A REVIEW PAPER ON
HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Somashekhar Savalaje
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering.
KLS Gogte Institute of Technology (Autonomous), Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi-590008, Karnataka, India.
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Abstract: The conventional modes of transportation of people
consists of four unique types and that are rail, road, water, and
air. These modes of transport tend to be either relatively slow,
expensive or a combination of both. Hyperloop is a new mode of
transport that seeks to change this pattern by being both fast and
inexpensive for people and goods. Hyperloop is a proposed mode
of passenger and freight transportation that propels a capsule-
like vehicle through a near-vacuum tube at more than airline
speed. The pods would accelerate to cruising speed gradually
using a linear electric motor and glide above their track using
passive magnetic levitation or air bearings. Hyperloop consists of
a low pressure tube with capsules that are transported at both
low and high speeds throughout the length of the tube. The
capsules are supported on a cushion of air, featuring pressurized
air and aerodynamic lift. Passengers may enter and exit
Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends of the tube, or
branches along the tube length. It quickly becomes apparent just
how dramatically the Hyperloop could change transportation,
road congestion and minimize the carbon footprint globally.
With the Hyperloop, extremely fast, inexpensive intercity travel
would be widely accessible. If both people and goods can move
more quickly and comparatively cheaply, rapid growth is a
logical outcome.
Key Words: Hyperloop, Propels, Vacuum Tube, Capsule, Passive
Magnetic Levitation, Air Bearings.
I.PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
As we know that there are four modes of
conventional transportation. First is rail which is relatively
slow and expensive another is road and water which is
relatively slow and next is air which is too expensive. Road
travel is particularly problematic, given carbon emissions and
the fluctuating price of oil. As the environmental dangers of
energy consumption continue to worsen, mass transit will be
crucial in the years to come. Developments in high-speed rail
have historically been impeded by the difficulties in managing
friction and air resistance, both of which become substantial
when vehicles approach high speeds. Rail travel is relatively
energy efficient and offers the most environmentally friendly
option, but is too slow and expensive to be massively adopted.
At distances less than 900 miles, supersonic travel is
unfeasible, as most of the journey would be spent ascending
and descending (the slowest parts of a flight.) Given these
issues, the Hyperloop aims to make a cost-effective, high
speed transportation system for use at moderate distances. The
Hyperloop tubes would have solar panels installed on the roof,
allowing for a clean and self-powering system.
II.INTRODUCTION
Hyperloop is a completely new mode of fastest
transportation. Hyperloop is firstly proposed by Elon musk
and a team of engineer from Tesla Motors and the Space
Exploration Technologies Corporation in August 2013. The
concept of hyperloop includes travelling people from one
place to another place in a capsule which is propelling at a
very high speed. We can also called hyperloop as a solar
powered transportation system and it is an alternative of high
speed train. Basically hyperloop is magnetically levitated train
which runs inside a long tube or pipe. It consists of low
pressure tube with capsule that is transported at both low and
high speeds. It is driven by linear induction motor and
compressor. It includes 28 passenger pods.
For propulsion, magnetic accelerators will be planted
along the length of the tube, propelling the pods forward. The
tubes would house a low pressure environment, surrounding
the pod with a cushion of air that permits the pod to move
safely at such high speeds, like a puck gliding over an air
hockey table. Given the tight quarters in the tube, pressure
buildup in front of the pod could be a problem. The tube needs
a system to keep air from building up in this way. Musk’s
design recommends an air compressor on the front of the pod
that will move air from the front to the tail, keeping it aloft
and preventing pressure building up due to air displacement.
A one way trip on the Hyperloop is projected to take about 35
minutes (for comparison, traveling the same distance by car
takes roughly six hours.) Passengers may enter and exit
Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends of the tube, or
branches along the tube length.
III.LITERATURE SURVEY
Ahmed Hodaib, Samar F. Abdel Fattah (May 2016),
discussed the design of a hyperloop capsule with linear
induction propulsion system which is used to accelerate and
decelerate the capsule. They studied that like rotary
synchronous motors; linear motors run on 3-phase power and
can support very high speeds. However, there are end effects
that reduce the motor's thrust force. Linear induction motors
are thus less energy efficient than normal rotary motors for
any required force output. They also discussed about the
manufacturing of linear induction motor in this paper.[1]
Jeffrey C. Chin, Justin S. Gray, Scott M. Jones,
Jeffrey J. Berton, They discussed about the Open-Source
Conceptual Sizing Models for the Hyperloop Passenger Pod
in this paper. They concluded that the refined analysis
illuminates several interdisciplinary couplings that alter two
major aspects of the initial concept. First, the pod travel speed
Solar Panel
and the tube cross sectional area are linked, forcing the tube
size to be to be roughly twice the diameter of the original Low Pressure Tube
specification, in order for the pod to reach Mach 0.8. Second,
the steady-state tube temperature is dominated by ambient
thermal interactions unrelated to the heat generated by the pod
compression system.[2]

