/2/2019 7/2/2019 Mechanism of lightning discharges 289-295 Board
27 2/2/2019 2/2/2019 characteristics of lightning strokes 289-295 Board
28 2/2/2019 2/2/2019 Model for lightning stroke 296-298 Board
Factors contributing to good line
29 3/2/2019 3/2/2019 III R2 3.16 PPT
design
3.16-
30 8/2/2019 8/2/2019 Protection using ground wires R2 Board
3.20
3.20-
31 8/2/2019 8/2/2019 tower footing resistance R2 Board
3.24
Interaction between lightning and 3.24-
32 15-02-2019 15-02-2019 R2 Board
power system 3.26
33 10/2/2019 10/2/2019 Revision Board
34 27-01-2019 27-01-2019 Class Test
UNIT IV TRAVELING WAVES ON TRANSMISSION LINE COMPUTATION OF
TRANSIENTS
Computation of transients
35 10/2/2019 10/2/2019 T1 233 Board
Transient response of systems with
36 14-02-2019 14-02-2019 series and shunt lumped parameters T1 233-238 Board
IV and distributed lines
37 15-02-2019 15-02-2019 Traveling wave concept T1 238-243 Board
38 15-02-2019 15-02-2019 Step response T1 Board
39 2/2/2019 2/2/2019 Bewely’s lattice diagram T1 255 Board
10
40 24-02-2019 24-02-2019 Problems
Standing waves and natural
41 21-02-2019 21-02-2019 Board
frequencies
42 Reflection and refraction of travelling
22-02-2019 22-02-2019 T1 243-246 Board
waves
43 Reflection and refraction of travelling
22-02-2019 22-02-2019 T1 243-246 Board
waves
44 23-02-2019 23-02-2019 Revision
45 24-02-2019 24-02-2019 Class test
UNIT V TRANSIENTS IN INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEM

46 28-02-2019 28-02-2019 The short line and kilometric fault T1 265-270 Board

Distribution of voltages in a power

47 1/3/2019 1/3/2019 Board
system
48 1/3/2019 1/3/2019 Line dropping and load rejection T1 271-274 PPT
Voltage transients on closing and
49 2/3/2019 2/3/2019 Board
V reclosing lines
50 3/3/2019 3/3/2019 Over voltage induced by faults T1 286 PPT
51 7/3/2019 7/3/2019 Switching surges on integrated system T1 286-294 Board
Qualitative application of EMTP for
52 8/3/2019 8/3/2019 transient computation. T1 413-421 PPT

53 8/3/2019 8/3/2019 Revision

54 9/3/2019 9/3/2019 Class test
CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
EMTP problems for power system PPT &
55 21-3-2019 21-3-2019 Google
transient Board

11
 FORM NO.
CF6

Learning Structure:

Advancement
TRANSIENTS IN INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEM
in transient

COMPUTATION OF TRANSIENTS: TRAVELING WAVES ON

Procedure TRANSMISSION LINE

Principles CLASSIFICATION ON EXTERNAL TRANSIENT: LIGHTNING

& Concept TRANSIENTS

CLASSIFICATION ON INTERNAL TRANSIENT: SWITCHING

Principles
TRANSIENTS
& Concept

Basic INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY ABOUT TRANSIENTS IN

POWER SYSTEMS
12
 FORM NO. CF7

COURSE STUDENT LIST

Sl.no Roll No. Register No. Student Name

1. 201605047 211616105050 Jhodhiga E

2. 201605049 211616105053 Karthick k
3. 201605050 211616105052 Karthick A
4. 201605051 211616105054 Karthik Ramanathan SA
5.
201605096 211616105097 Salini Kl
6.
201605097 211616105098 Sandeep K
7.
201605098 211616105099 Sandeep V
8.
201605101 211616105101 Sandhya S
9.
201605102 211616105102 Santhosh Kumar S
10.
201605104 211616105104 Sarath S
11.
201605107 211616105107 Selvaganesh M
12.
201605108 211616105108 Sethuraman V
13. 201605109 211616105109 Sherron M
14.
201605110 211616105110 Shree Aarthi R I
15.
201605111 211616105111 Shreelekha D
16.
201605113 211616105113 Sivapriya S
17.
201605114 211616105114 Snega K
18.
201605115 211616105115 Sreemathi S
19.
201605116 211616105116 Srikumaravel B

13
 FORM NO. CF7

COURSE STUDENT LIST

Sl.no Roll No. Register No. Student Name

20.
201605117 211616105117 Srinidhi L
21. Sriram S P S
201605118 211616105118
22. Subiksha Jayaraman
201605119 211616105119
23. Sudharsana Devi B
201605120 211616105121
24. Sudharsana R
201605121 211616105120
25. Suwetha Mukundan
201605122 211616105122
26. Syed Kadhar S.H
201605123 211616105123
27. Thamarai Kannan VK
201605124 211616105124
28. Thamizh Kumaran R
201605125 211616105125
29. 201605126 211616105126 Thamizhpooni A
30. 201605127 211616105127 Venkatesh.G
31. 201605128 211616105128 Vidushini Sathyamurthy
32. Vignesh M
201605129 211616105129
33. Vignesh Raj C B
201605130 211616105131
34. Vignesh T
201605131 211616105130
35. Vigneshwaran V
201605132 211616105132
36. 201605133 211616105134 Vijaya Ragavan AB
37. 201605134 211616105133 Vijayalakshmi R
38. 201605135 211616105135 Vinodhini R
39. 201605136 211616105137 Vinothini R
40. 201605137 211616105136 Vinothini S S
41. 201605138 211616105138 Vishwanathan R
42.
201605140 211616105010 Aravindan G
43.
201605142 211616105301 Ajith K (L/E)
44.
201605144 211616105305 Rahul V (L/E)

14
 FORM NO. CF8

ASSIGNMENTS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Subject: POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS Faculty Name: R

PADMAVATHI
Subject Code: EE6002 Faculty Code: EE112
Year / Semester / Section: III/VI/B

Unit Books to be Date of Date of

Topics
No. Referred Announcement Submission
Role of the study of transients
1 Text Book 1 03.01.19 10.01.19
in system planning.
2 Ferro resonance. Text Book 1 03.02.19 13.02.19
Interaction between lightning
3 Text Book 2 28.02.19 07.03.19
and power system.
standing waves and natural
4 Text Book 3 7.03.19 10.03.19
frequencies

15
 FORM NO. CF9

REPORT ON FREQUENT ABSENTEES

Student Name Roll No. Register No.

