Broaden Your

Heat Exchanger
Design Skills
i .adi.r CEP ini.k .overd vis.osi+ vnco6 Huids !r fuch ber
basir d'enal dsisn ot sheLL r.r handhd oi ibe sbeLLlde Tnh is he
After masteing rMrtrbc hcd er.hrger (ru\e a..isid..ably higher hefi nsfer
(sTHEj ilr. Here, re .oerli.e,t ch b€ obrained d rhc shell
the basics of LdL d sonc of rhc more adv .ed 'xkc,
ssucs side rhxn on rh. rubeside. du ro rhe high
i. er.hlngcr dcsiln cr rurbulenc..'t.lre high dr liicoJiry ot
shell-and-tube heat \h. srde md rubcsidc utrnk. us oftrrut rhe 3tr1d. rhc lrlaler rbe ditr4nle br
!id. sl'elh. ovddesig ( md louling r\eeD dr sl'cllside md rob.sidc hd
exchanger design, fmsf{ coeflicicna A laege€d rubr
lO,our pftfttr is supenor ro $ ii liie
jo 're read! to pdrem, rs n Prcmo€s moErulbtrtcrce.
tackle the adwnce.d
T[i n vqr sp!.iilized hcer or hed
a cor.siren6s, lt rhe noie .onosiYc
rrhxne$daign lnn ri ma where.on ntrid soi rhc tub*ide, orly lne rub.sidt
id&lhlc rxFnrn.c npdiddy usetul lomponenls ('ubcs, chanDel and .h,iiNt
topics cowred For n$y sc i.cs. rhe allm ,otr or lorer, lroarinB rQd coyei md rub.side
sides n quire { iShrforumd. For eram rubshed rrt d&d ro be of supenor
here: allocation of ph, ror .@liiB or.odd.n:ing hrdmc& msrrrurgr How.vei f &e mor com.
bons. .ooliiE wdu is invd$ly plk.d sire rluid G on $e shenside. dre shc|.
shelkide and insnb rhe rlbci llis is becaure.oori'rg shel cov.r, l]oanns head covdr, md
tubeside f ids, wdrr ir lolline, ind n n ernrb clsi
rh. iiside ol r$es rhm the oubide Ho*-
sher:side frcc ot dre tubesher a eeLl as
rhe rb€s mun b€ of $e superior hcld.
use of muwlx evc( sl'ould thc pu.ss steam be com. lurgr Cbany, 6e .on ol the k(.r bod
sive rid Elunc l]rc use of m erFirivc er.hrstr will b. bishe' ta$u,ling i dcn-
shells, overdesign, dloy nccl. on. mui conside. syi.chin! rical .oninclion pranean such r
rhc fluid dl@ltion. becaus ir dre com. nDibf ol rubes, rubc dibd*. tube
and fouling. sivc ltcam is on Ine shenside. borh rhe nhi.kncss. rub€ r.ng!h. and shelt di$ne,
rubes and rte shell * l need ro bc made te, Thercforc, rh. dor! cotrosive fluid is
p'rrsrably placed on rhe rubeside.
whsi dehi.ing &e allo.lion ol Foultng rendenq. The not looling
sids, rhu osineernu{ coNidei flu n prefenbly rou€d &mugb Lhc
rub.side. Be.lusc deE n moE dead
sprces oo rhe shEllside $m on dE rubc
side. rhe shcllside x moE sus€pribte ro
lourrng FunhemoE. aner routitrg builds
uproacenain lcrel ir bsom* n.c6sary

rnvr,$ry. d,.sc cotrsidcn ons ffe chmi.ai cldi(e 6y hldrojeni.s or rcd

oftei cofiadidory. making $e sre.rioi ding) ol lne inside of tubrs is nu.h .asie.
ol sides a YLry .ompli.atd atitr lnrn clesi,rc rhc odside ot tubes

. rssrsd , 35
 lr,,( de!g' f*i,q rd uo{ d.
J\. . n! I nft priru!rLt rJt!
ryox€tu ! Ll !' heLk 0N
n'r m i hP hsxLl
lor r LI mrh bdmesr.
-, uttt.. .t'.,'.1" .-i
/

m".."rr_., tu '..,
r,,4:
r n . h9r .r \ firr_. Lhc

'": h' i. , 'k. s"rn.,".