Mark Sakowski (2016) discussed the current maglev

technology along with the theoretical evacuated tube
technology and they concluded that the hyperloop is feasible
and if properly designed, has the potential to be much more
efficient in terms of energy usage of pods traversing down the Fig-2: Construction of tube [7]
tube.[3]
B.Capsule:
N. Kayela, (2014) investigated that the hyperloop is a
fifth mode of transportation alongside trains, planes, The capsule can carry 28 passengers at a time and it
automobiles and boats. He discussed about the railway track send at a very high speed and it is levitated by a high pressure
for the hyperloop, stations for the hyperloop. Also, discussed air cushion. The design of capsule is start with the
about the two version of capsule that is one is passenger only aerodynamic shape. There are two version of capsule are
version and another is passenger plus vehicle version.[4] being considered: a passenger only version and a passenger
plus vehicle version.[8]
Mohammed Imran (2016) He focused his study
element on the hyperloop technology (the passenger transport
system). He discussed about the two version of hyperloop in
that one is passenger only version and another is passenger
plus vehicle version. Hyperloop System.[5]

IV.BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYPERLOOP

Inlet Compressor Compressor Motor Battery
Hyperloop is based on a principle of magnetic
Air Storage Firewall Seat Suspension
levitation. The principle of magnetic levitation is that a
vehicle can be suspended and propelled on a guidance track
made with magnets. The vehicle on top of the track may be
Fig-3: Arrangement in capsule[8]
propelled with the help of a linear induction motor.[6]
C.Compressor:

The compressor is fitted at the front side of the

capsule. It supplies the air to the air bearings which supports
the weight of the capsule. The compressor allows the capsule
to traverse to the low pressure tube without choking the air
flow that travels between tube walls and capsule.[9]

Fig-1: Operating principle of hyperloop[6]

Fig-4: Compressor [9]

V.CONSTRUCTION
A.Tube:
The tube is made of steel. There are two tubes
which are welded together side by side configuration to
allow the capsules travel in both directions. The tube will
be supported by pillars. There is a solar arrays are provided
on a top of the tubes for the purpose of power to the
system.[7]
D.Suspension:
Air bearing suspension offers stability and extremely
low drag at a feasible cost. A stiff air bearing suspension is
superb for reliability and safety. When there is a gap between
ski and tube walls is high then it shows the nonlinear reaction
and which results in large restoring pressure.[8]
 The pod will be self-powered. There is solar panel
fitted on top of the tube. By this solar panel there is enough
energy is stored in battery packs to operate at night and in
cloudy weather for some periods. The energy is also is stored
in the form of compressed air.
The air between the capsule acts as a cushions to
prevent two capsules from colliding within the tube.
Fig-5: Schematic of air bearing skis that support the capsule[8]

E.Propulsions:

To accelerate and decelerate the capsule the linear

induction motor is used in hyper loop system. It provides
some advantages over a permanent magnet motor. To
accelerate the capsules there is linear accelerators are
constructed on a length of the tube. Stators are placed on the
capsules to transfer momentum to the capsules via the linear
accelerators.[8]

