1 BASIC

FOR CALCULATION

1 In the calculation only three phase symmetrical fault has been considered.

2 A simplified procedure for calculating the symmetrical short circuit current called the E/X method is used,
which disregards all resistance,all static load and all prefault current.

3 The PU system is adopted for fault calculations as it simplifies the calculations

4 Since X/R ratio of the effective impedance at the bus is unknown,It si considered that the calculated current
should not more than 80% of the allowed valve for the breaker at the existing bus voltage.

5 Motor Contribution has been considered as 2 times the rated current of HT motors and negligible in case of LT motors.

6 For claculation,the impedances of cables has been neglected.

7 The distribution transformers in different load centres of the plant shall operate in isolation and not in parallel.

8 The utility fault level has been considered as 600 MVA.

2 DESIGN DATA :
a Utility fault level at plant grid = 600 MVA
b Base MVA chosen = 25 MVA
c) Distribution Transformer
1 Rated capacity = 3.15 MVA
2 Voltage at HT side = 11 KV
3 Voltage at LT side(full load) = 0.380 KV
4 Percentage impedance = 8 %
d) Rating of HT motors‐
1 HT motor rating = 4150 Kw
2 Motor Power factor = 0.85 red
3 Motor efficiency = 0.95 %
4 Maximum starting torque considered for = 200 % FLT
the motor at 11kv
5 Maximum Running torque considered for = 100 % FLT
the motor at 11kv
Cable Size XLPE,Armoured 240 Sqmm
Cable no of run 5 No.
5 HT motor fed from cable = 0.23 ohm/km
5Rx3x240Sqmm XLPE CU (Z)
6 HT motor fed from cable length = 150 ohm/km
e) Rating of LT motors‐
1 LT motor rating = 350 Kw
2 Motor Power factor = 0.85 red
3 Motor efficiency = 0.90 %
4 Maximum starting torque considered for = 200 % FLT
the motor at 11kv
4 Maximum Running torque considered for = 100 % FLT
the motor at 11kv
Cable Size XLPE,Armoured 1.5 Sqmm
Cable no of run 1 No.
5 LT motor fed from cable = 0.020 ohm/km
3Rx4x300Sqmm XLPE CU (Z)
6 LT motor fed from cable Length = 70 mtr
A FAULT CURRENT CALCULATION FOR HT (UP TO NEAREST MOTOR TERMINAL FROM SOURCE)

1 FAULT CURRENT AT 33KV SWITCHGEAR AT APTRANSCO END

1.1 Calculation for source impedance (Zo)

System Voltage (KV) = 33 KV

Sorce Fault MVA = 500 MVA
2
Source Impedance (Z0) in Ohm = System KV ohm
Short Circuit MVA

Square (33)
= ohm
500

ZO = 2.178 ohm

1.2 Fault Current at 33KV Switchgear at APTRANSCO End (IF0) 1.1 X KV

= kA
√ 3 X ZO

1.1 x 33
= kA
√ 3 X 2.178

IFO = 9.62 kA

2 FAULT CURRENT AT 33KV SWITCHGEAR AT PROPOSED SUBSTATION

Main Incoming power supply through 33kV, 1R X 3C X 300Sq.mm. Aluminium armoured Cable from APTRANSCO Substation to Plant
Substation
2.1 Resistance of cable ( R ) (Resistance / Km) = 0.130 ohm/Km
Length of Cable (L) = 1500 Meter
No.of Run (N) = 1 No.
Actual Resistance of Cable (Ra) R x L
= ohm
(N x 1000)
Ra = 0.195 ohm

2.2 Reactance of cable (X) (Reactance/Km) = 0.100 ohm/Km

Actual Reactance of Cable (Xa) X x L
= ohm
(N x 1000)