NIL
Batch Semester Department
Total No. of days as on
No. of days attended as on
Percentage of attendance as on

Absent Dates

Intimation to students,
Reference & date
Intimation to parents,
Reference & date

Action taken

Reason for Absenteeism

Measures taken to prevent

absenteeism

16
FOR Roll. No
M
NO. CF10

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 602 105

Unit Test I

VI – SEM / B.E. - Degree / EEE – Department

EE6002 / POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS

Date : Time : 95 min Max Marks : 60

Answer ALL Questions [Part A - 9x2=18 Marks]

1. List the different sources of transients.

2. What are the types of power system transients?
3. What do you mean by lightning?
4. What are the types of lightning?
5. State the importance of transient study in planning.
6. What is arcing ground?
7. Define surge impedance.
8. Define is Ferro resonance.
9. Write the current equation for RL circuit transient.

[Part B – 2x12=24 Marks] Question No.1.10 is Compulsory

1.10 Explain the various types of power system transients.

(12)
1.11 a) Describe about double frequency transients.
(12)
[Or]
b) What are the sources and effects of transients on power system? Explain in
details. (12)

[Part A – 3x2=6 Marks]

1. Define current chopping.
2. What are the causes of switching surges?
3. What is meant by load switching?
17
 Roll. No
[Part B – 1x12=12 Marks]
2.4 a) Explain the Load switching with their equivalent circuits.
(12)
[Or]
b) Explain in detail about resistance switching.
(12)

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 602 105

Unit Test I

VI – SEM / B.E. - Degree / EEE – Department

EE6002 / POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS

Date : Time : 95 min Max Marks : 60

Answer ALL Questions [Part A - 9x2=18 Marks]

1.1 Define power system transients.

1.2 What are the causes for power system transients?
1.3 What is the need for power system transients?
1.4 List the types of lightning and explain.
1.5 Give the importance of transient study in planning.
1.6 List the effects of transients in power system.
1.7 Define arcing ground
1.8 Sketch the graph for recovery voltage in case of double frequency transient.
1.9 What is insulation failure?
[Part B – 2x12=24 Marks] Question No.1.10 is Compulsory

1.10 Explain the circuit closing transient with energizing RL circuit with sine drive.
(12)
1.11 a) Briefly explain the importance of study of transients in planning and explain the
effects of
18
 transients on power system.
(12)
[Or]
b) Explain the various types of power system transients in the power system due
to energy
storage elements and inertia of rotating machines and also brief its effects.
(12)

[Part A – 3x2=6 Marks]

2.1 What are the causes of switching surges?
2.2 Draw the equivalent circuit of resistance switching.
2.3 What is resistance switching and give the functions of resistor connected across
the CB?
[Part B – 1x12=12 Marks]
2.4 a) Explain with appropriate waveform for the following.
(12)
(i) Current suppression. (ii) Current chopping
[Or]
b) Explain the concept of resistance switching with current equation.
(12)

19
 Roll. No

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 602 105

UNIT TEST II

B.E. – Electrical and Electronics Engineering – III Year

EE6002– Power System Transients

Date : Time : 95 min Max Marks : 60

Answer ALL Questions

PART A – (6x 2 = 12 Marks)

2.5 Write the functions of shunt resistor connected across the CB.
2.6 Define load switching.
2.7 What is mean by capacitance switching?
2.8 What is Ferro resonance?
2.9 Define current chopping.
2.10 State normal switching transients.

Question No.2.11 is Compulsory

PART – B (2x 12 = 24 Marks)
2.11 What is capacitance switching? Explain in brief the effect of source regulation and
capacitance switching with a restrike and with multiple restrikes.
(12)

2.12. a) Explain in details about resistance switching.

(12)
Or
b) i) Discuss in detail about normal and abnormal switching transients.
(6)

20
 Roll. No
ii)
Explain the concept of Ferro resonance effect with an example.
(6)

PART A – (6x2=12 Marks)

3.1 What is lightning over voltage?
3.2 Mention the different theories of charge formation.
3.3 Write short note about stepped leader and pilot streamer.
3.4 What are the parameters and characteristics of lightning strokes?
3.5 Define tower footing resistance.
3.6 List the types of protection afforded by ground wires.

PART – B (1x 12 = 12 Marks)

3.7.a) With the neat diagrams explain the concept, theories of charges formation and
mechanism of
lightning strokes.
(12)
Or
b) i) Explain the mathematical model of lightning strokes.
(6)
ii) What are the different factors contributing to good line design?
(6)

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 602 105

UNIT TEST II

B.E. – Electrical and Electronics Engineering – III Year

EE6002– Power System Transients

Date : Time : 95 min Max Marks : 60

Answer ALL Questions

PART A – (6x 2 = 12 Marks)

2.5 Define resistance switching.

2.6 Draw the equivalent circuit for load switching.
2.7 What is capacitance switching?
2.8 Define restrike current.
2.9 Write short notes on current suppression.
21
2.10 State abnormal switching transients.

Question No.2.11 is Compulsory

PART – B (2x 12 = 24 Marks)
2.11 Explain with appropriate wave forms, the capacitance switching with one and
multiple
restrikes.
(12)
2.12.a) Explain the load switching with necessary equivalent circuits and wave forms.
(12)
Or
b) i) Discuss in detail about normal and abnormal switching transients.
(6)
ii) Explain in detail about current chopping
(6)

PART A – (6x2=12 Marks)

3.1 What are the causes of over voltages?
3.2 Define lightning phenomenon.
3.3 Define dart leader.
3.4 List out the factors contributing to good line design.
3.5 Give the significance of tower footing resistance.
3.6 What are the protective devices used to protect power system against lightning?

PART – B (1x 12 = 12 Marks)

3.7. a) Explain the charge formation in the cloud and mechanism of lightning strokes.
(12)
Or
b) i) Explain the mathematical model of lightning strokes.
(6)
ii) Explain the characteristics of lightning strokes.
(6)

22
 Roll. No

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 602 105

Model Examination

VI Sem B.E., Degree EEE Department

EE6002 / POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS

Date : Time : 60 min Max Marks : 40

Answer All Questions - PART A – (20x2 = 40 Marks)
3.1 What is called tower footing resistance?
3.2 Give the parameters and characteristics of lightning strokes.
3.3 Give the factors contributing to good line design.
3.4 Define Isokeraunic level.

4.1 Define standing waves and natural frequencies

4.2 Write the telegraphic equation and give its applications.
4.3 Write the expression for series and shunt lumped parameters in distributed lines.
4.4 State the reflection when a line is terminated by a resistor at R L =R S.
4.5 Define reflection coefficient (K).
4.6 Write the surge resistance value of OHL and Cables.
4.7 What is a travelling wave?
4.8 Define SWR.