Fig-8: Air through bypass tunnel

In above figure it shown that the air through the

Fig-6: Propulsion [8]
VI.WORKING OF HYPERLOOP SYSTEM
Working of hyper loop system is based on magnetic
levitation principle. As we know that the passenger pad travel
through low pressure tube which is pylon-supported tube.[8]
compressor is send to a bypass nozzle at the rear end of the
capsule. If capsule cover too much area of the tube then, the
air is not flow around the capsule and ultimately the entire
column of air in the tube is being pushed ahead of the capsule
and because of this there is friction between the air and tube
walls is increases tremendously. Therefore to avoid this
problem the compressor is fitted at the front of the capsule
through which the air is flow which will not flow around the
capsule and send it to bypass nozzle.
VII.DESIGN DETAILES

In hyper loop system an air compressor fan is fitted A.Capsule or Pod design
on front side of pod which sucks the air. It transfer high
pressure air front side to the rear side of capsule (pod) and it
propel the pod. It creates the air cushion around the pod, so
that the pod is suspended in air within the tube.

Fig-9: Capsule design in cero software[10]

Fig-7: Working of hyperloop system[8]

On the basis of magnetic levitation principle the pod

will be propelled by the linear induction motor. By the linear
induction motor the capsule send from one place to another
place to a subsonic velocity that is slower than the speed of
sound. Table-1: Calculated Capsule or Pod size[10]
 In the designing of Hyperloop, designing of pod is
most important as end users i.e. Passengers are to be installed
in the capsule or pod.
Pod or capsule is the element which is going to suffer
with most of the stress. This is because there is around
70000N force inside pod along with pressure difference at
outside and inside of pod. The inside pressure of tube will be
atmospheric while the outside pressure will be much less than
atmospheric pressure. The pod contains various elements
including a suction fan, compressors, batteries, air
conditioning system, safety and pressure control system etc.
this all elements are heavy, also there is lots of vibrations
because of this element.
Methodology for deciding the mass of total body capsule:
1. Assumed weight of individual passenger as 75kg
(Indian standards).
2. Taken the weight of pod = density*mass,
3. Assumed standard weights for system installed.
Checking the capsule in static test:
Assumptions
1. Material selected is aluminum alloy
2. Legs i.e. bottom most portion of a capsule are fixed
3. In second iteration, instead of legs inner portion of
tube is fix
4. Body mass is acting as a UDL on the legs
5. Inside pressure of a tube is atmospheric.
6. The back pressure generated is 13.4kpa.
Preliminary Results
1. Legs i.e. bottom most portion with a lesser
inclination with side of tube will be better.
2. Thickness of connecting material should be high to
sustain back pressure.
3. Angle of inclination should be less than 90 degrees to
avoid bending of legs.
Table -2: Analysis result of static model of pod in Ansys
Software[10]
Checking the capsule in dynamic test:
Assumptions
1. Capsule moving at 210 m/s, i.e. at 470 miles per hour
2. Mass flow split assumed as: 50% sucked by fan, 50%
goes around the capsule.
3. Air sucked by the fan is then distributed at 40% from
the tail and remaining to the air bearings.
There are various constraints that are to be considered
while designing a pod which are
1. Mach number
2. Aerodynamic shape
3 Material selection
4 Kantrowitz limit
Fig-10: Capsule with tube showing parameters[11]
1. Mach number
It has a greater significance in designing of airplanes
aircrafts and high speed vehicles. It is the ratio of object speed
to speed of sound. Here M is mach number and A is area of
corresponding section. For isentropic flow equation, there is a
relationship between M pod and M bypass, that defines an
area ratio, where γ is heat capacity ratio.
[A bypass/A tube]=[M pod/M bypass]
For maintaining Mach number around 1 is a tricky
task as too high Mach number will exert additional stresses
due to various parameter and too low Mach number is sign of
low speed. With just a simple design of capsule the whole air
drag will start building pressure on a capsule as there will not
be much space for escape of air. At a certain point pod will
start acting as a piston just pressurizing the air coming in its
way. This situation is not at all preferable as it will reduce
speed drastically so to avoid this situation a suction fan is
provided on front end of pod. This will suck the incoming air
then it will compress it to certain extent. A part of this air is
bypassed to get a thrust just like a rocket and remaining air is
send to air bearings which are there to lift the pod to avoid any