,, ii rkdm r,|dr4ds
!i e r!ir.
ior p^'.Id,{\
btr .i ., ,1. Lhe h. ;
'.
"..,,''1.,.'"""1,.
.nG! lbt,r$ hJ.euL*,r

-" r,.,i, .

lL!.] l !Uerrd!!.,
, o(m! ]
r]]r']ro], lr l
'T3hh
'n,"' ou't,'"g,,"'..o|,.u..i ]
'tr!'r]l.r!f,fl!.,i0.bJh
!tur n !,.. r! tl]r hr ,! \!
u 'rr.
. \\,rrHVcOlstunn.,. tutr
,:rf I i(r,!tu, rlLl \heltLl

':'o, n]N.u,!nr
u,$rr p. r.., p rcL L'ri ,he
f\ tr n9 in h: rou h! tr tuN{i !i i
nryes|*'IF.trpt]lfL]rnfn " '', r,. ,1". l , t..''.' i-
,"r u,. * +.a ,u. p
"4
"
s" k",r ,_t_ -"
"r_FD
rlf,rr ,ilirre. <, ,i! ao

n! ,, hhe , b. .r \herr rih

ur lli a r(r\{ ,f,,.,J{er ,;
Crrcr tr.oridered rhe nrloln r
rtr. r hr .\+ J€ t!,1 rr, rturre
'
36. ArcHrs - .!EM cal rNcrN€rBrNG
moctrs
 hunrL., Lrurdr! rr!i. n N, rNLi
rotr xid. .rnrqu. ry lcr) lltrgr
E' U]fiJi] ]lltr\ l].1i']1) un'o(]
crtr rr: trr.qinnLheLL in i :ingL.
r,rLl T[ or ]- inrdims b.tu ttr.
tLhi.dilir ririhirriei rrll]nnlr!.1

lor rh. drile.eDr remnos rrl .otr

celfi.enl o{. {,.e rhe Jl(q$].
" Ir \ rur fni thr (nn0L bl hridhd
Liai uidi rlo tr,. fr*s lloqrr.r
iu rtrb. pAsL:.ann bc JdoPrd hr a,ells n b. Lred,n:.i\. ii Ftr.J
ft\j lhe pfu$Ul d'op mLld er.lcd
rh.rll.s$le lr nr F ctrLj i\
$d rl'. or.rill r,d trNre' .Fll, Multiplo 5hells in p3r.ll.l
.$r i\ .fly :5s killr,nl c Ntun rrsed Llu'ii'f l.]v \.1..$ otc l.i
rhe .nid! n rk&lor rrt * qh0 rl!. .cqltrd hed min{ rr.tr
106 rlr rD:'C nr d,i 'ulEnde
,lrnetr trri Mullipls sholls in sori.s

lturfldr !. n,rLh .d-L!nrilr Thn tr oDrr rppri.rblc Lo flodmg

br i$i r\p.Dsn. he.ruse tr\ hrd
rh.lr h r Enro\irrle tub. bnidl.s

rub*h.dc be mrdt or {J ns nerl drir l,rtrdling.rF[Li.!. Ln lrrye r qtr rc ..nn.i for hrl re.orery trtl

crcs. die.oi oI'r,c c d. on shd lu[e bDdh $flshtrkn!! ]r- hnir

siJ. d.nsn Ls lrrr rl'. sheLl\Lde lrs
rhc liiSh{ d*istr Iie*u.e Hor.ri. 150 500 mr ol hrdr rtf( mr.
rb. clt ds ol th!
(i.s.r rub-) rDil rlic !rre,itrh ol
coninLlh.d re mnr liSDihmr rhrn Sn!. hrd rub*h.d hed e\
rhi.IIcd.fd*rn prc$m. drigr! do mr hrre knorible rube

3 reiD.,ture .ro( t.ds trr h. .r

.oripl6h!d. null,plc sltl\ in $ns
iir.hiLls ii eiier : j
'si!L d'!n!i€, ni Th. number ol shell\ in rrie\
rdd,drd ;dhe!F sr on {hc eftor olrhe rm
$irld!p.nd
. .tnl or,!.d ri!i{ p{durt fos rhr( n. rhe difitr
r-i.h;.; .i.i' ir u
..g',rt"*,e*"4*ry- rurts Th. high rhe cmpenrm
"r"rtar,i.:'. ,.
3r!ttri'|l;r!rd,mi M0
9-t *l
sl 1, -,
- illladipn*m drc! t!,^d
, tdds;ii!d 16 i?ri ff.ieit rElrr.dll 2e
:.ltr!!or. eliifutrlt.qrlilii k!{brnf"r i: il,0jr .13, !:::i.: (60'r). rrc sh.lLs a.e rdeqfa€
tunlLhr.irrj*r..q !{ .$tt. r"c !6 Hor$ei in Figur l4 trhicb hA .
ed..l..{
rll0'C). lnur :hells ft req,ned

. ARsrs . 37
 Not,1,,r !.Lil :tr., orr fltiinl.
,h.,,,,,,",i..,.,,!,,,,,,..",.,1,.,

h.d, rnr{r r:!n StrL I trr b.rr

I
tdrri0n .r pr$utu d.or.

iNirr l:i rot .t 11. nr! rD

rrd
!.
- rE " rh. hntinr,;,.$
ln !
ir \ii$ r drii nrr n,tr I I I rrr.rr ..qt 4d t uttu t r 6 ,,-,..