5.1 Define kilo metric fault or short line fault.

23
 5.2 What Roll. No
do you
mean by line dropping?
5.3 Write the expression for amplitude of the over voltage with circuit diagram during
the load
rejection.
5.4 Write a short note on EMTP?
5.5 What are the effects of load rejection in a power system?
5.6 List the software’s available for addressing power system transient problems .
5.7 Calculate the surge impedance of a line with an inductance of 110mH and a
capacitance
of 2.5 µF.
5.8 Explain the causes of over-voltages in power system.

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 602 105

Model Examination [for I,III,IV Year UG]

VI Sem B.E., Degree EEE Department

EE6002 / POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS

Date : Time : 150 min Max Marks : 80

Answer All Questions - PART B – (5x16=80 Marks)

1. 5 (a) Explain the various types of power system transients.

(10)
(b)What are the sources of transients?
(3)

(Or)
1.6 Describe about double frequency transients and basic
transform of RLC
Circuit.
(13)

24
 2. 5 (a) Explain in detail about resistance switching.
(13)

(Or)
2.6 What is capacitance switching? Explain in briefly the effects of source
regulations and capacitance switching with a restrike.
(13)
3. 5 (a) Give the mathematical models for lightning discharges and explain
them. (8)
(b) Explain the different characteristics of the lightning strokes.
(5)

(Or)

3.6 Explain the different protection against lightning strokes.

(13)

4. 5 Draw the step response of a traveling wave. Explain it by using Bewley-

lattice diagram.
(13)
(Or)

4.6 Derive the Transients response of system with series and shunt lumped
parameters and distributed lines.
(13)
5.5 Explain in detail the short line fault or kilometric fault in detail.
(13)
(Or)
5.6 Wire short note on EMTP and deduce the computational procedure for
EMTP program
with a neat flowchart.
(13)

25
 Roll. No

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 602 105

Model Examination

VI Sem B.E., Degree EEE Department

EE6002 / POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENT

Date : Time : 60 min Max Marks : 40

Answer All Questions - PART A – (20x2 = 40 Marks)

3.1 What is called tower footing resistance?

3.2 Give the parameters and characteristics of lightning strokes.
3.3 Give the factors contributing to good line design.
3.4 Define Isokeraunic level.

4.1 Define standing waves and natural frequencies

4.2 Write the telegraphic equation and give its applications.
4.3 Write the expression for series and shunt lumped parameters in distributed
lines.
26
 4.4 Roll. No
S
tate the reflection when a line is terminated by a resistor at RL=RS.
4.5 Define reflection coefficient (K).
4.6 Define surge impedance loading.
4.7 What is a travelling wave? How does it induces transients in Power System?
4.8 Define SWR.

5.1 Define kilo metric fault or short line fault.

5.2 What do you mean by line dropping and load rejection?
5.3 Write the expression for amplitude of the over voltage with circuit diagram
during the load rejection.
5.4 Write a short note on EMTP?
5.5 What are the effects of load rejection in a power system?
5.6 List the software’s available for addressing power system transient problems.
5.7 State the reflection when a line is terminated by a resistor at RL=RS.
5.8 State the reflection when a line is terminated by a resistor at RL=RS.

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI 602 105

Model Examination [for I,III,IV Year UG]

VI Sem B.E., Degree EEE Department

EE6002 / POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENT

Date : Time : 150 min Max Marks : 80

Answer All Questions - PART B – (5x13=65 Marks)

3. 5 With the neat diagrams explain the concept of charges formation and
mechanism of
lightning strokes.
(13)
27
 (Or)
3.6 Describe the interaction between lightning and power system.
(13)

4. 5 With neat sketch explain Bewley’s Lattice diagram with an example.

(13)
(Or)
4.6 Derive the Transients response of system with series and shunt lumped
parameters and distributed lines.
(13)

5.5 i) Discuss about the voltage transients on closing and reclosing of lines.
(5)
ii)Explain in detail about the switching surges on an integrated power
system. (8)
(Or)
5.6 Wire short note on EMTP and deduce the computational procedure for
EMTP program
with a neat flowchart.
(13)

FORM NO. CF11

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
MARK LIST
SNo Roll no Reg. No Student Name UT 1 UT 2 Model Exam
1. 201605047 211616105050 Jhodhiga E 67 50 43
2. 201605049 211616105053 Karthick k 12 28 36
3. 201605050 211616105052 Karthick A 25 58 28
4. 201605051 211616105054 Karthik Ramanathan SA 55 35 38
5. 201605096 211616105097 Salini Kl 67 42 44
6. 201605097 211616105098 Sandeep K 3 37 48
7. 201605098 211616105099 Sandeep V 75 38 39
8. 201605101 211616105101 Sandhya S 22 37 41

28
9. 201605102 211616105102 Santhosh Kumar S 3 10 11
10. 201605104 211616105104 Sarath S 40 35 24
11. 201605107 211616105107 Selvaganesh M 62 83 87
12. 201605108 211616105108 Sethuraman V 13 53 34
13. 201605109 211616105109 Sherron M 80 50 62
14. 201605110 211616105110 Shree Aarthi R I 83 88 81
15. 201605111 211616105111 Shreelekha D A 73 84
16. 201605113 211616105113 Sivapriya S 63 A 68
17. 201605114 211616105114 Snega K 13 52 41
18. 201605115 211616105115 Sreemathi S 88 75 76
19. 201605116 211616105116 Srikumaravel B 7 50 45
20. 201605117 211616105117 Srinidhi L A 93 82
21. 201605118 211616105118 Sriram S P S 7 43 42
22. 201605119 211616105119 Subiksha Jayaraman 23 A 42
23. 201605120 211616105121 Sudharsana Devi B 87 A 76
24. 201605121 211616105120 Sudharsana R 87 60 68
25. 201605122 211616105122 Suwetha Mukundan 88 70 75
26. 201605123 211616105123 Syed Kadhar S.H 50 62 58
27. 201605124 211616105124 Thamarai Kannan VK 8 50 32
28. 201605125 211616105125 Thamizh Kumaran R 5 42 30
29. 201605126 211616105126 Thamizhpooni A 78 73 82
30. 201605127 211616105127 Venkatesh.G 55 63 77
31. 201605128 211616105128 Vidushini Sathyamurthy 90 A 85
32. 201605129 211616105129 Vignesh M 35 38 29
33. 201605130 211616105131 Vignesh Raj C B 12 2 18
34. 201605131 211616105130 Vignesh T 53 47 43
35. 201605132 211616105132 Vigneshwaran V 55 57 51
36. 201605133 211616105134 Vijaya Ragavan AB 23 7 12
37. 201605134 211616105133 Vijayalakshmi R 92 A 81
38. 201605135 211616105135 Vinodhini R 82 77 80
39. 201605136 211616105137 Vinothini R 85 73 79
40. 201605137 211616105136 Vinothini S S 73 90 86
41. 201605138 211616105138 Vishwanathan R 18 40 22
42. 201605140 211616105010 Aravindan G 3 A 20
43. 201605142 211616105301 Ajith K (L/E) 52 48 48
44. 201605144 211616105305 Rahul V (L/E) 20 70 47

FORM NO. CF12

29
 FORM NO. CF13
ACTION TAKEN ON SLOW LEARNERS

Unit Test 1
Roll No. Student Name Marks
201605138 Vishwanathan R 27

201605140 Aravindan G 42

201605142 Ajith K (L/E) 42

201605118 Sriram S P S 7

201605119 Subiksha Jayaraman 23

Action taken

1. One assignment was given for students in the mark range of 26 – 49.
2. Importance questions and problems are discussed in slow learner class and test conducted.
Outcome of action taken
Oral test was conducted for students. Students performed well.