physical contact.
2.Aerodynamic shape
Aerodynamic shape is very important in designing
such a high speed system because it deals with reducing drag
and wind noise, minimizing noise emission, and preventing
undesired lift forces and other causes of aerodynamic
instability at high speeds. Air is also considered a fluid in this
case. For some classes of racing vehicles, it may also be
important to produce down force to improve traction and thus
cornering abilities. Thus the capsule design is made on the
basis of bullet train in japan and considering the shape of
dolphin. The extended surface at the front side helps to
increase the air intake to suction fan, where the nozzle like
structure at tail is helpful in releasing highly compressed air
with a great velocity to achieve thrust for proportion.[16]
3.Material selection
The proposed material in an open source file
regarding Hyperloop is al alloy and alloy steel. But both the
materials have their own advantages and disadvantages. Al
alloy has an advantage of its less weight but fails in strength
parameter. Whereas alloy steel is fine with strength but in not
suitable because of its high weight. A golden mean between
these two materials can be carbon fiber composite or carbon
reinforced plastic. These two materials have a very good
strength with less weight and higher reliability.
Table-3: Material properties of carbon fibre composite[11]
B. Air bearing and Compressor
One important feature of the capsule is the onboard
compressor, which serves two purposes. This system allows
the capsule to traverse the relatively narrow tube without
choking flow that travels between the capsule and the tube
walls (resulting in a build-up of air mass in front of the
capsule and increasing the drag) by compressing air that is
bypassed through the capsule. It also supplies air to air
bearings that support the weight of the capsule throughout
the journey.
Fig-11: Design of air bearing and compressor system[12]
4.Kantrowitz limit
Moving at high speed through a tube containing air,
there is a minimum tube to pod area ratio below which you
will choke the flow. What this means is that if the walls of the
tube and the capsule are too close together, the capsule will
behave like a syringe and eventually be forced to push the
entire column of air in the system. The approach that inventor
believed would overcome the Kantrowitz limit is to mount an
electric compressor fan on the nose of the pod that actively
transfers high pressure air from the front to the rear of the
vessel. This is like having a pump in the head of the syringe
actively relieving pressure.
Table-4: Calculated size of tube
Suspending the capsule within the tube presents a
substantial technical challenge due to transonic cruising
velocities. Conventional wheel and axle systems become
impractical at high speed due frictional losses and dynamic
instability. A viable technical solution is magnetic
levitation; however, the cost associated with material and
construction is prohibitive. An alternative to these
conventional options is an air bearing suspension. Air
bearings offer stability and extremely low drag at a feasible
cost by exploiting the ambient atmosphere in the tube.
Externally pressurized and aerodynamic air
bearings are well suited for the Hyperloop due to
exceptionally high stiffness, which is required to maintain
stability at high speeds. When the gap height between a ski
and the tube wall is reduced, the flow field in the gap
exhibits a highly non-linear reaction resulting in large
restoring pressures. The increased pressure pushes the ski
away from the wall, allowing it to return to its nominal ride
height. While a stiff air bearing suspension is superb for
reliability and safety, it could create considerable discomfort
for passengers onboard. To account for this, each ski is
integrated into an independent mechanical suspension,
ensuring a smooth ride for passengers. The capsule may also
include traditional deployable wheels similar to aircraft
landing gear for ease of movement at speeds under 100 mph
(160 kph) and as a component of the overall safety system.
C.Tube and Pylon construction
In tube designing the major factor is to tackle with
two different pressures one at outlet i.e. atmospheric and
other is low pressure maintained inside tube. A proper
thickness, material and perfect dimensions can be key to
good design. The pylon design also involves cost, safety,
and strength. Any project this size will also incur a large real
estate acquisition cost. To decrease footprint, it is beneficial
to reduce number of pylons, increase span between them, all
while exceeding safety codes and regulations.
Fig -12: Design of pod with tube in creo simulation, along
with analysis result of pylon[13]
D.Firewall
A firewall is a fire resistant barrier used to prevent