M(hipls rhott. jn .€ri..

^(!.rr]rl].].i+lt|!j.(]
S,nGrr H!aio]r,L,r rr hdr r,r:h

u\ rf \l.ilicLt, lib. ]
lh!rmd!!id(dllyhltd'tdL/hnI'

:1. ll.ll , fu b\ ]s: n..$ ;JtN

rrll\idr jirror nrr.. TtLr r\. il
rn n ri|. rFqn! (:: rlrr, lLrlx
\h:LLdirmr., .fd 0fr4 ddr rrlLn
c.M lM+.L\d.\el0ntr: ]Ll
trj lL \

re$ r.i. t d0s b I \u_a lrryrherr

si4g:!l::!, &dF;i!h *.rb h
""i-
h.r r d!r, fJ fLnhlr rh

r,, m d1n ro i.nrf rh! HVai:)

1.r{rr r Lh.thr ir rrlj 13 ta

rrNlLlemtr mtrruyenjL jr rh.

shdkLd. Ff.rirr... lnJ dr. rortrl
hex!.r ti, rl rr nrL[r r!
re* rrLr mr 0rrr trdr; hr hrr
nrLrr,r. l.!t,i!).liu rdr ir5 mn,it
..r \.uld b. L.n lti: ort rtir

38. AFctsr$ - cBrMc{lNcrfts(G*6Rss

 rhi Lo\.r s L\itr vn.ostrl lhtr\.
rhe $o \he1ls \er rN,trdridu.ll)
on I prDp.d-r onputr p'osfum
t.r{rl riik\ $rl, Ll,ffrre a vrio m
k,.dr'etnp{ r$ (lEnveen
'h:
b( oiid. nrlnue 1DLi,b{ Drrub*
hft l gd,. rnd shell lD ) Tl't
'n
l!5'C rid.ore.podd to 7l',i h.d
dd) ir rhr h.ter sh.ll trl 264i tr]
lhtNul,dF *r htd 0 hc $
Frft L.rin dr No drlLs Horc!!( ir
rhe rorllcooL'tr! \vre' flolv rrr r.'e
L!b.tll! rl .qMlLy bdre$ thc r{o
rcded in $k\ rnd Lf! llli-Lde r shdls. l.mpemtrt ol tu.0ol s
N0Ll.Lgn\]'ecom|fi.dLnl]lblli ! cr 'hcrtig rhe ho er rhdl {ou!d
ts!$use rhis lrs r lontvl,d ut\urL be mNb highft rlfl r5-C lriihrhr
:i(n(Lon rb! ..u!d Dor '!e hrilll(l l,j lerrD-! rhc ..lder shell quuld li.
in r€rie3/Darall€l combin,tion r \ingle nLD otr u,r..rmmid r,tr
S ur,on\ \oDielnr$ rN Yrer $rl,rigirr,.' rldejg. \ontrft. tr .ombinrd .dle' rl,N tr
be.&r rl tlr 'eDip{rh'R)
uncquxl lrer
L'a$r r *.i$ rfr r larLlelrrrng. rldbb3 r1!r7.d.r1trLLy l,L-!hll
s re i, {s d*trrblc tu hNt di.
irin!anem be.on'.\ trrronhbt r!. shell: orrh: $mt:tr. n *s \hrll\. Smr.o.lLns rdcr {di'rg s
fti:\ iLunmd b\ rrr io ovi's qr lhd Lr,r h.re' shdl |uLLd d. {n rn'eud.ed r hL-!h{ brll tcni
nl lla. rlinq rpplnr,or perduA. ,|tr\ \v.uld l.td b herr-
$! r!d{ 5h.ll l,y rLnr 0I rh( I'Lsh loL ni! n rr l,or.r rhe11 T0 trroid
Ex.mpl6 3: MohiPl€ 3h6ll. rhi\ ptubLcD. rlt .oolLns \rx'd flo{
!rLr h.d trsisJei .0eifi!iu (J!r ii

d*i,!red lor rh. nurY lPeriliqL

sinlc the vco han h b€ .oo ril

eftid orftc ndlsidc l&k,!e nEms

csE.rllr rh. sh.!lro b.fl]e lerker
1"J"., ,t. p'"trt -a
"; ".e,m*
$ercbj rhe mrtrtr tmPlmure difi{

