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A Brief Biography of Sir Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton is generally regarded as the most original and influential theorist in
the history of science. His passion was to unite knowledge and belief, to reconcile the
Book of Nature with the Book of Scripture. He transformed the structure of physical
science with his three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, which he
used to precisely predict the motions of stars, and the planets around the sun. Without
Newton and his discoveries, our modern world would be far different than it is today.
Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day in 1642. He went to Cambridge University,
intent on obtaining a law degree. Instruction at Cambridge was dominated by the
philosophy of Aristotle but Newton also studied the philosophy of Descartes, Gassendi,
Hobbes, and in particular Boyle. While at Cambridge he also became interested in mathematics, optics, physics and
astronomy. In 1665, a plague epidemic forced the university to close and Newton returned to his hometown of
Woolsthorpe. There, in less than two years, while Newton was still under 25 years old, he made several
revolutionary advances in mathematics, optics, physics, and astronomy. It was during this time that Newton also
began to think about gravity.
Newton’s greatest achievement was his work in physics and celestial mechanics, which culminated in the theory of
universal gravitation. By 1666, Newton had early versions of his three laws of motion. Using his discoveries in
optics, Newton constructed the first reflecting telescope.
Newton found science’s isolated facts and laws were capable of describing some phenomena, but predicting only a
few. He developed a unified system of laws that could be applied to an enormous range of physical phenomena,
and used to make exact predictions. Newton published his works in two books, namely Opticks and Principia; the
latter is widely regarded as the greatest scientific book ever written. The book marks the beginning of theoretical
physics as the mathematical field we know today.
In 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge, and two years later he was appointed second Lucasian Professor of
Mathematics (a position that would also be held by Stephen Hawking for 30 years until his retirement in 2009).
Later in life, once he had achieved wealth and success as both a public figure and a servant of the state, Newton
became an attraction sought out by intellectual tourists and curious laymen in a way that had been inconceivable
when he was a Cambridge don incapable of holding an audience in his lectures. By the early 1700s, he was the
dominant figure in British and European science, and in 1705 he was knighted, the first scientist to be so honoured
for his work. Newton died on March 20, 1727, at the age of 84, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, the first
scientist to be accorded this honour.
He has been regarded for almost 300 years as the founding exemplar of modern physical science.
Sources:
Hatch, Robert A., (1998) Sir Isaac Newton
Footprints of the Lion exhibit, Cambridge University Library
O'Connor, J.J. and Robertson, E.F., (2000) Sir Isaac Newton Perimeter Institute, November 2010