30
 FORM NO. CF13
ACTION TAKEN ON SLOW LEARNERS

Unit Test 2
Roll No. Student Name Marks
201605047 Jhodhiga E 43
201605049 Karthick k 36
201605050 Karthick A 28
201605051 Karthik Ramanathan SA 38
201605096 Salini Kl 44
201605097 Sandeep K 48
201605098 Sandeep V 39

31
 FORM NO. CF13
ACTION TAKEN ON SLOW LEARNERS

Model Exam - 1
Roll No. Student Name Marks
201605113 Sivapriya S A

201605124 Thamarai Kannan VK 49

201605125 Thamizh Kumaran R 42

201605138 Vishwanathan R 20

201605140 Aravindan G 22

201605142 Ajith K (L/E) 37

201605144 Rahul V (L/E) 47

Action taken

1. Two assignments are given for a student in the mark range of 0 – 25 and one
assignment is given for students in the mark range of 26 – 49.
2. Importance questions and problems are discussed in slow learner class and test
conducted.
Outcome of action taken
Oral test was conducted for students. Students performed well.

32
 CO ANALYSIS
Batch 2016-2020 Course :
:

SNo Roll No Name

C01 C02 C03 C04 C05 AVG
45 201605047 JHODHIGA E 57 59 58 36 48 52
47 201605049 KARTHICK K 7 20 51 36 24 28
48 201605050 KARTHICK A 24 43 67 31 17 36
49 201605051 KARTHICKRAMNATHAN SM 52 50 44 36 24 41
89 201605096 SALINI KL 74 50 51 48 36 52
90 201605097 SANDEEP K 5 17 64 48 43 35
91 201605098 SANDEEP V 86 44 49 40 24 49
93 201605101 SANDHYA S 29 11 73 43 36 38
94 201605102 SANTHOSH KUMAR S 5 0 31 12 0 10
96 201605104 SARATH S 36 41 44 29 12 32
99 201605107 SELVAGANESH M 76 61 91 93 81 80
100 201605108 SETHU RAMAN V 0 48 60 36 24 34
101 201605109 SHERRON M 88 44 73 71 48 65
102 201605110 SHREE AARTHI RI 90 78 91 83 76 84
103 201605111 SHREELEKHA D 0 54 76 93 81 61
104 201605113 SIVAPRIYA S 64 20 36 79 48 49
105 201605114 SNEKA K 19 43 53 40 36 38
106 201605115 SREEMATHI S 93 81 73 93 62 80
107 201605116 SRIKUMARAVEL B 10 28 71 76 48 46
108 201605117 SRINIDHI L 0 61 84 55 36 47
109 201605118 SRIRAM SPS 0 33 62 40 26 32
110 201605119 Subiksha Jayaraman 33 0 40 81 64 44
111 201605120 SUDHARSANA DEVI B 86 30 38 76 48 55
112 201605121 SUDHARSANA R 88 59 78 83 64 75
113 201605122 SUWETHA MUKUNDAN 88 76 78 60 48 70
114 201605123 SYED KADHAR SH 48 48 78 52 33 52
115 201605124 THAMARAI KANNAN VK 12 28 62 33 19 31
116 201605125 THAMIZH KUMARAN R 0 30 44 12 12 20
117 201605126 THAMIZHPONNI A 74 69 89 79 86 79
118 201605127 VENKATESH G 38 39 89 93 60 64
119 201605128 VIDUSHINI 88 31 42 88 81 66
SATHYAMURTHY
120 201605129 VIGNESH M 26 50 42 33 17 34
121 201605130 VIGNESH RAJ CB 7 9 13 24 12 13

33
122 201605131 VIGNESH T 74 20 76 48 26 49
123 201605132 VIGNESWARAN V 67 48 49 12 0 35
124 201605133 VIJAYA RAGAVAN AB 19 17 38 24 24 24
125 201605134 VIJAYALAKSHMI R 93 30 36 81 86 65
126 201605135 VINODHINI R 88 72 82 93 81 83
127 201605136 VINOTHINI R 83 80 78 90 64 79
128 201605137 VINODHINI SS 71 83 91 93 81 84
129 201605138 VISHWANATHAN R 10 39 49 31 2 26
130 201605140 ARAVINDAN G 5 0 24 19 12 12
131 201605141 DIVINA JULIA R 48 19 22 17 24 26
132 201605142 AJITH K 45 43 80 55 29 50
133 201605144 RAHUL V 21 44 84 43 40 47
56 53 54 48 43 51

C01 C02 C03 C04 C05 AVG

56 53 54 48 43 51

34
 FORM NO. CF14
QUESTION BANK

SUBJECT: EE6002-POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS

YEAR/SEM: III/VI
PART-A (2 marks)
UNIT – I
10. What are the sources of transients?
11. What are the types of power system transients?
12. State the importance of transient study in planning.
13. List the effects of transients in power system.
14. Name the various types of Transients in power system.
15. What are the effects of lightning transients?
16. Define transient.
17. What is ferroresonance?
18. What is lightning?
19. What are the types of lightning?

UNIT – II
4. What are the causes of switching surges?
5. What is meant by resistance switching?
6. What is meant by capacitance switching?
7. Define current chopping.
8. What are the observations in RLC circuit?
9. Draw the equivalent circuit for interrupting the resistor current.
10. What is meant by load switching?
11. Define normal and abnormal switching transients.
12. What are the effects of source regulation?
13. What is Ferro resonance?
14. What is restriking voltage?

35
15. Draw double frequency transient circuit with an example.
16. Give the relation between time constant of parallel and series circuit.
17. What is the need for resistance switching?

UNIT – III
1. List the characteristics features of lightning strokes.
2. What is tower footing resistance?
3. What is arcing ground?
4. What are the causes of over voltage?
5. Define lightning phenomenon.
6. Define Isokeraunic level.
7. What are the types of protection afforded by ground wires?
8. Define dart leader.
9. Write short note about stepped leader and pilot streamer.
10. Differentiate lightning and switching over voltages.
11. Define overvoltage factor.
12. State Mason’s theory of lightning.
13. What are the characteristics of lightning strokes?