.r,ar.la. p.*-. *"r

"-ta
* -"
uined sirhin ft ruowabl.listr \irh
r{o Jrlk in 5!,ns rhr rub.nde Pb

,,s ",\;s iwhnh tr rhemiii'num lor

a splir nn,e Nilrrtroush 8odn,! hean
.oNhdnr,) Funl,.!r,oF, rho cml
d;ed. ft ns o d l.'nF.irurc {ofrd
rheD exred 4i'c. trlirhlouLd iesuLr
n sxcesne Luln! (s.3liig)
Thei.Jor.. oDlY fesible soltr
'l,e

' dd$ 39
 rr:r dL!er. iP|r rrrnlrdr j:]. jl
rrd itr oL rd rsrr.rm im b.,f
ll]! 5ht]l\ |DulL] t]j.c

rhir. rhri 11!r \thr tkrrler lrr 4rr!b!.F'i€,r m0D.,n;dd^66 ii.

. n lk oLda me .sl. ,; .
Rnii! \!!c ir.nLr nror i,r bdh
1r! rr.,r te\iq, b !n;'!,r r

Ov6rd€rign on surrace ilrn Drr c.trDeltd r..ftrirN

A\ Lhi Lnf i,4le. or. .\i:D Ov.rd6sign on p.rf ohsnc€
nN \irh iah. r,i!h.\*l!\ qi i crliL! r, or.jd-prnl Lrj c!
tr,,r \!r nltrli, n0 ! ed,il
.ri.msr, \rrLdrrre n0; rfm rheLrs

rd lLraif, I r,r Ttu Lr ! hur q Lr beol n ! d,m, h"

rl'flnllLlD.L]eln{Jlo}nLA
I , I,rr tre\.rLL; c
ri,dr Jrnr. I r|.: ., s;r :^-r0'r
-lt'rnser l xLhr orrtd{i!tr
'Ugil]nrhIj,.mly[.molc
prud.d rh. Li{hn rhe r.qffv i.
,h: rioas dr; d ,h. r, ghr;dj"
mdh.d isolirro. Lhe ro\o rri!
mr-eif oi o\r.denen rh n.eds ro
cll{r\ ..!hi.r:|) htrr
daiLludioi ol her.r.lraia de5isn
lol r|. rfl c[lrJjE: D l dhl;.
oip.'t'ni'l'{o^,'n
r.qur(d aM sreftdes Pn: a.: nl{i
!er. IsiDPr! s e bmdi! {i[b.d
eLruF rir nt ,h- nd ltl 0ie
i.,.^ h.J hNrr'. rhc rol,LnErtr uLI ri
er',llnlll.!,.,'D. ,rrJ nor mr dr hd \ r.$,;,|
. h"r . I i F,;i.Lr L,l;,, r.,L 0d,rAi{i oi idonr;,(
"
lK r r n^rn rL\ h i,! ,did r
!r. hur irrh nLlt:?o tr llrr Ll i| ( bu rdrr ! gd! (r!d tr\
rr fu{ !/. It in i,L rh t !rrr ,he j:a L h i r0jr r{lnnnrr..
rtu \ n.r i..e ,rble,1hr d.!Os or{d-i!tr ()r.dNlr !r P{r.r
i Dri.. a trr'.h lr\ dtu,r d*,
ontt'Led r, r,!qr rfr rij!.,i-& .bf
lj { it L .\.ILf D :n
'lllll.lr.Je!
)r,,!h {prd ui Lr,.nr
unLt nb.r.rtrbr\be .;m0,Fl dLllmffl,$t|L.MTD{Ll]tl!
d{ i| rf! hrg{ nrdL n, d.
orrRillgf {ould ior bc u r!r(!rn
ly r,i!h Tfn l,r!i. f.cnai,rtr nhi \
ir,b* irr rour tuI uj r; rolf
a he ncthla\ on H \crr
(.nrider dine^ rild ex.hin,
!i ri lLl iEr r. €, rerFrc. { sri.dhal lhr D Trbe 3 A dsi$ rr\
riEps(d $n J!.nr hrD; I !r^
:!d'is {rips hou ld lrdiDLor.rj al .f
gle d,cll 'o, ltL n: h Ltr ;r !n
!
l.ce. lTu ob*. :5 nn OD : l5
hmdi\ct! tr en.qhar ;;, i,r. lhrr ! 6 nL tons ot €ftnn n..
on sbn prrrf dh.,L!.d hrrlbr ; ri!!D Dn lrd our on a 32 nn Fbrit ! 1r
pi'.h rhse trde so iube pr$ejlmd

{ .3n b"."med r ir,, :rh

pdrmr.r .r shell 3id rtr! bear e\
.hrtrpf\. lodrd zd'of .t d.aa
n I tu$ei dJn.uk rask. ird rhe d.