Xa = 0.150 ohm

2.3 Impedance of Cable (Za) = √(Ra2 + Xa2) ohm

Za = 0.2460 ohm
2.4 Total Impedance at 33KV SWGR at Substation‐1(Z1) = Za + Zo

Z1 = 2.425 ohm
2.5 Fault Current at 33KV SWGR at Proposed Substation (IF1) 1.1 X KV
= kA
√ 3 X Z1

( 1.1 X 33)
kA
(√ 3 X 2.425)
Selected Fault KA at 33KV Bus
IF1 = 8.643 kA 25 kA

3 FAULT CURRENT AT PRIMARY OF 8MVA, 33/6.9KV TRANSFORMER AT PROPOSED SUBSTATION

33KV, 1R X 3C X 300Sqmm (E) Aluminium armoured Cable is connected between 33KV HT Panel & 8 MVA Transformer

3.1 Resistance of cable (Resistance / Km) = 0.130 ohm/km

Length of Cable (L) = 25 Meter
No.of Run (N) = 1 No.
Actual Resistance of Cable (Rb) R x L
= ohm
(N x 1000)
Rb = 0.00325 ohm

3.2 Reactance of cable (X) (Reactance/Km) = 0.100 ohm/Km

Actual Reactance of Cable (Xb) X x L
= ohm
(N x 1000)

Xb = 0.0025 ohm

3.3 Impedance of Cable (Zb) = √(Rb2 + Xb2) ohm

 Zb = 0.0041 ohm

3.4 Total Impedance at 33KV SWGR at Substation‐1(Z1) = Zb + Z1 ohm

Z2 = 2.430 ohm

3.5 Fault Current at 33KV SWGR at Proposed Substation (IF1) 1.1 X KV

= kA
√ 3 X Z2

( 1.1 X 0.15)
= kA
(√ 3 X 2.43)

IF2 = 8.625 kA

4 FAULT CURRENT AT SECONDARY OF 8MVA TRANSFORMER AT SUBSTATION

Power Transformer 8MVA, 33/6.6 KV , 8.35% Impedance (as per IS‐2026)
Primary Voltage of Transformer Vp = 33 KV
Secondary Voltage of Transformer Vs = 6.6 KV
Transformer Capacity = 8000 KVA
% Impedance = 8.35 %
2
4.1 Transformer Impedance (Zc) = (% Imp/100) x KVs ohm
(KVA / 1000)

2
Zc (8.35/100) x 6.6) ohm
=
(8000/1000)

Zc = 0.455 ohm

4.2 Total Impedance on secondary side (Z3 ) = {((Vs)²/ (Vp)²)x Z2 }+ Zc ohm

= ((6.6) / (33) X 2.43) + 0.455 ohm

Z3 = 0.553 ohm

4.3 Fault Current at Secondary side of 8MVA Transformer(IF3) 1.1 X KVs

= KA
√ 3 X Z3

( 1.1 X X x L)
= kA
(√ 3 X 0.553)

IF3 = 7.580 KA

5 FAULT CURRENT AT 6.6 KV HT PANEL AT PROPOSED SUBSTATION

Incoming power supply through 6.6kV, 3R X 3C X 300Sq.mm. Aluminium armoured Cable from 6.6KV Terminal of Power Transformer
5.1 Resistance of cable (Resistance / Km) = 0.129 ohm/km
Length of Cable (L) = 25 Meter
No.of Run (N) = 3 No.
Actual Resistance of Cable (Rd) R x L
= ohm
(N x 1000)

Rd = 0.001075 ohm
5.2 Reactance of cable (X) (Reactance/Km) = 0.0830 ohm/Km

Actual Reactance of Cable (Xd) X x L

= ohm
(N x 1000)

Xd = 0.000691667 ohm

2 2
5.3 Impedance of Cable (Zd) = √(Rd + Xd ) ohm

Zd = 0.0013 ohm

5.4 Total Impedance at 6.6KV HT Panel (Z4) = Zd + Z3

Z4 = 0.555 ohm

5.5 Fault Current at Proposed Substation 6.6KV HT Panel (IF4) 1.1 X KV

= kA
√ 3 X Z4

( 1.1 X )
= kA
(√ 3 X 0.555)