UNIT – IV
1. What are the specifications of a traveling wave?
2. Write the expression for series and shunt lumped parameters in distributed
lines.
3. Define standing waves and natural frequencies.
4. What is meant by reflection and refraction of traveling waves.
UNIT – V
1. What is load rejection?
2. How does a surge occur during switching?
3. Define about kilo metric fault.
4. What meant by distribution of voltage in a power system?
5. What is meant by line dropping?
6. Explain the over voltage induced by faults.
7. What are the switching surges on integrated system?
36
8. Explain EMTP for transient computation.

PART-B (16 marks)

UNIT – I
1. Explain the various types of power system transients.
2. Explain the effects of transients on power system.
3. Briefly explain the importance of study of transients in planning.

UNIT – II
1. Explain with appropriate waveform,
(i) Current suppression.
(ii) Current chopping
(iii) Capacitance switching with one and multiple restrikes.
(iv) Ferro resonance.
2. Explain in detail about,
(i) Resistance switching and
(ii) Load switching with their equivalent circuits.
3. Explain the load switching in both normal and abnormal conditions with neat
sketches.
4. What is capacitance switching? Explain in briefly the effects of source
regulations and capacitance switching with a restrike.

UNIT – III
1. Discuss the mechanism of lightning strokes and over voltages on transmission
lines.
2. Discuss the different theories of charge formation of thunder clouds.
3. Explain in detail how the charges are formed in the clouds.
4. Discuss the interaction of lightning with power system.
5. What are the factors contributing to good line design?
6. Explain the counter-poise method of protection.
7. (a) Give the mathematical models for lightning discharges and explain them.
(b) Explain the different characteristics of the lightning strokes.

37
 UNIT – IV
1. Discuss transient response of systems with series and shunt lumped parameters
and distributed lines.
2. With neat sketch explain Bewley’s Lattice diagram.
3. Derive the reflection and refraction coefficients of a traveling wave.
4. Write short notes on standing waves and natural frequency.
5. Explain the various type of traveling wave concept in step response.
UNIT – V
1. Explain short line kilometric fault.
2. What is line dropping and load rejection? Explain.
3. Explain switching surges on integrated system.
4. Explain EMTP for transient computation.
5. Explain the over voltage induced by faults.

EE6002 POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENTS (2 Marks with Answers)

UNIT-I
1. What are the Sources of transients?
The sources of transients are classified as i) Internal sources ii) External sources The
internal sources are classified as a) Switching surges i.e., due to the opening and
closing of a switch in power system b) Insulation failures c) Arcing ground d) Ferro
resonance The external source for power system transient is lightning.

2. What is meant by resistance switching?

A deliberate connection of a resistance in parallel with the contact space (arc) is made
to overcome the effect of transient recovery voltage. This is known as Resistance
switching. The shunt resistors connected across circuit breaker have two functions.
1. To distribute the transient recovery voltage more uniformly across the several
breaks.
2. To reduce the severity of transient recovery voltage at the time of interruption by
introducing damping into oscillation.

3. Define switching transients.

The switching transients is initiated whenever there is sudden change of circuit
conditions. This transient is most frequently developed due to switching operations
such as the closing of a switch (or) circuit breaker to energies a load. The opening of a
circuit breaker to clear a fault.

413. Give the relation between time constant of parallel and series circuit.
Time constant of parallel circuit Tp=RC
Time constant of series circuit Ts=L/R

38
5. The product of their time constants is the square of the angular period of the
undamped circuit which is given by
TpTs=LC =T2

6. What is the need of resistance switching?

The shunt resistors connected across circuit breaker have two functions. To distribute
the transient recovery voltage more uniformly across the several breaks. To reduce the
severity of transient recovery voltage at the time of interruption by introducing
damping into oscillations.

7. Define power system transients.

The power system transient is the outward manifestation of a sudden change in circuit
conditions as when a switch opens are closes are fault occurs on a system the transient
period is very short.

8. Mention the sources of power system transient.

• Internal sources Switching surges, insulation failure, arching ground, ferro
resonance.
• External sources
• Lightning.

9. What are the causes of switching surges?

The making and breaking of electric circuits with switch gear may result in abnormal
transients over voltages in a power system having large inductance and capacitance.

10. What is meant by arcing ground?

The phenomena of intermittent arc taking place in line to ground fault of a three phase
system with consequent production of transients is known as arcing ground. It can be
prevented by earthing the neutral.

11. What is meant by lightning?

An electric discharge between cloud and earth, between clouds or between charges
centres of the same cloud is known as lightning.
11. What are the types of lightning?
• Direct stroke
• Indirect stroke.

12. What are the types of power system transient?

 Ultrafast transients
 Medium fast transients
 Slow transients.

13. What are the effects of lightning?

Lightning produces a steep fronted voltage wave on the line. The voltage of this may
rise from zero to peak value in about 1µs and decay to half the peak value in about 5µs.

14. What is meant by insulation failure?

The insulation failure between lines to earth which cause high voltage in the system.
Suppose a line at potential V is earthed at point C, the earthing of line causes to equal
39
voltages-V travel along the main wire and return wire. Due to insulation failure, the
current to earth is twice the ratio of voltage to impedance.

15. What is meant by subsidence transients?

When a disturbance such as fault occurs on the primary of transformer, then subsidence
transient is produced. Due to this sudden reduction of voltage produced on the primary.

UNIT-II
1. Define current chopping.
When breaking low currents (i.e.) unloaded transformer or reactor magnetizing current,
the powerful deionizing effect of air blast circuit breaker (CB) causes the current
abruptly to zero well before the natural current zero is reached. This phenomenon is
called current chopping and it produces high voltage transients across the breaker
contacts, the transient over voltage due to current chopping is prevented by resistance
switching.

2. What is restriking voltage?

It is the transient voltage that appears across the contacts of the circuit breaker at or
near the zero current instant during arcing period. A high frequency transient voltage
appears across the contacts and is caused by the rapid distribution of energy between
the magnetic & electric field associated with the station & transmission lines of the
system at the zero current. This transient voltage is known as restriking voltage.

3. What is capacitance switching?

The shunt capacitors are employed to correct a lagging power factor, or in some cases,
to provide voltage support for the system. In some applications they are switched in
and out quite frequently as the system load varies and the system voltage fluctuates.
The switching operations are nontrivial and should be carefully considered when
designing capacitor banks and their associated switching equipment. This is called as
capacitance switching.