40. narcHrs, cuMbllNGrN@Nc moc#$

sir-{lltgmedrL 6.tles sBr cm
rloteLl x sFdins ol lm h dd
rris r ol l:i or dic dimer.
the NIID etr\ 33 2'c and tu Fftsuc
doF {cre 0 .15 kg/.nf rnr lhl Dedi
,i fdrii fl r\IP,\r nr.m r
0 6i rg.n hr llic mrdc rne oEdc I
srlr !x\ 215c, lh n, rhe rQr
mnsld a€tr |'.vi,l!d (l]l n,rr ]a
:l 5+ rrY. th{n !hd \as €quncrL
Th. .|!rii,r ol rhF erchhlcr
$r!sinn,l rJroe uare r.r$crrd
.jlinrlns p{Iomance. trid rbe lol
.\ n! ! fomd MPA od d km
F'iMe = i90.9'c. ude odhr rm
\r\1rcir/h. md \rTD = 3,150c
rhu\ rhc er.hrnger y.ukl dud
rr d.rns x ber duty rl4lt MM
:ra \lM krilnr ThcEbF. ft3
Ii: lr.at dnr' xnlt rhe MTD
J::rtrtd \o'i.rcr\.d
rh rh. lrn hnster
-.i r.lurtd \a! eqlar 10 thd pm
\ J:,r th. or r[ h.d rrn\1ir.oer
Ema,ned ldutrll! rhr :rme
'i!:nr
,:! P.in.iprllr ulr.r drr chrDse ir
and rb eby rh! phFi.xl
'.ipenhr.
In LbL.N rbe o' d4rgi oi $r
n-.!rll.i[r lne.vdlsignoi
3..rrnm ce {as 69. this n h.
.ri* rle hor !ftri md the cold
nil'e'e.r. md rheE ks considenbh
!_op. tor no.e heati"S (ol rhe .old
!@in) d .ml'rc (or
rDre b.rree. die ourlcr hor and.old
shm re'np rtuas n lo{ei so 1}4
a ,ncrcase n he duly is a.coDpx.
nid b) firr ir rhe MTD cod.
a sharp
k'tue ry rhe ove.dAj!tr on perfor
mrn.e tr mtr.h ro*errh,n rhe ovdde.
lgn on suifr. Typicd\ a t0+
o\eRr{ier oi surlkc rdd 4 ro r
l orrd{isn on pe.fonan.c
{9r.
ai3r"7cd and d(dr\ ir rlr rotrlrL die rmirl r,L,ikrgr ot soy flr tfd
.o riLlon. HNey!( {lre j I hexr r\
.hrirlr r cltir iniLrllr- 0r rhq 'lhr rdrri erf(s or f,Nrtr!
.lcNrin!, trr ore ll hexr !.nsaei nJ nrLudel
dli.e is triL.h hrgtr. rlirn du ii . iiitrfd
.rpirJt r\r du. (i
thr n\L ed r.ndirii i nr r!'r I r hilh rrr: tdLr.d .Ysr| trd trfl. {
r oyturnred c.meqne lr. ( \inL
. oul !i{sr- quEme
. d.inl.Mrle co* lnr tr \:i
LL(nLrr
lr nriy hr f.r.d rrcn du il rtje lourd. $.mirxr r!h.i. rnd don
.urrd the tu lluid!
'lnP.rdri.\.f
li(rhitnr orrtr! inft.v if Lh. h.r
Llul}.nomtrtltr\hllhll'corfud. Carqories ot ronlins. Thrrc m
\ !n or \untc I0 itrh I crse. rri!
.v{dtrign of t,.r[n n.e rnit P F!!r iuror lnt h!
L ( st ar nE) r\:
Foulingr ir3 con.equsnco. on tu her . trrJtt surr:r.
PirJ.kl!.llrrJt rl]r r.u, lr
dne$ror .r flulrDp I r(olp [rs:usi]cnrld I I0rtd
'l.hikd un br f.uid
hcd e{.hrigq5 ttl o h! her k{isr surn.e
llou{rd: sin.e nr n! [li\s x 1ri\ cn,r.Jtrr /;rrr! rrt dep.siriL)n
;]jroid rlc jn lhL des:q' ol h.;
lrrh$strs tr hri. K.otr r ii pit
.ht\dt alti.nINtr"t tht ft\
Fouling nrr- li! drlmed r rhe dr n ton ot detr\irs b! rr,cmr.rt re.c
ji\irion or tr lsiftble Dix(( or ! ror io.s 1L! diflek lonnnudrJ
hr(txnsf iunir( li r D irl
/n.tr'ltr! rhr dhdrr.nl 0rhLo
or hcd rmsJt, hdtr..n r*. nRims rosi!.rt orgrinN h rhr r,!d urrftr
Tlr ieposns .i borh llic inlde
r^d th. orridc orlhc tub i\trh Ltrr
.r//,?rrt ,rr,h lrrrr! rt,c sojjdrri
cati.i ot r Dm! tiqlrd or Pannutrr
rtdrcdon D rrtr or xn h. ransrr coi\trrLent.rr liqud roludon otr x
lodii.LeDrdtr. ro rhe e\.3 r$xh.c suh\oo Led h d l(nnei tudice
ro her hNftr !h.h fNnb j't r In r pdntrirhe
dlhmger: d.
l.r!{ he rastu fttr, rid . pendin! upof rhe !tu ion oie or
rio. in 'edu.
m.r or rh. ph$sx.
rhe ilo\r motu ol rh. 3bor. mods or fo iri
lhe hor trhich rsulrs irr incnsed prcs4 may tE erFi L.n(ed
fadon rr'r. arrcl touljng. Thc
The d+r.r ol }ntrtrn! vrncs pnnlipr trimden rhd rfie.r foul
mrledry wirh rh. narur ol De Rtrtds
be'rs hrrdlld. conse+.n r. ri t rk x^ft rl ttt ioti( t"id
.hdgen haidLins deatr iluidr riDin rrr,d is. *ruh{ rh. 00id f drxi or
Ire. of huling lhefas .rchrtrecr
handrinc diiy iErir rf conna(iLj, :.i^ ,.to.irr HiPh denr
ninirit.5 I rlps olloulire
rr tr ccMrllr, trol (ros.ned $xr Llrr,?r4 The rnFnture
missc in presuf dnip n I fd more rhe lluirL-roullr lnEda.e n(nlry ir
01