the spread of fire for a prescribed period of time. Firewalls
are built between or through buildings, structures, electrical
substation transformers, or within an aircraft or vehicle
They must be installed in Hyperloop in order to protect
passengers from fire hazard and noise. A standard of
building a firewall is given below,
1 Stainless steel sheet, 0.015 inch thick
2. Mild steel sheet (coated with aluminum or
otherwise protected against corrosion) 0.018 inch
thick.
3. Terne plate, 0.018 inch thick
4. Monel metal, 0.018 inch thick
5. Steel or copper base alloy firewall fittings
6. Titanium sheet, 0.016 inch thick
Two situations regarding capsule or pod under working
Conditions:
1. What will happen in the event of the depressurization of
an Hyperloop capsule? Pressure is so low (100 Pascal) that
under the point of view of human physiology the conditions
are closer to space than to the ones at commercial airplanes.
At 100 Pascal none of the emergency measures commonly
used even by military pilots (except the partial pressure suit
of course), are enough to avoid severe hypoxia and traumas
related to the decompression. Luckily we are not in space
but on earth and believe we can find systems to compensate
the pressure fast enough.
2. What happens if a capsule is stranded in the tube? Where
will the emergency exits be?
A possible method to make an emergency brake
procedure in a fast and reliable way might be to use the
Kantrowitz effect. If air from the outside is allowed to come
into the tube and equalize the pressure with the exterior, the
capsule will suddenly have to go through and push a lot of
air. At 300m/s the capsule will start compressing the air in
front of it, working as a syringe head. If the pressure is
allowed to rise above the sea level (for example closing
some of the valves that initially opened to let the air in) the
deceleration could possibly be more powerful. If the
capsule´s area is not wide enough compared to the tube´s
area, some spoilers could be deployed to help block the air
in front of it.
Separating sections of the tube could be the way to
avoid having to pump out the air from the whole system
once the service has to be restarted. Big valves that close the
whole tube could separate one section from the next one.
This has the advantage that could also help build up the
pressure in front a capsule that´s braking while maintain the
low pressure behind, helping this way to stop the capsule in
less time, just by opening the valves in front of it and letting
the ones behind closed.
Instead of using a big sliding door or a similar kind
of solid valve, a high-pressure inflatable plug could be used.
It could be a textile closed shaped as a cylinder (imagine an
inflatable Coke can, with the same diameter of the tube) that
could be stored in a relatively small pack (similar to the
ones that contain airplane slides or survival rafts) at the side
or upper part of the tube, maybe forming a package with the
recompression valves.
This depressurization packs would be installed
every 10 km or so in the faster parts of the system (the
capsules will be separated by 2 min, at their top speed that
means 20 km), and closer at parts were the capsules go
slower.
VII. PRESENT AND FUTURE WORK X. ESTIMATED HYPERLOOP CAST

Presently the idea of hyperloop was proposed for

route between San Francisco, California and Los Angeles in
35 minutes. In India, ‘Hperloop One’ is planning to build
hyperloop system in between Mumbai and Pune which
travels in just 25 minutes with a speed of 1000km/hr.

Hyperloop is a newborn technology since it is

nothing like anything the design for everything inside it is
like invented for even a smaller entity. Thus, Technology
welcomes further development for inventors.

Hyperloop also conducted a worldwide competition

for building it which would award by building hyperloop in
winning nation. Some modifications can be done in future as
follows,

1. Improve the passenger capacity.

2. Detailed station designs with loading and Table-5: Hyperloop Cost[15]
unloading of passenger.
3. Safety features improvement.
4. It can be used in material handling deices.
5. More expansion on the control mechanism for
Hyperloop capsules, including attitude thruster or ACKNOWLEDGMENT
control moment gyros.
6. Trades comparing the costs and benefits of I would like to thank all the people who have stood
Hyperloop with more conventional magnetic by me, encouraged me, inspired me and have contributed
levitation systems. greatly in providing me in the joy of achievement and thrill
7. Sub-scale testing based on a further optimized of creative effort experienced by me.
design to demonstrate the physics of Hyperloop.

IX. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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