4. Define load switching.

The frequent functions performed by switching devices are to switch on and switch off
load (i.e.) load switching which is represented by a parallel RL circuit. Low power
factor loads are inductive and high power factor loads are resistive. When a high pf
load is switched off, the effective capacitance of load becomes important in
determining the form of transient produced.

5. What is meant by current chopping?

When breaking low currents (i.e.) unloaded transformer or reactor magnetizing
current, the powerful deionizing effect of air blast circuit breaker (CB) causes the
current abruptly to zero well before the natural current zero is reached.
6. Define capacitance switching.
The shunt capacitors are employed to correct a lagging power factor, or in some cases,
to provide voltage support for the system. In some applications they are switched in
and out quite frequently as the system load varies and the system fluctuates. The
switching operations are nontrivial and should be carefully considered when designing
capacitor banks and their associated switching equipment.

40
7. Define ferro resonance condition.
Resonance causes high transient voltage in the power system. In usual transmission
lines the capacitance is very small so that resonance rarely occurred in power system at
normal frequency. However if generator emf wave is distorted, the trouble of resonance
may occur due to 5th (or) higher harmonics. This phenomenon is referred as ferro
resonance, since the inductance involved is usually iron cored.

8. What is meant by abnormal switching transients?

Due to some other circumstances like transients the voltage and current magnitude may
rise high. The transients occur due to the trapping of energy and its subsequent release
somewhere in the circuit. Such transients are referred as abnormal current and voltage
transients.

9. Define arcing ground

If the neutral of three phase wires was not earthed in long enough voltage transmission
lines a serious problems called arching ground is produced. The arching ground
produces severe oscillations of three to four times the normal voltage. The
phenomenon of intermittent arc takes place in line to ground fault of a three phase
system with consequent production of transients is known as arching ground.
.
UNIT-III
1. What are the causes of over voltage?
The causes of transients are classified as i) Internal cause ii) External cause The
internal causes are classified as a) Switching surges i.e., due to the opening and closing
of a switch in power system b) Insulation failures c) Arcing ground d) Ferro resonance
The external cause for power system transient is lightning.

2. Define tower footing resistance.

Tower footing resistance is the resistance offered by tower footing to the dissipation of
current. The effective of a ground wire depends to a large extend on the tower footing
resistance. The tower top potential depends on this resistance.

3. Give some significance of Tower footing resistance

 A low value of tower footing resistance results in less voltage stresses across line
insulation.
 A tower footing resistance of 200 for EHV lines and 100 for HV lines provides
sufficient
Lightning protection.
 Tower footing resistance depends on
i) Type of electrode configuration employed
ii) Soil resistivity

4. Give the factors contributing to good line design.

In order to reduce the hazard that lightning poses to power system, certain factor that
determine the line performance must be understood.
 First we try to keep the incidence of stokes to the system to a minimum.
 The objective of good line design is to reduce the number of outages caused by
lightning.
 First we try to keep the incidence of stokes to the system to a minimum.
41
 Then we try to minimize the effects of those strokes that do terminate on the system.
 Lightning problems can be eliminated if all transmission was through tunnels at least
20ft under the ground.
 Tall towers are more vulnerable than low goal post-like structures. In order to
prevent the lightning, some adequate clearances must be provided.
 High ground impedance or tower footing resistance is to be avoided. High surge
impedance in ground wires, tower structures are to be avoided.

5. What are the causes of over voltages in power systems?

Over voltages on power systems are do various cases. The voltage stresses due over
voltages can be so high that may become dangerous to both the lines as well as
connected equipment and may cause damage, unless some productive measures against
these voltages are taken.

6. Define over voltage protection.

Transient over voltages arising on power system are assessed by an over voltage
protection. This is defined as ratio of peak overvoltage to the rated peaks system
frequency phase voltage.

7. Define lightning.
Lightning phenomenon is a peak discharge in which charge accumulated in the clouds
discharge into a neighbouring cloud or to the ground.

8. What are the different types of strokes?

• Direct stroke.
• Indirect stroke.

9. Explain direct lightning strokes.

When the thundercloud directly discharged on to a transmission line tower or line wires
is called direct stroke. This is the most severe form if the stroke. However for bulk of
the transmission systems the direct strokes are rare.

10. What are the factors contributing to good transmission line design?
First we try to keep the incidence of stokes to the system to a minimum. The objective
of good design is to reduce the number of outages caused by lightning. High surge
impedance in ground wires, tower structures are to be avoided.

11. Explain the significance of tower footing resistance?

Tower footing resistance is the resistance offered by tower footing to the dissipation of
current. The effective wire depends to a large extended on the tower footing resistance.
The tower top potential depends on the resistance. Significance: A low value of tower
footing resistance results in less voltage stresses across line insulation. A tower footing
resistance of 20Ω for EHV lines and 10 Ω for HV lines provides sufficient lightning
protection. Depends on Type of electrode configuration employed. Soil resistivity

12. What is the necessity of insulation co-ordination?

Power system have components with different withstand voltages and volt time
characteristics. Insulation co-ordination arms to correlating the insulation of these

42
various components with the characteristics of protective devices so that the equipment
is protected from over voltages.

13. What are the basic steps involved in insulation co-ordination.

Selection of standard insulation level. Making sure that every equipment has a
breakdown strength equal to higher than insulation level.

14. What are the types of over voltages?

 Lightning over voltages,
 Switching over voltages.
15. Explain the various regions of the cloud.
The upper regions of the cloud are positively charged, whereas the lower region and
the base are predominantly negative except the local region near the base and the head
which is possible.

16. Mention the different theories of charge formation. (AU-APR11)

 Simpson’s theory,
 Reynold’s theory and
 Mason’s theory.

18. What does a thunder cloud consist?

A thunder aloud consists of super cooled water droplets moving upwards and large
hailstones moving downwards.

19. What is back flashover?

When a direct lightning stroke occurs on a tower, the tower has to carry huge impulse
currents. If the tower footing resistance is considerable, the potential of the tower rises
to a large value, steeply with respect to the line and consequently a flashover may take
place along the insulator strings.

19. State the parameters and the characteristics of the lightning strokes.
Amplitude of the current, the rate of rise, the probability distribution of them and the
wave shapes of the lightning voltages and currents.

20. Define isokeraunic level or thunderstorm days.

It is the number as the number of days in a year when the thunder is heard recorded in a
particular location. Often it does not distinguish between the ground strokes and the
cloud-to-cloud strokes.

21. State the factors influence the lightning induced voltages on transmission lines.
 The ground conductivity
 the leader stroke current and
 The corona.

22. What is ground wire?

Ground wire is a conductor run parallel to the main conductor of the transmission line
supported on the same tower and earthed at every equally and regularly spaced towers.
It is run above the main conductor of the line.