IF4 = 7.553 kA Selected Fault KA at 6.6KV Bus

26.3 kA
6 FAULT CURRENT AT MOTOR TERMINAL (IBC‐3 ‐ nearest)
6.6KV, 1R X 3C X 150Sqmm Aluminium armoured Cable is connected between 6.6kV HT Panel & HT Motor terminal

6.1 Resistance of cable (Resistance / Km) = 0.264 ohm/km

Length of Cable (L) = 180 Meter
No.of Run (N) = 1 No.
Actual Resistance of Cable (Re) R x L
= ohm
(N x 1000)

Re = 0.04752 ohm
6.2 Reactance of cable (X) (Reactance/Km) = 0.0890 ohm/Km

Actual Reactance of Cable (Xe) X x L

= ohm
(N x 1000)

Xe = 0.01602 ohm

6.3 Impedance of Cable (Ze) = √(Re2 + Xe2) ohm

Ze = 0.0501 ohm

6.4 Total Impedance at HT Motor terminal (Z5) = Ze + Z4

Z5 = 0.606 ohm

6.5 Fault Current at IBC‐3 Motor Terminal (IF5) 1.1 X KV

= kA
√ 3 X Z5

( 1.1 X X x L)
= kA
(√ 3 X 0.606)

IF5 = 6.917 kA
3 PU IMPEDANCES OF VARIOUS EQUIPMENT/SYSTEMS:
1 Base MVA chosen = 25 MVA
2 PU impedance of Utility (Base MVA) 25
= =
(Utility MVA) 600
= 0.041667 Pu
(Base MVA) x (Percentage Impedance)
=
3 PU Impedance of equipment ( Equipment MVA)
25 x ( 8/ 100 )
=
3.15
i) Distribution transformer(3.15 MVA) = 0.634921 Pu

4 FAULT LEVEL AT 11 KV BUS

Effective impedance of utility = 0.041667 Pu
Total impedance at 11 kV bus = 0.041667 Pu
Fault level corresponding to above value (Base MVA) 25
= =
Total Pu Impedance 0.042
= 600 MVA
Contribution of HT motors = (Total kW of HT motors x 2)
(1000 x pf x efficiency)
Contribution of HT motors assuming a p.f. 0.9 = ( 4150 x 2 )
and efficiency 95% (1000 x 0.85 x 0.95)
= 10.28 MVA
Fault Level corresponding to impedance at = 600 + 10.28
11kV bus + Contribution of HT motor
= 610 MVA
Hence Fault current at 11kv Bus 610
=
(√ 3 x 11)
= 32.03233 kA
The 11kv Switchgears with fault with stand capacity of up to 40kA is feasible
a) Conclusion:
Fault Level at 11 kv Bus is 32.0KA
5 FAULT LEVEL AT 0.380 KV BUS
1 Base MVA chosen = 25 MVA
2 The pu impedance up to 11kV bus to 11kV bus Base MVA
=
Hight fault level at 11kV bus
25
=
610
= 0.041 pu
Effiective impedance of distribution = 0.635 pu
transformer
Base MVA
=
Fault level at 0.380 Kv bus (The pu imedance up to 11kV bus + inpedance of
distribution Transformer)
25
=
(0.041 + 0.635)
= 37 MVA
Hence fault current at 0.380Kv bus = 37
(√ 3 x 0.38)
= 56.19 MVA
b) Conclusion:

Hence , the fault level at 0.380kV bus = 37 MVA

rounded of to the nearest integer Value

6 CALCULATION FOR VOLTAGE DROP

 The per unit impedance of the system components are calculated as follows :

i) Per Unit impedance of the system Components:

