Preparation Category Synonyms Description Use/s Ingredients

of Final
Product
Cinnamon Non- Aqua -
Anti-septic - Cinnamon oil
Water Medicated cinnamoni - Vehicle - Purified water,
Aromatic Saigon - Carminative qs ad
Water cinnamon
water
Cassia oil
Concentratred - Anti-spasmodic - Peppermint oil
Peppermint - Carminative -
90% ethyl
Water Aromatic Aqua - Anti-flatulence alcohol
Water Menthae - Purified talc
Piperitae - Purified water,
qs ad
Calcium Lime - Clear - Employed w/ - Calcium
Hydroxide Water - Colorless other ingredients Hydroxide
Topical solution in dermatological - Purified Water,
Solution with an solution and lotion qs ad
alkaline - Protector in lotion
taste preparation
- Emulsifying agent
- Astrigent
Strong Iodine -
Lugol’s - Liquid - Treatment of - Iodine
Solution Topical Solution with thyrotoxicosis - KI
Solution - Iodine deep - (excess of thyroid - Purified Water,
Potassium brown hormone in the qs ad
Iodide color body)
- Liquor iodi and - Treatment of
- Aqueous odor of iodide deficiency
Iodine iodine - disorders such as
Solution endemic goiter
- Germicidal and
fungicidal
- Antiseptic
- Keratolytic
Magnesium - Citrate - Colorless Saline Magnesium
Citrate Oral - Citrate of to slightly Cathartic/Purgatives Citrate – Active
Solution magnesia yellow ing. (laxative)
- Magnessi - Clear Anhydrous citric
citralis effervesc acid –
- Lemonad ent liquid Preservative
a - Sweet Syrup –
purgante acidulou Sweetening
Saline
s and agent
Cathartic
lemon Talc – Dispersant
flavor Lemon oil –
Flavorant
KHCO3 –
Dispersing agent
Purified water, qs
ad - Solvent
PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Exercise 8 – Simple Muscle Contraction
Single pithing
• Muscle preparation (same as muscle nerve
preparation)
• Parts of muscle preparation?
• Parts removed?
•What muscle is used?
to produce simple muscle contraction,
electrical stimulus is applied to the muscle.
Muscle is allowed to relax before application
of second stimulus
Myogram – record of muscle contraction
Muscle twitch/Simple Muscle Contraction –
- brief contraction of a muscle fiber in a
motor unit in response to a single action
potential in a motor neuron
Three Phases of Simple Muscle Contraction
A-B – Lag or Latent Phase
- Period after stimulation
- Contraction is not apparent
B-C – Contraction Phase
- Period when muscle fibers contract
(muscle fibers soften)
C – D – Relaxation Phase
- Period when the myogram falls
- Muscle returns to its resting state
Exercise 9 – Summation
- Adding together of individual muscle
twitches to make a strong coordinated
movements
- Brought about by sending at least 2
successive stimuli
- Second stimulus comes before the end
of contraction or at the beginning of
relaxation period
A – first baseline
B – first peak/second
baseline
C – second peak
AB – first contraction
BC – second contraction
CD – relaxation
Second contraction is higher than the first
contraction because of the ff.reasons:
- greater tension is produced on the
muscle upon sending more than one
stimulus
- starts at a higher baseline
- greater amount of Ca on the second
contraction
Tetanus – sustained contraction when the
muscle is stimulated repeatedly such that the
interval between the stimuli is less than the
contraction time
Treppe – contraction that forms as a staircase
muscle contraction
Refractory Period – period following effective
stimulation, during which excitable tissue such
as heart muscle & nerve fails to respond to a
stimulus of threshold intensity
Absolute refractory period – period during
which the excitability is totally canceled
Relative refractory period – interval
immediately follows the Absolute Refractory
period during which initiation of a second
potential is inhibited, but not impossible
Exercise 10 – Isotonic and Isometric Exercise 12 – Muscle-Nerve Preparation
Contractions
Parts of Muscle-Nerve Preparation
Isotonic Isometric Sciatic nerve –
Contraction Contraction - whitish thread-like structure lying
Muscle Shortens Muscle between the thigh muscle close to the
Length retains – femur
Original Femur
length Thigh Muscles
Muscle Less tension More tension Gastrocnemius –
Tension - large muscle at the postero-inferior part
Inertia Greater Lesser of the lower leg opposite the peroneus
Force Lesser force Greater force
Tendon of Achilles
Isotonic contractions - remove peroneus, shinbone(tibiofibular)
- Walking, writing, running and foot (pes)
Isometric contractions Muscle-nerve preparation is placed in
- Simply standing, pushing against a wall Amphibian Ringer’s solution -
- solution of several salts dissolved in
Exercise 11 – Pithing the Frog water for the purpose of creating an
- make the animal free from pain isotonic solution relative to the body
- destroy the Nervous System fluids of an animal.
- pithing/dissecting needle - sodium chloride, potassium chloride,
- foramen magnum calcium chloride and sodium
cup-like depression n- located bicarbonate
between the skull and the atlas (first
cervical vertebra) Exercise 13 – Applied of Different Forms of
Stimuli
Single pithing Stimulus
- brain is destroyed - Any change in the environment
Double pithing Tissues maybe stimulated by:
- brain and spinal cord are destroyed - Mechanical stimulus – tie and pinch the
sciatic nerve
- Thermal stimulus – hot and cold water
Signs of Successful Pithing - Chemical stimulus – (stimulator) –
• frog will remain limp preferred
• legs are extended forward or outstretched o intensity and duration can be
and frog will quiver controlled
o be applied and removed
Single pithing will only destroy the brain but the o easily changes that the electrical
frog will still be able to: stimulus produces is reversible
- breath and do not damage the tissues
- muscles will still contract Stimulus Response
- heart will still beat Applied
Mechanical Typing Single
Proper way of restraining the frog during Pinching Single
pithing: Thermal Hot Water Single
• Legs should be outstretched and held tightly Cold Water Single
between ring and small finger Chemical Series
• Head bent forward , pressure exerted on top (NaCl)
of the head by index finger Electrical Direct Single
• Head is bent over the second finger
Chemical stimulus is not frequently use in the Exercise 15 – Complex Coordinated and
laboratory because it damages the tissue. Uncoordinated Reflexes