43
23. What is the use of ground wire?
It shields the transmission line conductor from induced charges, from clouds as well as
from a lightning discharge.

24. Define basic impulse level.

It is defined as the minimum insulation impulse withstand voltage of any power
equipment or apparatus. The BIL of a power system is usually chosen as 25% to
30%more than the protective level offered by the protective devices.

25. Mention the various insulation levels in a substation.

The bus bar insulation is the higher to ensure the continuity of supply in a substation.
The circuit breakers, isolator, instrument and relay transformers are given the next
lower limit level. The power transformers are the costliest and sensitive device and the
insulation level for it is the lowest.

26. What does the selection of BIL level for lines depend?
 Atmospheric conditions
 lightning activity,
 insulation pollution and
 Acceptable outage of the line.

UNIT-IV
1. Draw the circuit of long transmission line with lumped parameters.

2. Give the concept of traveling wave in brief.

44
Any disturbance on a transmission line (or) system such as sudden opening or closing
of line, a short circuit or a fault results in the development of over voltages or over
current at that point. This disturbance propagates as a travelling wave to the ends of the
line (or) to a termination, such as a substation. Usually these travelling waves are high
frequency disturbances and travel as waves. They may be reflected, transmitted,
attenuated or distorted during propagation until the energy is absorbed.

3. What do you mean by travelling waves?

Disturbance on a transmission line or system such as sudden opening or closing of line,
a SC or a fault results in the development of overvoltage or overcurrent at that point.
This disturbance propagates as a travelling waves to the ends of the line or to a
termination such as a substation usually these travelling waves are high frequency
disturbances and travelling as waves. They may be reflected, transmitted, attenuated
during propagation until the energy is absorbed.

4. What are the damages caused by the travelling waves?

The high peak (or) crest voltage of the surge may cause flashover in the internal
winding their by spoil the windings insulation. The steep wave front of the surge may
cause internal flashover between inter turns of the transformer.

5. What is surge impedance of a line and why is it also called the natural
impedance?
The ratio of voltage to current which has the dimension of impedance is called as surge
impedance of the line. E /I=√ (L/C) = Zc = Zn (natural impedance) It is also called the
natural impedance because this impedance does not depend on load impedance but
depends only on the line constants. The value of this impedance is 400Ω to 600Ω for
an overhead line and 40 to 60Ω for a cable.

6. What is the application bewley’s lattice diagram?

With the use of bewley’s diagram one can know at a glance the position the direction
of motion of every incidence of reflected and transmitted wave on the system at every
instant of time

7. What are the specifications of of a travelling waves?

• A travelling waves is characterized by the four specifications
• Crest of a wave.
• Front of a wave
• Tail of a wave.
• Polarity.

8. Define crest and front of a travelling wave.

Crest: The crest of the wave is the maximum amplitude of the wave and is usually
expressed in
KV or KA.
Front: The front of the wave is the proportion of the wave before crest and is
expressed in time from beginning of the wave to the crest value in ms or µs.

9. Define tail and polarity of a wave.

45
Tail: Tail of a wave is the portion beyond the crest. It is expressed in time (µs) from
beginning of the wave to the point where the wave has reduced to 50% of its value at
crest.
Polarity: It is polarity of crest voltage or current. A positive wave of 500Kv crest, I µs
front time and 25 µs tail time will be represented as +500/ 1.0/ 25.0

10. Why step waves are considered to be dangerous to the apparatus?

The simplest and most commonly used representation is the infinite rectangular or step
wave. Such as wave jumps suddenly from zero to full value and is maintained at that
value thereafter. As this wave has front causing maximum gradients and sustained tail
producing maximum oscillations in machine windings it is most dangerous to
apparatus/ equipment. Hence the analysis based on it is liable to error on the safer side.

11. Write the expression for reflection coefficient and refraction coefficient.
Reflection coefficient: a= (Zb – Za) / (Zb + Za) -1< a <+1.
Refraction coefficient a = 2Zb / (Zb + Za)
Where (Zb, Za) are the characteristic impedance of the line.

12. What is the effect of shunt capacitance at the terminal of a transmission lines?
The effect of shunt capacitance at the terminal of a transmission line is to cause the
voltage at the terminal is to rise to full value gradually instead of abruptly. i.e., to cause
flattening of the wave front which reduces the stress on the line end windings of
transformer connected to the lines.

13. Why velocity of propagation over all overhead lines is same?

Velocity of propagation over all overhead lines is same because the product of L & C is
same for all overhead lines.
Velocity of propagation V= 1/√LC

14. What is attenuation? How they are caused?

The decrease in the magnitude of the wave as a propagates along the line is called
attenuation. It is caused due to the energy loss in the line

15. What is distortion?

The elongation or change of wave shape that occurs is called distortion.

16. What are the design principles observed in lattice diagram?

All waves travel downhill (i.e.) in to the positive time. The position of the wave at any
instant is given by the means of the time scale at the left of the lattice diagram.

18. How are the transmission lines classified?

These are classified as
• Lines with no loss or ideal loss
• Lines without distortion or distortion less lines.
• Lines with small loss
• Lines with infinite and finite length defined by all the four parameters.

19. What are standing waves?

46
A standing wave, also known as stationery waves, is a wave that remains constant
position. This phenomenon can occur because the medium is moving in the opposite
direction to the wave, or it can arise in a stationery medium as a result of interference
between two waves travelling in opposite direction.

19. Define SWR.

Standing wave ratio: is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial standing waves at an
antinode to the amplitude at an adjacent node is an electrical transmission line.

UNIT-V
1. Define is kilometric fault.
The Circuit breakers undergo less difficulty in interrupting current to a fault located
close to their terminals than the current to a similar fault located away from the
terminals. Kilometric fault is the fault located beyond the terminals and thus the current
can be easily interrupted due to the added impedance of the line. This added impedance
not only limits the current but also supports some of the system voltage.

2. What is meant by distribution of voltage in a power system? In an integrated

power system the voltage produced will be distributed to the consumer ends through
transmission line .If a fault occurs at transmission line then the CB operates and
interrupt the fault current. During the interruption of fault the voltage will be
distributed along the lines according to its added impedance.

3. Define over voltage in the context of integrated power system. In integrated

power system the lightning transients produce the highest voltage and the switching
transients geared with the system voltage and consequently produces a very high
voltage. In integrated system the over voltage produced will be very high.

4. What are the applications of EMTP? The EMTP is a comprehensive computer

program designed to solve electrical transient problems in lumpy circuits, distributed
circuits. This program is capable of solving steady-state circuit problems. Transient
analysis can be carried out in circuits with any arbitrary configuration of lumped
parameters (R, L and C). Transmission lines with distributed parameters, transposed
(or) untransposed, can be included in the network.