Sr.No. System Component P.U.Impedance

i) pu impedance of utility = 25
= 0.0417 Pu
600
ii) HT main motor fed from cable Impedance = 0.23 x (150/ 1000 ) x 25
= 0.0024 Pu
5Rx3x240Sqmm XLPE CU for 150mm length 3 x (11^ 2 )
iii) Starting of HT motor impedance 4150kW = (25 x 0.85 x 0.95)
= 2.4323 pu
(4150 / 1000 ) x (200/ 100 )
iii) Running of HT motor impedance 4150kW = (25 x 0.85 x 0.95)
= 57.679 pu
(350 / 1000 ) x (100/ 100 )
iv) Distribution transformer Impedance 3.15MVA = (25 x ( 8/ 100)
= 0.635 pu
3.15
v) LT main motor fed from cable Impedance = 0.02 x (70/ 1000 ) x 25
= 0.121 Pu
3Rx4x300Sqmm XLPE CU for 70mm length 2 x (0.38^ 2 )
vi) Starting of LT motor impedance 350kW = (25 x 0.85 x 0.9)
= 27.32 Pu
(350 / 1000 ) x (200/ 100 )
vi) Running of LT motor impedance 350kW = (25 x 0.85 x 0.9) 100
= 54.64 Pu
(350 / 1000 ) x (100/ 100 )

Total Pu Impedance = (0.0417 + 0.0024 + 2.4323) = 2.4764 Pu

7 Voltage requirement for stable starting of HT motor 11kV ,4150kW

System Component % Voltage Drop

i) Utility System 0.0417

= x 100% = 1.68 %
2.476

ii) 5‐3x240mm2 XLPE Cable 0.0024

= x 100% = 0.097 %
2.4764

iii) Voltage Drop upto 11KV Bus = 1.6839 % = 1.68 %

iv) Voltage drop upto 4150kW motor terminals= (1.6839 + 0.097) = 1.78 %

v) Voltage avaliable to the motor = 100 ‐ 1.7809 = 98.22 %

vi) Hence maximum starting torque normally = (200 x 10.81 ^ 2 )

= 193.15 %
avaliable with 10.81 Kv (11^2 )

Conclusion
Higher starting torque,however,can be achived by adjustment of electrolyte strength of LRS.

For starting of 4150 kw motor,the starting surrent have to be resticted to less than 200 % Even with above
assumption the voltage drop is 1.78 %

8 Voltage requirement for stable Running of HT motor 150kV ,0.9kW

System Component % Voltage Drop

i) Utility System 0.0417

= x 100% = 1.68 %
2.476

ii) 5‐3x240mm2 XLPE Cable 0.0024

= x 100% = 0.097 %
2.4764

iii) Voltage Drop upto 11KV Bus = 1.6839 % = 1.68 %

iv) Voltage drop upto 4150kW motor terminals= (1.6839 + 0.097) = 1.78 %

v) Voltage avaliable to the motor = 100 ‐ 1.7809 = 98.22 %

 vi) Hence maximum starting torque normally = (100 x 10.81 ^ 2 )
= 96.58 %
avaliable with 10.81 Kv (11^2 )

Conclusion
Higher starting torque,however,can be achived by adjustment of electrolyte strength of LRS.

For Running of 0.9 kw motor,the starting surrent have to be resticted to less than 0 % Even with above
assumption the voltage drop is 1.78 %

8 Voltage requirement for stable starting of LT motor 0.38kV ,350kW

squirrel cage induction motor with DOL starter.