Orcrdesisn on pedannxnle
dedl! morc \igniicanr dn.,ni.s
rul rhxn orerdsign on su,rr.. mr
cblnsu mr be .{|cd&l ro Frlonn
H.{ erchaieer s i.e\ aE osuslh
i\ sn ou! consquenr . r {ouli.! rh.n LD
crcN in thelmrqisunce rd deF
lr by rdudion in di.nil pelfom.nft
\vh.i a bed excharce is lirai our ot
*.i.e to.dr ig iLniDr:nrhLrb€
.aL se ot rhe rdu.eJ rhrDqhp( due rn
lluer* th. desto! olrriotrs mod*
of tourlig nre nr.s ol ch. ! re
rd'otr mc x srorg ft'.clor of rm
pemrur rtrrere sottrbititr, lrlrs Gds
*hok solub try dcferfs ui.h iD
ftrrtrg rmFnue) core od ot so
 rulion aM depo{on rhe hed hi!tu
surfi.e shcD .he iihratue teno
ruie n saEr {hm $ttrh i r; r
aiofotrlin! n a hidjon ot .dt
!rc*thftre. *hich i'rrears nnor
I n.kri.t o[ onnhdu) ont
i!r/i.? 16, rh rc!-qhne. !!
blline iuclea or. rdiDenrarior. ;nd
.he *irkjn! Eddency of deDosn! insid. rube! by rhe \c.du i.riotr of
rhus. oush $.rms ;dd ro r;ur h, AUow\umcitnr hNrFn aor Dn\
sn2ll tuugh pdict.s otr lne tube Na11
mo'? ruaJity than p.lishcd sDfa.er sun dmp. whenh-\) roltrn!; r,
t.,prEd, it voold b€ risc 6 hi!.
When STtlE. nusr b6 otod
{her (here ft vmoB mode\ ot Iout_ strfficLe marsjn {ray t0-]0E, be.
Ar dfcused e,tic, tor eaier .rcfl' rhe ruow$k ard crtcurared
i'u 6 \rll as rvenl tdom rl( dd- truinr.aice, rhc di&& srcmr shoutd
nif. de desEe or dr vriour nodA vllue! oI p.esoft dmp The idea i: rl
be tuded rhmugh $e tubes 6e.s4c
ot fo iDs, |rcddi.3 rhe e{3nr or tr ssier ni ck', lne insidc rnh $e
ir trmr €(h g('o of(r.ir n d!
Jbtrlii! n exremelr diftculr CoiR_ ouride.t rube\ 1ii\ rcdues tuoo
J:n bruuthpu drn \rh lne m
d ns .o! riov$ei if the diit; u*
r qlairrule ippmLh rd Lttu" o nr.m n vx.ou\ s weD n
a r"u[ng rjrir $icknr< ;r
p4t erF.icnrt ror $e sctc.[oi of trnrally rhe .ase), phcti! ^ehki
foulitrs ft siJxnas tor ydiotrr rG.i..s
n insd. pioy 3 routjn! qirhe tu a;.oud tu
Ire Tuh!lr Er.h.nger M ur3du. rotrli',g in rms of qas drcmd rsn.
n \.o.i!,nrTFvqr\nd e,Fri This inc.Ns lne 6red con l.hus
L ki r'd rJn*s for \Mou_ jem\ en,y u rrk d,r rou n! re!;..
o!m€€l in deltkmtr: pM ,
Lh! o\ei
.D r('i Lt.o,lttr
' $h rlc iibJli!li!j-'n''hs\'A"lou
rm-! m$ v de!dc "R,
iis deD.\it buitds ur n *jI Edre th!
d$hs /, rnN \!r4 _hould h! or n roddb?rdiDd
i, n 6.n baed r/iUn rruJ up€€Ln! ' Ld r.'tls
mt d $hi, i;.\,.,.._"
top }ca od cons.lue.dy i.cE* djc
i\qrb4r' r pcstrrc drcp. ri n quic shishlfoF
v hsevcr J,Ldht( bc rdipkd r imrm,E bdn, h. srd ro 6slar $e rouliq Esn@..
bdh (r tr^ drrr flud m ,r: Llt! a fouliis taycr thjckras bv oi
O..ign to mlnimir. tou ng rubes rd drnr. iluid our dc dr 'mo
Aldrotrgh n n diitictrh ro dermtne
tub.s snb.'u m xppmpride $crnd c;du.