Threshold stimulus Condition Observation Type of Reflex

- stimulus whose strength is just enough to elicit Before injection
a response of strychnine All are
Subminimal stimulus a. Concentrated Frog flexed complex
- weaker than threshold stimulus- does not HNO3 the leg coordinated
cause any response b. Immersion in Withdraws reflexes
Maximal Stimulus hot water the leg (orderly
- type of stimulus that causes the greatest sequence of
response muscular
Supramaximal stimulus contractions)
- strength is greater than maximal stimulus but After injection of
response is similar to that of maximal stimulus strychnine (dorsal
lymph sac)
Exercise 14 – The Spinal Frog a. Conc. HNO3 Stiffening of Uncoordinated
- Spinal frog- single pithing b. Immersion in the leg reflexes
- Normal frog ( only the semicircular hot water (convulsive
canal is destroyed) movements/
Condition Spinal Frog Normal Frog spasm odic
Position of: Drooping Erect contractions)
a. Head Half Closed Wide open
b. Eye Extended Contracted What type of reflex was produced upon the
c. Limbs first application of acid? After injection of
Pinching the No response strychnine & application of acid?
toes - The type of reflex produced upon the
Pinching the No response first application of acid is complex
skin coordinated.
Pinching the No response
hind toes After injection of strychnine and application of
Response on No response acid?
the other - The strychnine solution causes
toes convulsive movements or spasmodic
Position of Tilted to one Normal contraction because strychnine binds
the body side (not position with glycine which is a neurotransmitter
balanced) for relaxation and contraction
Evidence of No response Frog moved equilibrium therefore muscle remains
sight contracted.
Evidence of No response Frog moved
hearing
Touching the No response Eyes closed
cornea
Destruction Not Normal
of balanced position
semicircular
canal
Exercise 35 – The Effect of Temperature on
Heart Rate

Condition Results
Heartbeats/minute
Intact heart 60 – 100 beats/min
Heart in Ringer’s Slightly lower than
solution (room temp.) intact heart
Heart in warm
Ringer’s solution

Heart in cold Ringer’s

solution

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Force Increases Decreases
Rate Increases Decreases
Rhythm Increases Decreases
CHEMISTRY

LAB

Nomenclature

Expirment –

Experiment – Paper Chromatography