5. What is meant by kilometric fault?

Kilometric fault is the fault located beyond the terminals and thus the current can be
easily interrupted due to the added impedance of the line. This added impedance not
only limits the current but also supports some of the system voltage.

6. What are the causes of over voltage?

i) The over voltage are induced when a ground fault occurs on one of the conductors.
ii) A line to ground fault can produce an overvoltage on an unfaulted phase as high as
2.1 times the normal line to neutral voltage on a three phase line.

7. What is meant by switching surges?

The disturbance produced by the switching operation in a system which sets up
travelling waves which travel along the connected lines to and fro. These disturbances
are called as switching surges.
47
8. Define reflection coefficient.
The reflection coefficient (a) is given by the ratio of the voltage of reflected wave to
the voltage of incident wave of a transmission line due to the travelling waves caused
by switching surges. Reflection coefficient a = Vr / Vi
Where Vr = is the reflected wave.
Vi= is the incident wave.

9. Define transmission coefficient.

It is defined as the ratio of voltage of transmitted wave to the voltage of incident wave.
Transmission coefficient = Vt /Vi

10. What is meant by EMTP?

The EMTP is a comprehensive computer program designed to solve electrical transient
problems in lumpy circuits, distributed circuits. This program is capable of solving
steady-state circuit problems. Transients analysis can be carried out in circuits without
any arbitrary configuration of lumped parameters (R, L, & C). Transmission lines with
distributed parameters, transposed (or) untransposed, can be included in the network.

11. What are the effects of load rejection in power systems?

Sudden load rejection on large power systems causes the speeding up of generator
prime movers. The speed governors and automatic voltage regulates will intervene to
restore the normal conditions. Initially both the frequency and voltage increases.

12. Write the network equation to model a transmission network for EMTP
calculation.
[G][V (T)] = [I (T)-[I]] Where [G] is the nodal conductance matrix. [V (T)] is the node
voltages. [I (T)] is the vector of current sources [I] is the vector of past history terms.

13. What are the effects of transients when a switch a switch is closed?
When a switch is suddenly closed immediately prior to the circuit being completed, a
certain voltage across the switch contacts. At the moment the contacts made by pre
striking discharge, this voltage appears.

SNo Roll No Name CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 Total

(105.00) (129.00) (69.00) (21.00) (21.00) (345.00)
50 201505052 KISHORE M 44 37 20 7 6 114
51 201505054 KRISHNAMOORTHY V 30 37 25 9 10 111
52 201505055 KRUTIKA KESHAWATKAR B 41 42 26 10 12 131
53 201505056 KUMARAN M 39 41 32 19 15 145
54 201505057 LAKSHMAN KUMAR E 23 33 23 2 1 82
55 201505058 LINGAMUTHUKUMARASWAMY 23 16 3 8 4 54
M
56 201505060 MAHALAKSHMI D 45 58 29 15 8 155
57 201505061 MAHIMA R 33 56 37 6 8 140
48
58 201505062 MANI RAAJ S N 34 38 21 8 4 105
59 201505063 MANJULA D 55 66 38 8 18 194
60 201505064 MANJULA P 58 68 37 16 11 190
61 201505065 MANOJ ADITHIAN P 15 49 23 7 5 99
62 201505066 MOHAMMED FAIZAAN KHAN 21 41 23 5 4 94
Z
63 201505067 MOHAN RAJ M 43 57 35 8 7 150
64 201505068 MOHANAPRIYA R 48 40 28 8 14 138
65 201505069 MONISHA J 42 53 23 14 5 137
66 201505070 MONISHA S 40 53 32 11 14 150
67 201505071 MOSHA PRATHAYINI A 53 68 42 19 18 199
68 201505072 MUBARAK ALI M 42 50 24 10 10 136
69 201505074 NAGARAJAN S 52 51 33 10 11 157
70 201505075 NAVEEN KUMAR S 30 38 21 4 5 98
71 201505076 NIJANTHAN P 18 32 23 8 5 85
72 201505077 NIKHITA V 53 64 40 11 14 192
73 201505078 NISHA P 54 67 38 11 14 194
74 201505079 NISHANTH RAGHAVENDRAN S 28 35 19 3 8 92
75 201505080 NISHANTH S 25 31 21 7 1 85
76 201505081 NIVEDHA B 38 49 31 12 15 145
77 201505082 NIVEDHITHA P 46 57 32 5 5 145
78 201505083 NIVETHA L 44 63 36 11 15 169
79 201505084 OVIYA T 36 47 26 8 4 121
80 201505085 PAVITHRA G 46 26 10 10 18 109
81 201505086 PAVITHRA S 39 43 24 10 8 124
82 201505087 PIRAMANAYAGAM V 45 41 29 10 16 141
83 201505088 POOJASRI R 35 41 29 4 7 116
84 201505089 PRAKASH P 31 55 30 11 2 129
85 201505090 PREETHA P 43 58 31 10 8 150
86 201505091 PRIYANKA R 39 37 27 12 10 125
87 201505092 PRIYANKA T 53 68 39 15 16 191
88 201505093 PURANDHAR S 34 39 31 18 11 132
89 201505094 RAGHAVENDRAN M 28 35 32 11 8 114
90 201505095 RAGHUL J 19 38 24 10 8 98
91 201505096 RAGUL J 19 36 25 7 5 92
92 201505097 RAJESH D 22 32 26 5 8 93
93 201505098 RAKESH ADITYA S 32 37 27 14 14 124
94 201505099 RAMANA KAMESSH M 42 54 35 14 14 159
95 201505100 RAMANAN N 22 30 25 7 5 89
96 201505101 RAMANATHAN J 32 45 30 14 18 138

49
97 201505102 RAMESHWARI G 27 36 31 7 14 115
98 201505103 RAMKI R 21 28 23 8 1 81
99 201505104 RAMYA S 51 54 28 15 14 162
100 201505105 REVANTH SWAMINATHAN A 100 19 9 0 0 31
101 201505106 RUBAN P V 15 18 10 0 5 47
102 201505107 SABAREES WARAN B S 1 9 10 0 0 20
103 201505108 SANDHIYA D 21 20 15 0 0 56
104 201505109 SARAVANA VENKATESH R 11 3 6 2 2 24
147 201505153 VISHAL S 31 34 25 2 3 95
151 201505157 YOGESH P 24 32 21 6 5 88
155 201505161 SANTHOSH BABU M 19 34 19 1 3 76
162 201505169 BALAJI R 19 34 23 2 6 83
163 201505180 SUDHARSHAN A 28 30 20 8 4 90
164 201505181 VIJAY M 28 29 24 6 5 92
165 201505182 SURYANARAYANAN N 27 34 24 4 8 97
166 201505183 LOKESH S 18 34 24 3 8 86

50