foulins Bisrmces accmrty, rhdr rc lviry ot de dcp6ir. ftis lill usudty
slad hc i. rhe @se or 0.r nD ro 1.0 nmi
quilnatrve s
{eli r oM Mossoph(ric ed rhemal d*i$ soft
rive mla of rhumb rh4 shou bc rol^ use lfg€r di'hder lubls, For a trTe haE a povhion ror $eirmm.
loyed ro mini' k rhe e\ienr orrdlin!. hear erchango se^,ice.
siyfli I smal t- .rdon olafoutirshy $i.knd*
U* nib€ iNft. wt€ 6i
\rrell d Jmrn:id
rhe(rore : che:D. lube 'ire-ffn
ins( (t-lsurc 3) rft d-ttord
s hc -chrs.r noue\er. rb: r; b itr.Far hd dNrer ceffciei;n
Fotrtins n ahavJ more nm sdes olrery smau dia,nere,.ubs art
noumdd i. derd spa.;s. rn \hdt;d. elrcmely diiit.trh b cle,j. coNe
side ruba i. hmina flon Ai i(tdrd
rube hcar exchm!4. rheE aF dead beieir n $ar tuse inens rduce tort
quunrt,:h.in (?0 nnn) and I rn l]5 i!rqelt ni Kof, \ hh uFrrlLl
str. Dn \hdt\id€ dJra!enl r! om) rub€s &c comnonly urd
€rh bJftir 'Itr dr* rr ..trdetrg rhn dr! pnr.r.d ruun4
"nd
spjle_ ,n. sddh'dimerer rub$ t', i.. ert j,
h ) nay be u\dd torcle rni.cs. epmdo. sd ;rcmde odiar ;;N
Hovevei rhm ,ru odrer rvE. or Mainlrin high retdty. A hirh
b*r erchajlf\ s.h d olr,r ;;n A rron die tub. {,:ll ro Inc ccnrei The
lcrcry sutprses a1l gDes ot fout.
m,ud,m@$ €
dmnle^ .dd s0i!t h i d.hoser\ ns Fof.@Lns qarr ad hvJrocr :hrnmc
,n shnh $tre ee no deiLl \Dd.A ind icd rd+{ dmc'en hj rn!tu\ld
boi q! d\ J fui mh \.1; \ .f oN€don bd rlsoniri'ni7d\ rho de
$h!h rhtr for knd tu hli rd ls l0 nts h s.nedlr
unrniutuEtl ptr e rccoomenled. posi.ion .l loulsb due r. ti. dh
lhr3!A hdt Lle,en ',I, preBth.j e\.
!r rnd
al.housh I 5 nts is p'rfembte whon
d,c nunbf of rubr pase\ mNt
turbrlcnce wift-fin i.rtu bave bee0
tenp*dure linirarions. Euidted bcd be dcmonsftten b Fduce tubeside roul
Llgh Ioa.hiereihn, a hiahr Dresurc n.qdfrnJu!:Jfoln!n}drJ!r
heat Achrt{s rlso miniDiz. foutinS ll be mc*$ry \les inR6n..A Addr oi, ihdi
 n.I n i\ r$Jllt bdr. b enpLJl
l\. on-linP d.ann'q Pr.\.aL{ | tr\ o.. ftn \ ]rL]l j\ fl} lF.|jiL
h.trrlidrn $ I \orld li.l:ra d \ n 1r \hdlrrli l,.n rrn{!'riLi
rrrr br.: li Trrlu ni !,\ frr
i jr. arr,\.j, , ,lirh\ | Ll,. L\. 1r
0ilLF dfLliN li rlLidr bn\i\,{ L.r( xrd 1li ts.lbr.r md.lr\ 'r!
Ir$d bfl!\ trt r!n]r:d d[r!h rlr i!lf. i
r,'u m- Lrrrr rhnti$5
'luLLLI
r.Lli\ pen0d(dlr lli \udn! r b. rnuo).d l.tr rlr nr jJc rldr.
troi fre\r \ rir irlLlur o1 Iorln! rh. iuhi. is t|ilr inrison!. I 116r tr r..r!3rLr roLLl[! @
i6r oi ln drrngr lrftuLrLr t! rh. rrpl,(r,.,.1 . ir n! rrl
rll:ri$ r$rhi n r mrh hish{.1
tm. rr* nlrn n.irr.iJ. Nr. LlrdFr in rl* iik rtrxh orlhr ribf
'n ri
.5 Lh. (ol,ig L0 r! Li br iu r. M!*h{j{. R,, F,tr4lGrr D$13,