Total Pu Impedance = (0.0417 + 0.635 + 0.1212+27.3215) = 28.119 Pu

System Component % Voltage Drop

i) Utility System 0.0417

= x 100% = 0.15 %
28.119

ii) Distribution transformer 3.15MVA 0.6350

= x 100% = 2.26 %
28.119

iii) 3Rx4x300Sqmm XLPE CU Cable 0.1212

= x 100% = 0.440 %
28.119

iv) Voltage Drop upto 0.38 KV Bus = 0.15 % = 0.15 %

v) Voltage drop upto 350kW motor terminals = (0.15 + 0.44 +2.26) = 2.85 %

vi) Voltage avaliable to the motor = 100 ‐ 2.85 = 97.15 % 368.6

vii) Hence maximum starting torque normally = (200 x 369.17 ^ 2 )

= 189 %
avaliable with 369 V ((0.38 x 100 )^ 2)

viii) Higher staring torque, however can be achieved by VVVF drive

380
8 Voltage requirement for stable Running of LT motor kV ,3.15kW
squirrel cage induction motor with DOL starter.

Total Pu Impedance = (0.0417 + 0.635 + 0.1212+54.6429) = 54.81 Pu

System Component % Voltage Drop

i) Utility System 0.0417

= x 100% = 0.08 %
54.806

ii) Distribution transformer MVA 0.6350

= x 100% = 1.16 %
54.806

iii) 3Rx4x300Sqmm XLPE CU Cable 0.1212

= x 100% = 0.230 %
54.806

iv) Voltage Drop upto KV Bus = 0.08 % = 0.08 %

v) Voltage drop upto 3.15kW motor terminals = (0.08 + 0.23 +1.16) = 1.47 %

vi) Voltage avaliable to the motor = 100 ‐ 1.47 = 98.53 %

vii) Hence maximum starting torque normally = (100 x 374.414 ^ 2 )

= 94 %
avaliable with 374.41 V ((0.38 x 100 )^ 2)

viii) Higher staring torque, however can be achieved by VVVF drive

CALCULATION FOR SELECTION OF CABLE SIZES FOR VARIOUS RATING OF LT MOTORS

PU impedance of Utility = 0.0417 = 0.0417 pu
Distribution transformer Impedance 3.15MVA = 0.6350 = 0.6350 pu
Therefor ,pu impedance upto 0.38 kV Bus = 0.0417+0.635 = 0.6767 pu
Base MVA = 25 MVA = 25 MVA
Motor Rating = 350 kw
Motor Voltage rating = 380 v
Motor full load current = (350 x 1000)
(√ 3 x (380 x 1000) x 0.85 x 0.95)
Motor full load current 695.13 A
Motor Efficiency 0.90
Power Factor Cos θ = 0.85 rad
Sin θ = 0.53 rad
Cable From MCC to Motor
Cable Size Al = 1.5 Sqmm
Cable Impedance z% Z % = 0.020 ohm/mtr
Cable Length (L) = 70 mtr
No.of Run of the Cable (N) = 1 No.
AC resistance of the cable at 90°C = 0.02317 Ω /mtr
Reactance of the cable at 50Hz = 0.000107 Ω /mtr
The pu impedance of 150m (typical) cable of different sizes is calculated as follows :
= %Z of Cable x Base MVA x Length of cable in kms
2
(kV)
( % Z Ohm/km x 25 x 70/ 1000 )
= = 12.12
(380x 1000^2)
= ( Z% Ohm/km x 12.12)
Pu Impedance of the Cable = 242.40 pu

695.13
( x 0.02 x 70)
Voltage drop of the selected cable = 1
= 16.43 V
Voltage drop of the selected cable = 16.43
x 100
(380 / √3 )
= 2.50 %
The starting KVA of motors is calculated as:
For squirrel cage induction motors = Kw x 6
Starting KVA Efficiency x Power factor
= (k W x 6)
(0.9 x 0.85)
= kw X 7.84
= 2745.098 KVA

For Slip ring induction motors = Kw x 2.5

Starting KVA Efficiency x Power factor
= (k W x 2.5)
(0.9 x 0.85)
= kw X 3.27
= 1143.791 KVA

For squirrel cage induction motors = Kw x 1

Running KVA Efficiency x Power factor
= (k W x 1)
(0.9 x 0.85)
= kw X 1.31
= 457.5163 KVA