L\€ a spr( tDbt bu le or$nrt L* hrlical bdnr (\(hrng€6.

r\(banscr F knLr h.rl \nrde a. rnr! l lllllra (b. h r rl Mujq R., cq4wr qs' Et
r{ling 'u,r!dtrLrk iL i\r,ult1l0 rr,rtrg ! hlr r,Lrt brllr |.4rn
\r\e i l1]iF []hr rrLi'1. f.r d
trrNlr rL!rr iml xoLdlr n! rsr.

r.cougb,MJ''{dJ'nR4.5,.tq
IlLbm$ !n,,: r.Fri,ij (n.f,(
r0i i; \ s i!: rltr srLrL,l: ll.! i
r!.rr brdles rc r0r r.n$ rblr

tkt 3 llorrine hud or rj tubt

dcsign. nr\ i5 r Bmrrd rrqtrtrr cnl4.1Gn 0er)
rtr B4r!t .rd,. ar ,44!r a

eddr ssi,, d krt-L

Bfr6r kd"ni
t4'!t{ i{b4r3 *
nuid tr d,q b!.I li.r rs rLc"d ron

llljnisizt dod rpacs l]] u'rr

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r. hrlf! rur. d. rrt! rtLr lqr t. Funher Readinq
$rh bJno re mi, nTed ,\s i h
r;diihldrdslhd e!i66;Md*! erc. s.i , ir, E d *i,T$, tn
bdrern l:'i Td 6n'i .r rbe sh(il NB&dn .uda;i,is ?d h
LD The oprnitrn b lr id Li l5t. dh]'sqN$trEeiIlliucF"
l
Nrlnnrin hish {s.r rlr. Yd." cr?; r4 &4;r! eii, ff
lub$iLlr. r h'gli 'elo(i!:
rdrirl ll suF l2?,iryrern). .:
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p'5! rll cdlgdn! ol nlrli"s For fuI'idqEV.,d,d'€d|1
&i!t!E!iF ldbL kldtrshf
li.,\ tro{rrf u} litr. en!(l'dr: PvbriE& 6{ , NeYi* orsr)
5mrLhn hrfi. sr.rdrt rid Pr\ntr!